Current Status Of Women Research Articles

The status of women in the parks and recreation profession in the United States

Almost two decades have passed since a national study was undertaken in the United States to examine the status of women employed in parks and recreation. The purpose of the present article is to provide an overview of the current status of women within parks and recreation. The theoretical framework incorporates a career development model. Data were collected from 1146 professional women in parks and recreation during March 2010 via an online survey. The women were satisfied with their jobs but senior managers were more satisfied than those at other levels of employment. All women rated family/work/leisure balance issues as important. Gender equity issues were identified concerning unconscious discrimination. Results are compared to a similar study conducted in 1992, indicating small positive changes in women's career development opportunities over the past two decades.

Quality in Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery: You Can’t Manage What You Don’t Measure

Program Description: Cultivation of career advancement of young physicians in private or academic practice requires significant investment of financial resources as well as time investment on the part of their senior mentors. As more women become otolaryngologists, gender differences that affect women’s expectations and communication style may lead to misunderstandings that interfere with career development. Understanding the impact of gender differences in the work place is important to strengthen physician practices by improving workforce retention and diversity. Over the past 30 years much research has emerged describing how gender affects overall career advancement. Differences in the ways that men and women see the world, their propensity to negotiate for resources, and the existence of cultural biases may significantly impact career advancement, especially for those aspiring to leadership positions. An overview of: 1) the current status of women in otolaryngology, 2) effective mentorship, and 3) gender differences that may create barriers or serve as strengths for women will be provided during the first half of this miniseminar. The program will conclude with an interactive panel whose members will share their insights regarding career development and mentorship.

The WTS Report on the Current Status of Women in Cardiothoracic Surgery

The purpose of this work was to assess career demographics, professional activities, and career satisfaction of board-certified female cardiothoracic surgeons in the United States, 50 years after certification of the first women diplomats by the American Board of Thoracic Surgery (ABTS). All ABTS-certified women were surveyed anonymously in December 2010, using surveymonkey.com. Questions were in five categories: demographics, training, practice activities, activities of nonpracticing cardiothoracic surgeons, and career satisfaction. Respondents were grouped by year of certification: group 1 (1961 to 1999) and group 2 (2000 to 2010). Broad comparisons to the entire thoracic surgery workforce were based on The Society of Thoracic Surgeons and American Association for Thoracic Surgery 2009 practice survey. Of the 204 living female diplomats, 190 were surveyed, as 14 (7%) were unavailable owing to lack of contact information. Survey response rate was 64% (121 of 190). Mean respondent's age was 48 years (range, 35 to 74), with the majority being Caucasian (94 of 121). Women spent a mean of 9.1 years in training, and 56% (68 of 121) reported non-Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education training time. Duration of training and resultant debt has increased over time, as respondents in group 1 (n=52) reported training for 8.5 years versus 9.5 years in group 2 (n=68; p=0.01), and a doubling of graduates with educational debt more than $100,000 from 19% to 41%, respectively (p=0.003). The average number of years in practice was 8 (range, 1 to 30), with the majority working in urban setting (65 of 106), in group practices of 2 to 10 surgeons (82 of 106), and as the sole female surgeon in their group (84 of 106). Of the 54 women with academic appointments, more than 60% (33 of 54) are at the instructor or assistant professor level, but 18% (10 of 54) are full professors. Nearly a third (16 of 54) have secured research funding, and 20% (11 of 54) have protected research time. Job satisfaction is high, with 64% (76 of 118) reporting being always or almost always satisfied with their career, and fewer than 9% (11 of 118) would choose a different career. Although demand on time is the greatest source of dissatisfaction, workplace politics for group 1 and lack of support for group 2 are significant issues. Only 12 respondents are no longer practicing, with the majority leaving because of retirement, health issues, or career advancement. Women represent a minority of cardiothoracic surgeons in the United States. The numbers in academic versus private practice are roughly equal, with high levels of job satisfaction in both. Importantly, 90% of surveyed women remain in practice and are academically productive; 50% entered the profession in the past 10 years. The exponential increase in the number of women in the field over the past 10 years provides optimism for continued recruitment.

