Plant Cuttings Research Articles

Zinc oxide nano-flowers improve the growth and propagation of mulberry cuttings grown under different irrigation regimes by mitigating drought-related complications and enhancing zinc uptake

Silkworm larvae mainly consume mulberry leaves; therefore, mulberry cultivation is important for the production of raw silk. Drought stress and micronutrient deficiency (Zn) are known to affect the propagation of mulberry cuttings. In this purview, the current investigation attempted to inspect the efficacy of different concentrations of zinc oxide nano-flower (ZnNFs) applied through both soil admixture and foliar spray on the propagation of mulberry cuttings grown under deficit irrigation regimes. The overall results demonstrated that the ZnNF-treated plant cuttings were well-adapted to drought stress and performed better in comparison to the control set. Out of the tested concentrations – ZnNF-10 (applied as 10 mg/kg soil and 10 ppm as foliar spray thrice) was found to be optimum, showing relatively better initial root establishment, the emergence of leaves, and survival and sprouting percentage. Further studies also confirmed an improvement in the accumulation of photosynthetic pigments, carbohydrates, and protein content even under extreme drought conditions. Most importantly, the ZnNF-10 treatment contributed to ROS detoxification and cell membrane protection by enhancing the pool of antioxidant enzymes. The study further demonstrated that ZnNF-10 application enhanced zinc content by 147.50%, 179.49%, and 171.99% in root, shoot, and leaves of the treated cuttings; thereby, improving the bioaccumulation factor of the plant parts. All of these interactive phenomena led to an increment in shoot height, biomass, leaf area, and leaf number of cuttings. These findings, therefore, indicated that ZnNFs can be developed as a promising nano-fertilizer for mulberry growth facilitating Zn uptake and mitigation of drought-induced complications.

Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Hormone Signalling Coexpression Pathways Involved in Adventitious Root Formation in Populus

Adventitious roots (ARs) occur naturally in many species and are important for plants to absorb nutrients and water. AR formation can also be induced from explants of trees, whose clonal propagation is needed. AR formation is gridlock for many woody plant mass propagations. Plant hormones have been regarded as playing a key role in AR formation, and the molecular regulatory mechanisms need to be elucidated. In this study, RNA-Seq was performed to reveal the molecular mechanisms in the different periods of AR formation from hybrid poplar clone 84K (Populus alba × P. glandulosa) and AUXIN SIGNALING F-BOX (PagFBL1-OE). To understand the importance of differentially expressed genes (DEGs), we found that many genes involved in signal transduction mechanisms were induced at 12, 24 and 48 h in 84K and PagFBL1-OE cells by NOG classification. We also found that many DEGs were enriched in hormone signal transduction only for the first 12 h in 84K and PagFBL1-OE by KEGG pathway enrichment. Notably, more DEGs appeared in indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), abscisic acid (ABA), ethylene (ETH), jasmonic acid (JA), brassinolide (BR), cytokinin (CTK) and gibberellin (GA) signal transduction for the first 12 h in PagFBL1-OE than in 84K. Moreover, ARF (Pop_G01G075686), IAA14 (Pop_A10G047257), SAURs (Pop_A03G019756, Pop_A12G067965, Pop_G03G055849 and Pop_G12G008821), JAR1s (Pop_A14G000375 and Pop_G14G044264), CTR1 (Pop_A17G052594 and Pop_G09G030293), CRE1s (Pop_G07G086605 and Pop_G07G086618), GID1 (Pop_A04G026477), BKI1 (Pop_A02G066155), PYR/PYLs (Pop_A03G050217 and Pop_G01G089222), and TGAs (Pop_A04G059310, Pop_G04G060065 and Pop_G05G008153) were only specifically expressed in PagFBL1-OE and could play an important role in AR formation, especially in the first 12 h under plant hormone signal transduction. These results show that the complex biological process of AR formation is primarily influenced by the hormone signalling pathway in Populus. This study reveals the initial regulation of AR formation in woody plant cuttings and thus contributes to further elucidating the molecular mechanism by which hormones interact.

The Effect Of ZPT Types and Concentration on The Growth Of Kebiul Plant Cuttings (Caesalpinia bonduc L.)

