Customs Tariff Research Articles

Smart inverter and battery storage controls to reduce financial loss due to overvoltage-induced PV curtailment in distribution feeders

The rapid growth of rooftop solar photovoltaic (PV) systems in low-voltage distribution networks has caused reverse power flow leading to voltage rise. As the voltage level increases, PV inverters first reduce the output power to regulate the voltage and may eventually shut down if the voltage level remains above the permissible limit. When this happens, the PV output power is curtailed, leading to financial loss. This paper examines two control strategies to reduce PV curtailment: (1) smart PV inverters and (2) residential battery storage system optimally sized to reduce the cost of household energy. Smart PV inverters can reduce the voltage level by absorbing reactive power at the expense of curtailing its active power output. Residential battery storage can reduce the voltage level by storing excess PV power instead of exporting it to the grid Using these two strategies, a systematic approach is presented to reduce PV curtailment and the associated financial loss. Three types of electricity tariffs are used, namely, electricity market pool price, and retail flat and time of use tariffs for household customers. An 11-kV distribution feeder in South Australia is analysed with the prevailing feeder and inverter voltage limits per Australian regulatory standards. The results demonstrate that installing 100% of PV systems with smart inverters and optimally sized battery storage can reduce the PV curtailment and the corresponding financial losses by 47%.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ФУНКЦІОНУВАННЯ КОНТРОЛЮЮЧИХ ОРГАНІВ У СФЕРІ РЕАЛІЗАЦІЇ ПОДАТКОВОЇ ТА МИТНОЇ ПОЛІТИКИ В УКРАЇНІ ПІД ЧАС ВОЄННОГО СТАНУ: СТАН І НАПРЯМКИ ВДОСКОНАЛЕННЯ

Optimizing the functioning of control bodies is one of the strategically important tasks for Ukraine, especially during the ongoing Russian-Ukrainian war in 2022. It was determined that the amount of tax revenues to the state and local budgets depends on the efficiency and stability of the tax system, the functioning of which, in turn, depends on the activities of the controlling bodies that control, regulate the process of paying taxes, submitting tax reports, etc. This article examines the specifics of the work of control bodies in Ukraine, that is, the State Tax and State Customs Services, as well as examines their structure in terms of Departments and Divisions, which describe the functions of these bodies. Peculiarities of the legislative basis for the work of control bodies in the field of implementation of tax and customs policy have been analyzed. The chronology of the introduction of tax and customs changes from February 2022 was studied, and their effectiveness was considered. The moratorium on tax audits, rent payments, changes in the customs tariff, as well as the simplification of the rules for submitting declarations are considered in detail. Statistical information on the receipt of taxes and fees, customs payments to the Consolidated and State Budgets of Ukraine was analyzed, and their dynamics were studied. An analysis of the dynamics of the emergence and repayment of tax debt in Ukraine for 2022, the statistics of work with requests, the availability of electronic services of the State Customs Service and the State Tax Service was carried out. Problems and difficulties in the work of control bodies are identified and ways of improving their functioning during the martial law and the period of reconstruction of Ukraine are proposed, namely: a full-fledged internal audit of the entire range of activities of control bodies; speeding up the process of implementing legislative tax and customs changes into reality; increased liability for violations of tax legislation in the event of nonpayment of required payments to the budget in a timely manner; providing the State Tax Service with access to information about bank accounts of taxpayers; in order to improve the work of the customs office, it is necessary to build an optimal vertical of power, to rotate the management staff of the apparatus.