The purpose of this study is to find out the effect of ZPT types and concentrations on the growth of cuttings of Kebiul plants (Caesalpinia bonduc L). The design used is a factorial complete randomized design (CRD) with 2 factors, namely the first factor is the type of Growth Regulatory Substance Giberelin, Auxin and Cytokinins, while the second is concentration control, 15 mg/l, 30 mg/l, and 45mg/l. Based on the tested levels of the two factors, 12 treatment combinations were obtained. Each treatment combination was repeated 3 times and 36 experimental units. The results of this study indicate that the interaction has no significant effect between the types of synthetic ZPT treatments and concentrations on all parameters and observations. The results of the study were analyzed using Analysis of Variety and if they had a significant effect, further tests were carried out using Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at 5% level. Treatment of synthetic ZPT types significantly affected the length of shoots 9.12 WAP and the number of shoots 9 WAP, very significantly affected the number of shoots 3.12 MST, the number of leaves 9.12 WAP, root length and number of roots. Treatment Concentration had a significant effect on the number of shoots 9 MST, and the percentage of living cuttings, however it had a very significant effect on shoot length 3, 6, 9 MST, number of shoots 6, 12 MST, number of leaves 3, 6, 9 12 MST, root length and number of roots on Kebiul plant cuttings.

Response of Growth and Yield of Mint (Mentha spicata L.) Cuttings to Auxin and Composition of Planting Media

Consumption of herbal medicines by Indonesian people is increasing because of the price and ease of obtaining them. One of the main ingredients of herbal medicine is mint leaves because they contain tannin and flavonoid secondary metabolites. However, the generative mint plant is very slow and needs vegetative cuttings propagation. This study aims to examine the effect of auxin-type growth regulators and the composition of the growing media on the growth and yield of mint plant cuttings. This study used a complete randomized block design with two factors. The first factor was the auxin growth regulator with four levels: without growth regulator, IBA 500 ppm, IAA 500 ppm, NAA 500 ppm. The second factor was the composition of the planting medium with three levels, namely soil, husk charcoal, and goat manure 3:3:1; 3:2:2, and 3:1:3. Three repetitions were carried out. Auxin affects the number and area of leaves. Applying 500 ppm NAA encouraged the highest leaf growth, with the number of leaves at 163.38. Growth regulator NAA 500 ppm increased the number of leaves and leaf area of mint plants, i.e., by 0.01% and 1.16% compared to the control. The growing media composition affected the crown fresh weight, root biomass, and crown root ratio. The media composition of 3:3:1 produced a crown fresh weight of 41.07 g, and the media composition 3:3:3 produced the highest biomass of 5.97 g. The media composition 3:1:3 showed the highest root crown ratio, 2.69%. Auxin and the composition of the growing media synergistically promote the growth and yield of mint cuttings.

Formation of the above-ground biomass of willow under the influence of varietal characteristics and the type of planting material

Purpose. To reveal the regularities of the formation of the energy willow above-ground biomass structure and evaluate the qualitative and quantitative indicators of the biomass components under the effect of varietal characteristics and the type of planting material.
 Methods. Field experiments were conducted at the experimental field of the Institute of Bioenergy Crops and Sugar Beet (Ksaverivka 2, Kyiv region) located in the zone of unstable moisture in the central part of the Right Bank Forest Steppe of Ukraine in 2019–2022. Cuttings and shoots were harvested in autumn and stored in various ways until planting. In the spring, after planting the shoots in the open ground, the biometric parameters of plants were determined: plant height, stem diameter and the number of stems. The measurements were taken on the same day every month during the three years of the experiment. Two willow varieties were used in the experiment: Salix triandra L. variety 'Panfylska' and S. viminalis L. variety 'Zbruch'.
 Results. The intensity of growth of the above-ground biomass of willow, which also depends on the yield of planting material (cuttings or shoots), was determined by plant height, stem diameter and the number of stems. These indicators were higher in 'Zbruch' compared to 'Panfylska'. Thus, in the second year of vegetation, on the first date of measuring (in spring), the plant height of 'Panfylska' variety was 136.3 cm, while in autumn. on September 21, it was 242.8 cm. In 'Zbruch', the indicators were higher by 12.4 and 13.5 cm, respectively. A similar dependence was found when planting shoots. It should be noted that within one variety, no regular and reliable difference in plant height depending on the type of planting material was found. In the third year of vegetation, a similar dependence of plant height on varietal characteristics was obtained. On average, in 2021–2022, when planting willow cuttings of 'Zbruch' variety, plant height was 276.1 cm in the spring, while in 'Panfylska' it was 20 cm lower (256.1 cm). In autumn, plant height was higher in 'Zbruch' also by 20 cm. Depending on the year of vegetation, the increase in plant height was the greatest in the first year of vegetation compared to the second and third years. Weather conditions during the growing season affected the height of plants; However, in all years of the research it was higher when planting cuttings and shoots of 'Zbruch' compared to 'Panfylska'. No significant influence of variety and the type of planting material on the stem diameter and the number of stems was found in all years of the research.
 Conclusions. Plant height and diameter of stem in dynamics depended on varietal characteristics. In 'Zbruch' variety, when planting cuttings and shoots, the increase in plant height and stem diameter was higher compared to 'Panfylska' both at the beginning of the growing season and in autumn. During the three years of vegetation, varietal characteristics and the type of planting material (cuttings and shoots) showed no significant difference in the plant height, stem diameter and the number of stems.

Standardization of growing substrate for multiplication of guava (Psidium guajava) through cuttings

Experiments under the polyhouse were conducted for two consecutive years (2021 and 2022) at Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu (SKUAST-J), Jammu and Kashmir to evaluate the effect of different growing substrates on guava (Psidium guajava L.) multiplication through cuttings. Twelve substrate combinations were tried in polybags and polytrays under a polytunnel in a polyhouse provided with mist irrigation. The study revealed a positive effect of different growing substrates on growth parameters and successful propagation of guava cuttings. The perusal of the pooled data revealed that T9 was the most effective growing substrate which recorded maximum rooting percentage, survival percentage, plant height, fresh and dry weight, the diameter of thickest sprout, shoot length, length of longest root, leaf area, and the number of roots, shoots, leaves per longestshoot along with minimum mortality percentage and days to first sprouting. However, some growth parameters such as stem thickness, chlorophyll percentage, number of sprouts, sprouted cuttings, and leaves of planted guava cuttings yielded the best results in T10. Cuttings grown in topsoil only without any growing substrate (T12) provided the least values of all the growth parameters of guava cuttings.

Impact of PGPR Formulations Combined with Exogenous IBA Levels to Enhance Root Capacity in Poinsettia Cuttings

The commercial production of poinsettias begins with the propagation of apical cuttings from stock plants. The aim of the study was to use bacterial mixtures prepared with PGPRs in the cultivation of stock mother poinsettia plants and determine an effective IBA dose to increase root development and root yield of cuttings prepared from these stock mother plants. Rooted cuttings of Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd.ex Klotzsch were used for planting stocks of mother plants. Eight different bacterial isolates were mixed in triple combinations to form 4 different bacterial formulations: (BI) formulation 1 (Paenibacillus polymyxa TV-12E + Pseudomonas putida TV-42A + Pantoea agglomerans RK-79); (BII) formulation 2 (Bacillus megaterium TV-91C + Pantoea agglomerans RK-92 + Bacillus subtilis TV-17C); (BIII) formulation 3 (Bacillus megaterium TV-91C + Pantoea agglomerans RK-92 + Kluyvera cryocrescens TV-113C); and (BIV) formulation 4 (Bacillus megaterium TV-91C + Pantoea agglomerans RK-79 + Bacillus megaterium TV-6D). In the first year, rooted cuttings of stock mother plants were dipped in liquid microbial solution (bacterial formulations) for 15 min and then planted in plastic pots. In the second year, the same bacterial formulations were freshly prepared and applied to the 1-year-old stock mother plants as irrigation water for the second time. Amounts of 0 (control), 1000, 1500, and 2000 mg L−1 IBA doses were used for rooting cuttings taken from the 2-year-old stock mother plants. In the experimental group treated with the BI bacterial formulation, the number of rooted cuttings (NR) increased by 14.26% and 19.00%, compared with the control, in response to IBA 1500 mg L−1 and IBA 2000 mg L−1 treatment, respectively. Compared to the mean root length of the cuttings in the control treatment, the mean root length of the cuttings in the BIV treatment increased by 18.83%. The mean root length values decreased with the increase in IBA doses. The highest value of the number of mean shoots (NAS) was in cuttings treated with BI + 1500 treatment, which was 1.93 times higher than the control. The highest nitrogen content (5.73%) was determined in the bract leaf samples of the BIV application, and an 81.33% nitrogen increase was detected in the related application when compared to the control. In terms of P, Ca, and Fe contents, higher values were obtained from the BIV application when compared to the control application. The highest values of K content were determined in BIII and BII applications. This study provides positive effects on the feedback of stock mother plants with PGPR to provide sprout production by cuttings technique. It has been revealed that lower IBA dose applications can be recommended for rooting cuttings taken from mother plants treated with the BIV bacterial formulation.