Митно-тарифна політика як ключовий компонент зовнішньоекономічної стратегії держави

The aim of the article is to analyze the efficiency and impact of customs and tariff policy on the economic development of the State, in particular in the context of the overall foreign economic strategy, and to develop recommendations for optimizing this component. The customs and tariff policy is considered as a key component of the foreign economic strategy of the State. The main task of the study is to analyze, disclose the essence and impact of customs and tariff policy within the framework of the general foreign economic strategy of the State. The main trends in the development of the world economy in the sphere of customs policy are characterized, such as: trade liberalization, neoprotectionism and digitalization of customs processes, which are aimed at improving trade relations between countries, facilitating adaptation to modern conditions and technologies and increasing the efficiency of all processes in this area. In addition, the instruments of regulation of customs and tariff policy, their changes in the context of globalization and the challenges of the modern world are considered in detail. The Ukrainian classification of goods of foreign economic activity and the main types of rates in the customs tariff, which help to regulate the country’s foreign trade, are considered. A study of the dynamics of the volume of foreign trade operations of Ukraine has been carried out, within the framework of which the low efficiency, which is an indicator of imperfect customs policy in our country, has been proved. In this regard, the main directions of improvement of this industry were allocated, such as: active cooperation with the EU countries; automation of all customs procedures; reduction of corruption and implementation of anti-corruption measures; implementation of European generally accepted standards and provision of high-tech equipment. The conclusions, based on arguments, show that an effective customs and tariff policy is a necessary element to ensure the stability of the economy, support domestic entrepreneurship and increase the competitiveness of the State in the international market.

Фискальная роль особых пошлин на импортные товары

The article considers the measures of customs regulation of foreign trade activities used in the world practice. Due to the liberalization of world trade, most countries reduce the use of customs tariff regulation measures, compensating them with the introduction of special duties on imported goods. The purpose of the study is to analyze the international practice of applying those special duties. Analysis of the application of special duties to and against the EAEU countries was carried out, and the implementation of the fiscal function of special duties was examined in particular. The hypothesis of the study is the assumption that special duties play an insignificant fiscal role in the state budget revenues. Analysis of the practice of applying special duties was conducted on the basis of data from the World Trade Organization and the Treasury bodies of the Russian Federation. In the course of the study, the economic and logical methods of comparison, detailing, as well as the balance method were actively used. It was found that anti-dumping duties, which account for 2/3 of all special duties, are most often used to regulate the import of foreign goods. Russia applies 25 protective measures to goods imported from other countries, and 93 protective measures are applied to Russian goods. Special duties are currently insignificant in revenues of the federal budget of Russia; in 2021 their ratio with the receipt of import customs duties amounted to 1.5%. At the same time, there is a steady growth in the receipt of special duties: over the past 10 years, it has increased 13-fold. To increase the fiscal role of special duties, it is advisable to change the order of their distribution among the EAEU countries, so that the entire amount of special duties on imported goods is credited to the budget of the country that initiated their introduction.

МИТНО-ТАРИФНІ ІНСТРУМЕНТИ РЕГУЛЮВАННЯ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ ІМПОРТЕРІВ ТЮТЮНОВИХ ВИРОБІВ ТА ЗАМІННИКІВ ТЮТЮНУ

The article examines the customs tariff instruments for regulating the activity of tobacco products and tobacco substitutes importers. Ukraine is not a country that produces tobacco substitute products, namely electronic cigarettes, and therefore this product is only imported to the territory of Ukraine. The tax aspect was analyzed, and a detailed calculation of the tobacco substitutes importer tax burden was identified. It is important to analyze the importer tax burden, and as a result, final consumer tax burden, based on 2023. The excessive difference between legally and illegally imported goods, especially during the war, when it becomes more and more difficult for the Ukrainian people to earn the money, forms a black market for illegal goods, because the consumer is ready to buy goods at a cheaper price, without an excise stamp. All goods without excise stamp imported by a representative of the black market illegally to obtain a competitive advantage because of reducing payment of excise tax and VAT. This hinders the de-velopment of importers who import and clear products legally, making them uncompetitive on the domestic market. End consumers in 2023 are increasingly starting to buy illegal products. The amount of duties to be paid by a legal importer has an extraordinary influence on this. Without a change in the issue of regu-lating this market with the help of customs tariff instruments, it will be increasingly difficult for legal im-porters to maintain their positions and they will reorient themselves to other goods, giving their share of the market to those who prefer to work illegally, minimizing their costs and increasing their competitive position by not paying taxes. Thus, without reducing the tax burden on importers of tobacco products and tobacco substitutes, the state makes a conscious choice to develop the shadow market