Seed Germination of Invasive Phytolacca americana and Potentially Invasive P. acinosa

Phytolacca americana and P. acinosa are alien plant species in Europe. The former is considered invasive and more widespread. In order to develop effective and safe eradication and plant disposal methods, the present research focused on the seed germination of the two species. Fruits of different ripeness of both species were collected (fresh and dry seeds within and without pericarp), after which both the germination and maturation were tested. We also tested the continued maturing of fruits on cut plants and observed the development of fruits on whole plants with a cut taproot (in addition to when only the upper part of the stem with fruit racemes was cut off). In general, the seeds germinated from all stages of fruit ripeness, although the germination of dry seeds was better compared to fresh seeds. P. americana's seeds germinated better and the fruit ripening on cut plants was also more successful compared to P. acinosa. These results could partly explain the invasive success of P. americana. According to our results, removing all fruiting plants from the eradication site is crucial regardless of the fruit development stage.

Cutting time & height improve carbon and energy use efficiency of the forage–food dual-purpose ratoon rice cropping

Forage–food dual-purpose ratoon rice cropping (FFRR) is used to balance forage demands with ratoon rice grain yields, that is whole plant (stem and sheath, panicles) cuttings in the main season are used as forage, and rice in the regeneration season is used as food. In this study, the local ratoon rice production system as the control, we were carried out the field experiment of cultivation practices (cutting time and cutting height), and investigated the system productivity, economic benefits, carbon footprints and energy use efficiency. The energy use efficiency, energy productivity and energy profitability increased with cutting time delay, and cutting height decreased. Significant differences of these index were observed among the treatments for cutting time and cutting height (p < 0.05). Carbon efficiency and carbon sustainability index was increase with cutting time delay, and there was significant difference among the treatment of cutting time in 2018 (p < 0.05), the minimum carbon footprint of FFRR was 78.6 kgCO2 t−1 averagely at the cutting time of 30 days after the flowering stage. In 2018, the maximum net income of FFRR was 30,577 CNY hm−2 at a cutting time of 30 days after the flowering stage while the stubble height was 10 cm, and dependent on the forage yield of the main crop; in 2019, the maximum net income of FFRR was 27,326 CNY hm−2 at a cutting time of 10 days after the flowering stage while the stubble height was 10 cm, and dependent on the grain yield of the ratoon crop. Therefore, the optimal cultivation practice of the FFRR (cutting at 30 days after the flowering stage and with a stubble height of 10 cm) showed higher carbon and energy use efficiency, economic benefits of the FFRR were fluctuated with the price of forage of the main crop and rice grain of the ratoon crop.