Misinvoicing in Benin's International Trade: An Analysis from Mirror Statistics

The aim of this work is twofold : to measure the level of misinvoicing in Benin's trade with its main trading partners and to determine its causes. First, based on mirror statistics, we estimate the gross trade discrepancies at about $3.065 billion on average over the period 2000-2017. Its very important development represents more than 350% increase in 18 years. Fraud is dominated by under-invoicing of both imports and exports. The countries most prone to fraud are mainly Asian countries (China, India, and Malaysia), while the most misreported products are mainly those with low proportions of trade (fabrics, textiles and second-hand goods, palm oil, vehicles and motorcycles, cashew nuts, wood and wooden goods). Second, the econometric results obtained from the Pannel Corrected Standards Errors (PCSE) methods showed that the determinants of misinvoicing are customs tariffs, the Benin/Nigeria tariff differential, the share of trade in a product, and indicator variables such as the introduction of the PVI, the perishability of a product, the region of origin, and the tariff and non-tariff measures enacted in recent years. In light of our results, Benin needs to review its trade policy and work toward more effective management of its international trade flows. At the same time, international organizations such as the WTO and the WCO must cooperate and coordinate the management of international trade to control fraud.

Şapka İnkılabının Sosyo-Ekonomik Yönleri: Şapka İthalatı, Yerli Üretim ve Halka Yansımaları

Şapka İnkılabı, birçok çalışmaya konu olmuş, ancak iktisadi açıdan ihmal edilmiştir. Buradan hareketle bu çalışmada zengin iktisadi veriler ışığında inkılabın sosyo-ekonomik yönleri ele alınacaktır. Şapka ihtiyacı büyük ölçüde ithalat yoluyla karşılandı. Şapka en çok İtalya ve Fransa’dan ithal edildi. 1923-1933 Dış Ticaret İstatistikleri fes ithalatının yerine geçen şapkanın toplam ithalat içindeki payının birkaç yıl içinde çok düşük bir seviyeye indiğini göstermektedir. Üstelik yerli üretimin, şapka temininde, giderek ithalatın yerini aldığı görülmektedir. 1929 Dünya Ekonomik Buhranı ve Gümrük Tarife Kanunu’nun şapka ithalatına etkileri ise sınırlı oldu. Şapka devlete ciddi anlamda bir yük getirmedi. Hayat pahalılığı endeksi, memur maaşları ve şapka fiyatları verileri asıl yükü halkın çektiğini göstermektedir. Hükûmet bu durumu dikkate alarak memurlara bir yıl sonra geri ödenmesi şartıyla şapka avansı vermiştir. Dönemin ekonomik koşulları halka böyle bir ödenek çıkarılmasına olanak vermemiştir.

ЗОВНІШНЬОТОРГОВЕЛЬНІ ВІДНОСИНИ УКРАЇНИ З ЄС ТА БРИТАНІЄЮ: ОСОБЛИВОСТІ РЕАЛІЗАЦІЇ В УМОВАХ ВОЄННОГО СТАНУ

The article examines current trends in foreign trade relations between Ukraine, the European Union and Great Britain in the context of the implementation of the Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Agreement. The publication examines specific features of the Agreement, providing trade facilitation by improving the efficiency of customs procedures and gradual approximation of Ukrainian legislation, rules and procedures (including standards) to EU law, the abolition of most customs tariffs. However, the study found that after the entry into force of the Free Trade Agreement in 2016, trade relations between Ukraine and Europe have not become equal. Analysis of the EU and Ukraine’s foreign trade turnover indicates a constant disproportion between the volume of exports and imports in favor of the EU. This is due to the continued application of both tariff and non-tariff restrictions on Ukrainian goods. Changes in the foreign trade policy between the countries caused by the Russian war in Ukraine have been identified. On the one hand, Ukraine needs support in the fight against the aggressor (including economic), and on the other hand, it showed limited opportunities for food exports from Ukraine due to port blockade and disruption of logistics, and Ukraine's significance as a partner in food security both for Europe and the world. This was an accelerating factor in the abolition of customs and tariff restrictions by European countries. Factors that may limit Ukraine’s export opportunities (continued use of non-tariff barriers by Europe, logistics problems) are identified, and opportunities to minimize their negative impact are identified.

Sui Generis of European Union Customs Law

Every year the interest of scientists from around the world in studying sui generis of EU customs law increases. The aim of this article is to initiate a scientific discussion on the development of an alternative approach to the understanding of EU customs law sui generis. It is suggested that one should not be limited by the characteristics of the provisions of the Common Customs Tariff and the EU Customs Code when justifying the uniqueness of EU customs law. The article considers the history of the EU customs law formation within four stages and demonstrates that modern EU customs law is formed by: EU founding agreements; acts adopted by EU institutions; agreements concluded both between EU member states and with third states; national customs law of EU member states; and practice of application of EU customs legislation, in particular, judicial practice. The paper identifies priority areas for the future development of EU customs law to include the single European customsagency formation and further approximation of customs laws of EU member states.

THE EFFECT OF FOREIGN FRANCHISES ON AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITY IN BELAD AL-SHAM(1838 - 1914)

The foreign franchises were - in the beginning - grants granted to foreigners by the strong Sultan as a sign of his generosity, and they continued, in fact, during the rule of the Sultan who granted them only, and their aim was to strengthen economic ties. These franchises can be renewed or canceled whenever a new ruler ascends the throne, by entering into long negotiations, and the Sublime Porte has the right to add or delete clauses specific to the state on which these franchises are presented to. The Ottoman state began granting franchises since the era of its founder Othman (128-1324 AD) when it entered into relations with its neighbors at that time, and commercial franchises were the first form of peaceful relations for the Ottoman state because its relations with the Europeans revolved around a narrow range, and that the number of foreigners in the Ottoman Empire was not large, and because the Ottomans were powerful in the beginning, there were no forces that forced them to remove them except for the free will of the grantor, as indicated by one of the historians, including: “These franchises were at the time, in principle granted, by the Sultans without prior discussions, and voluntarily granted rights and privileges to the subjects of foreign countries that had both trade and friendship relations with the Ottoman Empire. The franchises were granted unilaterally and voluntarily by the Sultan, so foreign countries followed the policy of renewal until 1740, when Sultan Mahmud I (1730-1754), permanently renewed the French franchises. All treaties concluded between the Ottoman Empire and foreign countries included a general article that stated: “Every country benefits from the franchises that will be given by treaty to other countries, in addition to the privileges it obtained by its treaties with the Sublime Porte .” The Treaty of Balta Liman , concluded on August 16, 1838, with Britain, abolished the protection system for national products, by limiting the ability of the Ottoman Empire to impose new taxes, and opened the markets of the Ottoman Empire to foreign merchants, and allowed them freedom of import and trade, which led To the imbalance in the trade balance, after determining the percentage of the customs tariff, which amounted to (3%) of the value of the goods, and this condition is not subject to reciprocity. It also included the condition that the customs tariff cannot be modified without the consent of Britain. The importance of the Balta Liman Treaty was that it not only confirmed the previous privileges, but also abolished the Ottoman monopolies. This was represented in the sixth clause of the treaty, which stipulated: “The Turkish government agrees to the measures stipulated in the treaty, which include all the Ottoman Empire, in the European part of Turkey, as well as in the Asian part, Egypt and all the possessions of the Sublime Porte in Africa, and they are applied to all subjects of the regions The Ottoman Empire, whatever their status, and the Turkish government agrees that no foreign country will refuse its trade under this treaty. Foreign traders took advantage of the lack of customs duties imposed on their imported goods, which was at a rate of (3%), as well as exempting them from the fees imposed on their imported goods within the same country. %), which led to the control of foreign traders over foreign trade, which in turn was reflected in the export of agricultural products on the one hand, which led to an increase in the production of some agricultural crops for the purpose of export at the expense of other crops, and this policy resulted in specialization in agriculture, so the cultivation of some crops was limited In certain areas, depending on the presence of branches of foreign companies, which do not depend on the suitability of the land for cultivation, the cultivation of mulberry trees has spread in Syria, for the purpose of raising silkworms to produce silk that is exported to the factories of Lyon and Marseille in France. The production of raw silk in Syria reached between 1880 -1914), two and a half million kilograms in 1880, increased to (6.1) million kilograms in 1914.