Response Of Natural Zpt Generation Of Green Bean Sprouting Extract And Plant Media On The Growth Of Lemon Orange ( Citrus Limon L.) Plant Cuttings

From March to May 2021, this study was carried out in the Asahan University research facility. This study's goal was to ascertain how administering natural ZPT green bean sprout extract and planting media affected the growth of lemon plant cuttings ( Citrus limon L.). It was a randomized block design that was used (RBD). The first of the two components in the factorial treatment design is the administration of ZPT natural green bean sprout extract (Z) at four levels: Z 0 = no immersion, Z 1 = one hour of immersion, Z 2 = two hours of immersion, and Z 3 = three hours of immersion. The second factor is how growing media (M) are treated, with M 0 being moss and topsoil and M 1 being cocopeat and topsoil, and M 2 being chaff charcoal and topsoil, at three different levels. The proportion of live cuttings (%), the number of days before shoots appeared (days), the shoot height (cm), the number of leaves (strands), and the length of the roots were the parameters measured (cm). Almost all of the observed parameters, with the exception of the age at which shoots developed from cuttings, did not respond significantly to the administration of natural PGR extract of mung bean sprouts, according to the data. While this was going on, the treatment of the planting medium had a very big impact on the parameters of root length and leaf count that had been measured. In the meantime, the treatment of the planting medium had a very substantial impact on the parameters of root length, number of leaves, and shoot height that were measured. The percentage of live cuttings and the age at which shoots first developed, however, did not appear to have any discernible effects. Citrus limon L. cutting growth was not significantly affected by the interaction between the response of administering natural PGR extract of green bean sprouts and planting media, according to all measured parameters.

A hierarchical model of ABA-mediated signal transduction in tea plant revealed by systematic genome mining analysis and interaction validation.

As a critical signaling molecule, ABA plays an important role in plant growth, development and stresses response. However, tea plant [Camellia sinensis (L.)], an important economical perennial woody plant, has not been systematically reported in response to ABA signal transduction in vivo. In this study, we mined and identified the gene structure of CsPYL/CsPP2C-A/CsSnRK gene families in the ABA signal transduction pathway through the genome-wide analysis of tea plants. Spatiotemporal expression and stress response (drought, salt, chilling) expression patterns were characterized. The results showed that most members of CsPYLs were conserved, and the gene structures of members of A-type CsPP2Cs were highly similar, whereas the gene structure of CsSnRK2s was highly variable. The transcription levels of different family members were differentially expressed with plant growth and development, and their response to stress signal patterns was highly correlated. The expression patterns of CsPYL/CsPP2C-A/CsSnRK2 gene family members in different tissues of tea plant cuttings after exogenous ABA treatment were detected by qRT-PCR, and the hierarchical model of ABA signaling was constructed by correlation analysis to preliminarily obtain three potential ABA-dependent signaling transduction pathways. Subsequently, the protein interaction of the CsPYL4/7-CsPP2C-A2-CsSnRK2.8 signaling pathway was verified by yeast two-hybrid and surface plasmon resonance experiments, indicating that there is specific selectivity in the ABA signaling pathway. Our results provided novel insights into the ABA-dependent signal transduction model in tea plant and information for future functional characterizations of stress tolerance genes in tea plant.

Effect of Cutting Treatment on Seed Yield and Seed Quality of Dill

Dill, Anethum graveolens L., is grown in various regions of the world. It has been used as vegetable and medicinal plant since ancient times. Seed quality is important in dill cultivation and there is limited information on the effects of cutting treatment in this species. This research was carried out to find out the effect of cutting treatment on phenological traits, seed yield and quality of dill at Ege University, Izmir, during 2016-2018. The experiments were carried out in the randomized complete block design with three replications, comprising of cutting treatment for both spring and autumn seeding period. Significant differences were noted in the flowering period, seed yield and quality attributes with cutting treatment for both seeding period. The obtained results showed that the days from sowing to bolting initiation were increased with cutting treatment from 51 days to 65 days in spring seeding period and from 153 days to 184 days in autumn seeding period. The plant height, number of umbels per plant, seed weight per plant were lower in the cut plants in comparison to that of uncut plants for both seeding period. The uncut plants has produced significantly higher plant height (113 cm-spring seeding period; 133 cm-autumn seeding period), number of umbels/plant (8.4-spring seeding period; 10.1-autumn seeding period) and seed weight/plant (6.4 g-spring seeding period; 10.9 g-autumn seeding period). The cutting treatment decreased germination percentage by 9.27% in the spring seeding period and by 12.13% in the autumn seeding period compared to the control plant seeds. Lower mean germination time at 20/30°C (3.77 days-spring seeding period; 4.54 days-autumn seeding period) were also observed in uncut plants. Thus, it was concluded that cutting is not recommended in the vegetative stage in dill seed production as it provided lower seed yield and seed quality for both autumn and spring seed planting periods.