Load adaptive merging algorithm for multi-tenant PON environments

Wavelength division multiplexing\ ime division multiplexing passive optical network (WDM/TDM-PON) is the attractive candidate for PON bandwidth sharing among multiple service providers, featuring massive bandwidth and longer reach. This infrastructure reduces the overall cost of the Fiber-to-the-premises (FTTP) services and offers relatively lower tariffs for the end customers. The dynamic bandwidth and wavelength allocation (DBWA) process in such PON networks ensure the fair sharing of the available bandwidth resources among the virtual network operators (vNOs). The earlier reported DBWA schemes with multiple vNOs have not efficiently utilized the unused and residual upstream bandwidth. This study presents a novel load adaptive merging algorithm (LAMA) for converting various individual virtual bandwidth maps(vBWmaps) into a single physical bandwidth map (phyBWMap). The LAMA scheme modifies the existing strict priority scheme called the Priority-Based Merging Algorithm (PBMA) scheme and improves the performance of the merging engine by allocating the phyBWMap in a load adaptive manner to the vNOs in the multi-tenant PON architecture. The proposed algorithm is compared with PBMA in terms of throughput efficiency, upstream delay, and capacity utilization under self-similar and Poison traffic scenarios. The results show that the proposed scheme offers higher bandwidth utilization resulting in increased throughput with lower upstream delays in the multi-tenant PON environment.

VITICULTURE ON THE ISLAND OF SAMOS AND DELICIOUS–DESIRED MUSKAT WINE

Samos is the fourth largest island in the southeast of the Aegean Sea, after Rhodes, Lesbos and Chios. Samos Island is at a strategic point in terms of its location and the Ottoman Empire made this island semi-autonomous in 1832. The island also drew attention with its small number of Muslims, and the people earned their living from agriculture. Grapes were one of the main livelihoods of the island along with olives. A large part of the grapes was devoted to wine production and was sold abroad, mainly in Italy and France. Diseases that occurred in the vineyards of the island caused unrest in the sale of the wine obtained from the grapes. Another problem in the export of wine was the change in the customs tariff, the increase in the tax rate in foreign customs due to the sale of wine with spirit. The Ottoman palace used and consumed the grapes produced by the island as a purchase of miri. Although incorporation efforts were attempted to sell the wine in the archive documents, they could not be implemented. While the certificates received through the consuls were kept valid in the acceptance of wines to Italy, France, Austria; it was stated that over time, there were problems at the customs and an analysis was requested. Since Samos wine wass a highly demanded product with its delicious taste, it represented the Ottoman Empire at the Chicago Fair held in the USA in 1892. The main sources of our article are the documents in the Ottoman Archives of the Presidency of State Archives and the statistics of the period. Every detail reflected in the documents about viticulture and the diseases that plague the vineyards in Samos, as well as wine production and exportation of wine has been explained.

The impact of economic openness on international competitiveness - Algeria as the model Duration (1990-2020)

The research aims to identify the effect of economic openness on the international competitiveness of Algeria during the period (1990-2020). The study has used modern methods in econometrics tests and estimates, using the ARDL model, which gives the best estimates of the model.The research refers to the extraction of a set of results and suggestions that demonstrated a positive and moral relationship to a variable of economic openness in international competitiveness during the research period. Where the incoming foreign direct investment ranked first of its impact on economic competitiveness, followed by economic globalization, then the customs tariff, then the degree of economic openness, and lastly the number of patents registered by residents.

Evolution, Current State of Foreign Trade Activities of the Russian Federation and its Influence for the Development of the Country’s Economy

The article shows the role and place of the foreign trade activity of the Russian Federation in the development of its economy. The commodity composition, the main routes and the results of foreign trade in Kievan Rus and in the Moscow (Russian) kingdom have been investigated. The requirements of the Trade Charter of 1653, the New Trade Charter of 1667, the Customs Charter of 1775, customs tariffs, regulating foreign trade relations and aimed at developing foreign trade of the state, protecting it from foreign unfair competition are analyzed and summarized. The generalized results of foreign trade of the Russian Empire in the period 1901–1913 are presented. and the USSR in the pre-war and post-war periods (1940–1884). The current state of Russian foreign trade and its influence on the development of the country’s economy have been investigated. The features of the functioning of the entire system of international trade in the conditions of the formation of a global information society are revealed, the general characteristics and dynamics of the development of the information market are given. Comparative results of foreign trade of the Russian Federation for 2019–2021 are generalized and presented. The main problems of foreign trade and approaches to their solution are revealed.

Problems of Practice and Prospects for the Customs Tariff Development in the Eurasian Economic Union

The Common customs tariff of the Eurasian Economic Union (CCT EAEU) were formulated, which are subject to study, development and improvement. In particular, the author comes to the conclusion that the Decision of the EEC Council N 54, which introduced the EAEU customs tariff, in fact has the structure of a “simple” customs tariff with basic autonomous rates, i. e. in fact, it does not reflect the actual state of the EAEU legislation with the current complex system of preferences. Customs and tariff regulation of the EAEU is not only “import customs duties, but also tariff benefits, tariff quotas”, a system of preferences, but also a methodology for coding goods, ensuring the effectiveness of the measures applied. The analysis of the web resources of the FCS of Russia and the EEC EAEU allows us to conclude that there is insufficient information provided for practical work with the customs tariff and tariff preferences; there are no instructions or clarifications on how to work with the tariff; there are no actual translations of solutions for codes and other reference books available in the arsenal of the World Customs Organization, incl. there is no information about the upcoming changes in the edition of the HS 2022, which does not allow customs administrations and businesses to prepare in advance and rebuild processes. Any systemically important, but not regulated at the legislative level, issues only increase the burden in the subsequent administration of processes. And the lack of transparency and clarity in the measures taken does not allow assessing the effectiveness of using the tools of customs and tariff regulation, and as a result, they question the advisability of complicating the system of measures as a whole. To develop the CCT methodology, the EAEU should study and borrow best practices in the field of customs and tariff regulation. Move towards creating in the EAEU not only an initial regulatory document reflecting the actual complex multicolumn tariff, but also its electronic analogue, which can be an important and backbone reference tool, both for the work of business communities and for legislative and executive authorities at all levels administrations of the EAEU.