TERMITES AND Rhizoctonia sp.: MAJOR PROBLEMS IN ROBUSTA COFFEE CUTTINGS CULTIVATED ON DIFFERENT PLANTING MEDIA

Robusta coffee is one of the plantation commodities vegetative propagated through cuttings to keep them in the same characteristics as their parents. The main problems in cuttings propagation are pests and diseases are cause damage to the planted cuttings. This research aimed to study the causal agent and its damage to robusta coffee cuttings planted on different media. The research was conducted from September 2020 to March 2021 in the experimental field station (KP) Pakuwon and the Integrated Laboratory of Balittri. The arrangement of the experimental design was a split plot with two repetitions. The main plot was the type of media planted consisting of sand, sand + fertilizer (1: 1), sand + soil (1: 1), soil + fertilizer (1: 1), sand + soil + fertilizer (1: 1: 1). The subplot was a Robusta coffee clone consisting of BP308, BP393, and SA203. The results showed that the highest percentage of damage caused by termites and Rhizoctonia sp. was observed on the cuttings planted on sand + fertilizer mixture media while the lowest was on sand media. The termites found in the robusta coffee cuttings were Macrotermes gilvus.

Phytoremediation Potential of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Berseem in Soil Irrigated with Industrial Wastewater

This article describes a new idea about industrial pollution abatement through berseem ( Trifolium alexandrinum L.) using arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) Glomus Spp. as an accelerating agent. For this purpose, berseem plant was grown on soil irrigated with industrial wastewater in pots. Three cuttings of plants were obtained at different intervals. At each cut, plant biomass, plant height, and rate of mycorrhizal infection were recorded and plant tissues (roots, stems and leaves) were analyzed to determine the concentrations of Cd, Cr, Pb, and Zn as indicators. The results showed that the biomass of the roots, stems, and leaves of the inoculated plants was higher than that of the un-inoculated plants. The height of inoculated plants was higher compared with that of uninoculated plants. The mycorrhizal infection rate was recorded highest at the third cut. Heavy metals in plants were within permissible limits for crops irrigated with wastewater) at each cutting. With inoculation, Zn and Cr concentrations in roots and leaves increased and Pb and Cd enhanced in roots but reduced in leaves as compared to un-inoculated plants, indicating that metals accumulated more in roots due to inoculation. The effectiveness can be confirmed by calculating the difference between the inoculated and non-inoculated plants. The new results showed that AMF inoculation promoted plant biomass and height, reduced metal transfer in leaves and stems, and to roots. This research confirmed that the procedure can be used for protecting plants from toxicity. Keywords: arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, heavy metals, biomass, mycorrhizal infection rate, berseem. https://doi.org/10.55463/issn.1674-2974.50.4.6

Effect of growing media and natural plant growth regulators on the growth of tea stem cutting

Cuttings may generate plants with the same characteristics as the parent. However, there are issues with root formation and shoot development. Coconut water may function as a natural growth regulator due to auxin, which stimulates root and shoot development. The condition of the growing media, in addition to growth regulators, influences the development of plant cuttings. This study aims to determine the immersion time of tea stem cuttings into coconut water and the composition of the growing media for the growth of tea stem cuttings. This research was conducted from February to June 2019 at Sarana Mandiri Mukti, Tangsi Baru Village, Kabawetan District, Kepahiang Regency, Bengkulu Province, Indonesia, at an altitude of 1000 meters above sea level. The study was conducted using a completely randomized design (CRD) with two factors. The first factor was the immersion time of coconut water, namely 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 hours. The second factor was the growing media, which consisted of 1000 g soil (Control), 750 g soil + 250 g cow dung, 750 g soil + 250 g chicken manure, and 750 g soil + 250 g goat manure. The findings revealed that 5 hours 53 minutes of immersion in coconut water on a mixed medium of 750 g soil + 250 g cow dung resulted in the longest root being 13.73 cm. The duration of immersion in coconut water influenced the shoot and root length of tea stem cuttings, whereas the growing medium influenced the dry weight of the roots.