CLASSIFICATION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF FEED FOR DECORATIVE AND SINGING BIRDS

In the developed countries of the world, animal business is one of the most profitable and promising branches of production.Pet business includes the totality and interaction between enterprises engaged in the production and distribution of goods and services for pets, and consumers of these goods and services. The structure of pet business is represented by pet products, services, and animals, and pet products, in turn, by feed, medicines, care products, and accessories. The global pet food market size was valued at USD 94.76 billion in 2021 and is expected to expand at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.4 % from 2022 to 2030. Increasing consumer awareness regarding natural and organic pet food products has forced the manufacturers to shift their focus from synthetic to natural products which has acted as one of the major forces impacting the global market. In Ukraine, in 2017–2021, the category «Animals – pets and feed for them» in the structure of retail turnover occupied a share of 0.3 – 0.5 %. The volume of retail turnover during this period increased 3.4 times, from UAH 1,612.5 million in 2017 to UAH 5,468.6 million in 2021. In Ukraine, goods are classified according to the classifications DC 016-2010 «State Classifier of Products and Services» and DC 021:2015 «Unified Procurement Dictionary», as well as the Ukrainian classification of goods of foreign economic activity, which is the commodity nomenclature of the Customs Tariff of Ukraine. According to the current classifiers, separate groups of goods directly related to goods for pets (dogs, cats, etc.) are provided only for feed and brushes for animal care. Yes, according to DK 016-2010, ready pet food has the code 10.92.10-00.00 and according to DK 021:2015 – 15713000-9 and does not have further details. Today, the owners of decorative and singing birds have a relatively wide range of ready-made feeds at their disposal. Analyzing the feed market for decorative and singing birds, we saw that a significant part of it is occupied by imported feeds, while the assortment of domestic feeds on the Ukrainian market is not large and does not always meet market requirements and cannot withstand competition. However, it is difficult to call the presented feeds complete, since they are mainly different types of feed mixtures, which include, depending on the price category, different types of components: starting with cereals and ending with various nuts, dried fruits, etc. Ready-made feeds in combination with a correctly selected feeding regime strengthen the health of birds, and also meet their expectations regarding taste qualities and the owner's expectations regarding the price and convenience of feeding. Careful observation of the appearance and behavior of birds allows you to establish the correct diet for your pet and determine his preferences for one or another type of feed. In order to understand the entire range of feeds offered on the market, it is necessary to study and systematize them. Based on the analysis of feeds presented on the market, we proposed a classification of feeds by types of poultry, purpose, price, form of release, physiological features and age, as well as by type of packaging. By bird species, feed is divided into three varieties: for singing birds, for decorative birds, and for parrots, which are a kind of hybrid of the first two species. For parrots, food can be distributed according to their size: for large, medium and small. According to their purpose, complete ration feeds and feed mixes, treats, and feeds fed for therapeutic purposes and for preventive purposes are distinguished. By price, fodder for decorative and singing birds is divided into three price categories: economy, business and premium classes. This is the formation of classes was developed based on the income of the population. Economy class includes consumers who can afford to buy food for their pets at a price of UAH 70 to 100 per kilogram, business class – UAH 101-250 /kg, premium class – consumers who can buy food for of their pets is higher than UAH 251 /kg. According to the form of release, there are molded fodder and loose fodder mixes. Formed – represented by a small amount of granulated and partially extruded feed. According to the physiological characteristics, feed can be divided into feed for the pre-nesting period, during the molting period, for birds, for adult birds at rest and for females during the feeding period. The type of fodder packaging is also of great importance: natural (cardboard), polymer and combined (based on cardboard and polyethylene).

STATE REGULATION OF FOREIGN TRADE ACTIVITY: METHODS AND THEIR LEGAL ESSENCE

The authors carried out the analysis of current legislation of the Russian Federation and the Eurasian Economic Union, the practice of its application, the literature on the issue of state regulation of foreign trade activities. The concept of state regulation of foreign trade is given, the classification of these regulatory methods into types according to various criteria is presented. The Russian legislation contains an exhaustive list of methods for state regulation of foreign trade. However, application of specific methods depends on the type of goods. In connection therewith, the content of some of the most commonly used methods for state regulating foreign trade activity in practice is disclosed. At this, preference is given to the methods of customs tariff regulation, which include the customs tariff and customs duties. The relevance of the topic of state regulation of foreign trade is caused by the fact that foreign trade activity is currently becoming more and more colossal and covers all regions of the world, and therefore legal regulation of foreign trade is acquiring important socio-economic and sometimes political significance. So, in In January-August 2021, according to the data from the Bank of Russia, Russia's foreign trade turnover amounted to $492 billion dollars (137.8% by January-August 2020), including exports – $299 billion (144%), imports – $193 billion (129.2%). The trade balance remained positive, 106 billion US dollars (in January-August 2020 – positive, 58.3 billion dollars). Using the methods of observation, analysis, synthesis, comparison, interpretation of norms and others, the results were obtained that allow us to draw the following conclusions. When forming a foreign trade policy, the state needs to assess the regulatory impact on foreign trade in order to respond promptly to rapidly changing conditions in foreign markets functioning. Taking into account that the methods of state regulation of foreign trade activities are not systematized in the legislation, it is necessary to refer to the doctrine in which there is a classification of such methods into types. In addition, it is also necessary to take into account the fact that different methods of state regulation are applied to foreign trade in different goods.

الجامعة المستنصرية / كلية الادارة والاقتصاد

The customs tariff represents a very important financial tool after oil in financing the general budget and expanding the scope of public revenues and providing them with financial resources. However, the legislative authority legislated the tariff law and applied it late, and that corruption was one of the most important reasons that made this resource weak contributing to public revenues, and the problem of research lies in the financing role of the customs tariff is very weak, even after the application of the customs tariff law of 2010, and the tariff did not contribute as required to financing the state with customs revenues. The research is on two axes, as the first axis deals with the theoretical framework of the customs tariff and the second axis is the customs revenues in Iraq and their role in financing the public budget after 2003, and that one of the most prominent conclusions reached by the research is the percentage of the contribution of customs revenues to public revenues is still weak, as the average contribution rate reached The customs revenue in the general revenue is (0.71%), which is less than the correct one until After the application of the customs tariff law, the indicator of customs evasion has increased for some selected years, which were chosen since the law was applied, to find that the rates are still high and that this indicates the weakness of the state to curb these practices, and the most prominent recommendations came that the economic authority must activate its control tools in order to preventing customs evasion or using other practices to avoid wasting resources from customs to expand the scope of its contribution to the structure of tax revenues and raise its contribution to the public budget.

Особенности применения инструментов централизованного и децентрализованного внешнеторгового принуждения

Measures of foreign trade restriction are a set of restrictive actions taken against the violator of the norms of international law to ensure the fulfillment of obligations imposed on them within the framework of the institute of international legal responsibility. The application of these measures is based on strict observance of the principles of legitimacy, in connection with which it was found that their essence lies in the introduction of temporary retaliatory restrictions in the field of violated obligations, forcing the delinquent to ensure the restoration of the rights and interests of participants in international economic relations affected by his illegal actions. Most of these measures are concentrated in the field of international trade exchange and are implemented through the use of instruments of foreign trade coercion, which are a set of practical means and methods of restricting export-import operations, the impact of which affects all areas of international trade, thereby providing comprehensive pressure on the violator. Further consideration of these instruments allowed us to establish that the methods of their impact can be based on the use of market mechanisms or the establishment of direct prohibitions. In accordance with this, it is customary to classify the instruments of foreign trade coercion into customs tariff and non-tariff restrictions, the arsenal of which is steadily expanding, including through means of a veiled nature.

A Cost-Based Approach to Elicit Ancillary Service Tariffs from Unified Capacity and Energy Tariffs

Establishing separated markets for capacity, energy, and ancillary services (AS) is one of the key steps to liberalize electricity sector and realize electricity markets. This study aims at eliciting AS tariffs from unified capacity and energy tariffs through a cost-based approach. In the proposed framework, maintaining annual revenue requirements of the power plants are considered as the main objective while separating the AS tariff from unified tariffs. The conducted study considers two types of unified tariffs, i.e. capacity and energy tariffs, and offers proper AS eliciting scheme for each type of unified tariffs. The main challenges addressed here are: 1) incentivizing\penalizing AS provision more\less than scheduled amount which is tackled through an incentive factor, and 2) preventing overall tariff increment (customer tariff) after eliciting AS tariff which is addressed by applying fixing constraint to the overall tariff at before and after AS tariff eliciting conditions. Last but not the least, AS trade between adjacent utilities and calculating the benefits from this trade are addressed. The effectiveness of the proposed methodology is assured through numerical investigations.