Problematika hladnega skladiščenja pri proizvodnji potaknjencev zelnatih in lesnatih okrasnih rastlin

Razmnoževanje s potaknjenci je najpomembnejša in najpogosteje uporabljena metoda vegetativnega razmnoževanja rastlin v okrasnem vrtnarstvu. V verigi proizvodnje sadik se pridelovalci poslužujejo različnih tehnik in metod, da bi zagotovili oziroma ohranili karseda kakovosten rastlinski material. Zaradi selitve večjih svetovnih pridelovalcev zelnatih okrasnih rastlin v tropska in subtropska območja, kjer je pridelava enostavnejša, cenejša in lažja, je ohranjanje kakovosti materiala v času transporta postalo ključnega pomena za nadaljnjo proizvodnjo rastlin. Metoda hladnega skladiščenja se uporablja pri vegetativnem razmnoževanju in pri transportu potaknjencev zelnatih in lesnatih okrasnih rastlin iz ekvatorialnih delov do območij, kjer jih nato koreninijo. Hladno skladiščenje zniža temperaturo rastlinskega materiala, posledično se upočasni metabolizem rastlin med skladiščenjem, ohrani se rastni potencial in kakovost potaknjencev ter podaljša se njihovo obstojnost. V prispevku je predstavljen pregled na področju hladnega skladiščenja potaknjencev različnih vrst okrasnih rastlin, s poudarkom na potaknjencih zelnatih, lesnatih rastlin in rastlin iz in vitro proizvodnje.

Genome-Wide Analysis of the AAAP Gene Family in Populus and Functional Analysis of PsAAAP21 in Root Growth and Amino Acid Transport

The adventitious root (AR) is the basis for successful propagation by plant cuttings and tissue culture and is essential for maintaining the positive traits of a variety. Members of the amino acid/auxin permease (AAAP) gene family play indispensable roles in various plant metabolisms and have few studies on root growth and amino acid transport. In this study, with a systematic bioinformatics analysis of the Populus AAAP family, 83 PtrAAAPs were identified from Populus trichocarpa and grouped into 8 subfamilies. Subsequently, chromosomal distribution, genetic structure, cis-elements analysis, and expression pattern analysis of the AAAP family were performed and the potential gene AAAP21 regulating root development was screened by combining the results of RNA-Seq and QTL mapping. PsAAAP21 was proven as promoting root development by enhancing AR formation. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from RNA-seq results of overexpressing lines were enriched to multiple amino acid-related pathways, and the amino acid treatment to transgenic lines indicated that PsAAAP21 regulated amino acid transport, including tyrosine, methionine, and arginine. Analysis of the AAAP gene family provided a theoretical basis for uncovering the functions of AAAP genes. The identification of PsAAAP21 on root promotion and amino acid transport in Populus will help with breeding new woody plant species with strong rooting ability.

Extraction of Essential Oils from Lavandula × intermedia 'Margaret Roberts' Using Steam Distillation, Hydrodistillation, and Cellulase-Assisted Hydrodistillation: Experimentation and Cost Analysis.

Lavender oil is an important essential oil with many applications. The purpose of this study was to compare different methods of essential oil extraction to determine which method would be the most effective and profitable for commercial-scale production from Lavandula × intermedia ('Margret Roberts') flowers and leaves. The lavender from this variety flowers year-round, providing an extended production season compared to some other lavender varieties. Steam distillation, hydrodistillation, and cellulase-assisted hydrodistillation were used to extract oil. The average extraction times for steam distillation, hydrodistillation, and cellulase-assisted hydrodistillation were 57-, 51-, and 49 min, respectively, and the average energy consumption was 15.0-, 13.4-, and 30.8 kJ/g, respectively. Cellulase-assisted hydrodistillation produced the best quality oils, with a lower camphor content and a sweeter, more pleasant smell, while steam-distilled oils had the highest camphor content, as well as a more plant-like smell. Factors affecting scale-up (surface area of cut plants, equipment loading times, energy efficiencies, safety, mixing) have been discussed, while a basic cost analysis of theoretical large-scale processes showed that hydrodistillation and cellulase-assisted hydrodistillation would be the most and least profitable methods, respectively. Overall, hydrodistillation is recommended as the best method for commercial lavender oil production.

Regenerative ability and micropropagation of &lt;I&gt;Petunia hybrid&lt;/I&gt; in vitro

Scientific relevance. The garden petunia, Petunia hybrida, is a popular and wide spread ornamental crop from the family Solanaceae. It is a promising model plant for molecular and genetic research. In vitro micropropagation plays an important role in the distribution of the garden petunia because the survivability and quality of seed material decreases significantly in every subsequent generation. Besides, micropropagation reduces the cost of production substantially. Considering that very few researchers addressed this question in the Russian Federation, this direction of research is still worthy of attention.Materials and methods. The experiments were conducted by the Laboratory of Breeding and Genetic Research on Field Crops at FSBSI “Federal Scientific Center of Agricultural Biotechnology of the Far East named after A.K. Chaiki”. Seeds of Petunia hybrida (double-flowered) were used as primary explants. Liquid bleacher ACE diluted with distilled water in the proportion 1:9 was used as a sterilizing agent (the working solution contained 0.50% NaOCl). The total time of exposure was 15 minutes. The primary explants were subcultured onto a hormone-free Murashige and Skoog basal medium containing 20 g/L sucrose and 6 g/L agar. Isolated in vitro objects were cultured in test tubes with cotton-gauze plugs at an illuminance of 4000 lx, a temperature of 22–25 °C, and a 16h photoperiod in a culture room. The duration of one passage was 60 days. Micropropagation was carried out using 7- 10 mm cuttings with one or two nodes. The pot culture of the regenerants was established under controlled conditions in a light room (photoperiod was 16 hours, temperature was 23°С).Results. The optimal method for introducing Petunia hybrida into cell culture is the use of seeds treated with the solution of bleacher ACE that was diluted with distilled water in the proportion 1:9. The optimal time of exposure is 15 minutes. Petunia hybrida demonstrated a high regeneration rate on the hormone-free MS medium – it had a fast growth and development rate, and good rhizogenesis; the reproductive rate was 8.77. For the micropropagation of the garden petunia, it is advisable to use cuttings of test tube plants, which should be placed onto a hormone-free MS medium. The test tube plants of Petunia hybrida acclimatized successfully on a soil substrate. This shows the high plasticity of the culture.

Response of Ruellia simplex plants grown under water intervals and anti-transpirant treatments

Ruellia is herbaceous perennials are described as colorful groundcovers and it is very popular landscape plant cuttings of Ruellia plant were planted in pots. In the National Research Centre's greenhouse in Dokki, Giza, Egypt. A pot experiment was conducted in July 2020 and 2022 to examine the influence of KCl spraying and duration of irrigation on Ruellia plant growth and chemical contents. The current study compares the growth parameters of plants treated with KCl in three sprays at concentrations (0, 50 and 100 ppm) and water regime (3, 6 and 9 days) to those of control plants. However, increasing irrigation intervals for Ruellia plants there had no significant on growth parameters (plant height, branches number, root length, stem diameter and fresh and dry weight of shoots), while increasing irrigation intervals from 3days up to 9 days, increased flower number and delayed flowering. In addition, it is evident that N% was the highest by increasing irrigation intervals up to 9 days while P% showed a constant content, however the lower N% was recorded with the low irrigation intervals. Carbohydrate % as well as protein and photosynthetic pigments saved the same trend percentage. It can be concluded that, the increasing KCl concentration level up to 100 ppm caused an increase in previous mentioned vegetative growth parameters, flower number, flowering date, and chemical constituents (total chlorophyll, carbohydrate, protein%, carotenoids and mineral elements (N, P and K) concentrations compared with control and other KCl treatments. The purpose of this study is to learn more about the effects of KCl and water intervals on plant development and chemical components.