Feminist Transformations

Feminist Transformations

Women in Higher Education: Access, Success, and the Future

Several months ago, the Georgia Association for Women in Higher Education asked me to deliver the keynote address for their annual state meeting, with a focus on the “Current Status of Women in Higher Education: Challenges and Strengths to Moving Forward.” Over time, I have given time and small donations to various women’s advocacy and educational groups; but I must admit I have not been on the forefront of tracking women’s achievements and struggles. Developing my own career; mentoring graduate students (and others on campus who needed a listening ear); and tending two boys, a husband, and several family pets kept me busy. So, I found it interesting to do the background research for this talk. Below is a brief summary of my speech and an explanation of why I think the subject raises important questions for authors and readers of Innovative Higher Education. My talk centered on women’s earliest access to higher education, recent gains in enrollment and graduation, and current leadership in executive and administrative positions. We all know that women were excluded from formal education in the earliest years of higher education. The Georgia Female College of Macon, Georgia (now Wesleyan College) and Oberlin College in Ohio led the way in admitting women students in the 1830s, approximately 200 years after Harvard (1636) had enrolled its first class of males in an institution on a frontier that was to become the United States of America. The women’s colleges of the Northeast followed soon with the founding of Vassar (1865), Wellesley and Smith (1875), and Bryn Mawr (1884). The following100 years saw state colleges and private universities open their doors to women students, and enrollments and graduations increased at an accelerated pace according to the American Council on Education’s report about Gender Equity in Higher Education: 2010. Women’s share of baccalaureate enrollment and graduation is now close to 60 percent overall, and this percentage has remained consistent since 2000. From no participation to equal participation in a century is actually great progress. However, while the numbers highlight equity, they also conceal the struggle–legal, policy, and personal–that enabled this progress. Innov High Educ (2011) 36:145–147 DOI 10.1007/s10755-011-9184-x

Rules and reform: eligibility, gender differences, and the Olympic Games

Since the beginning of the modern Olympic Games, women have struggled to participate as equals. One important aspect of women's struggle for inclusion involves the rules of eligibility to compete in the Olympic Games. This article examines the current status of women in the ‘reformed’ Olympic Movement by considering the number of events in which women participate, the nature or duration of those events, the number of competitive opportunities available to women and the language used by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and the International Federations (IFs) to refer to men and women. A content analysis of the eligibility rules of participation found that the Olympic Charter and the rulebooks of eight IFs stipulate differential treatment of women. The article argues that these rules mandate and normalize inequitable treatment, and thus create inequitable opportunities for female athletes. The inequality that these rules perpetuate demonstrates that the IOC's reform process is not yet complete.

Identifying the Current Status of Women in Entomology, Clarifying Initiatives for Retention, and Speaking out to Share Experience

Identifying the Current Status of Women in Entomology, Clarifying Initiatives for Retention, and Speaking out to Share Experience

청소년 범죄예방을 위한 여가활동 활용방안

This study is on leisure activities to prevent juvenile crimes; because of the recent increase in juvenile crimes, the purpose of this study is to show necessity to prevent juvenile crimes and to provide a method to prevent them. This study provides an comparative analysis with regard to the concept of juvenilecrimes, the pattern of juvenile crimes, the current status of juvenile crimes compared to all crimes, the ratio of juvenile crimes compared to all crimes, the current status of juvenile crimes by the pattern, the age of juvenile crimes, the gender of juvenile crimes, the current status of women and juvenile crimes. This study offers the following leisure activities to prevent juvenile crimes: First, within a family, this study offers talking with family members, travelling with family members, singing with family members, and exercising with family members. Second, within a school, this study offers free-talking in English, playing a computer game, drawing a picture, learning a musical instrument, and playing a leisure sport. Third, within a community, this study offers playing a yutnoli with neighbors, playing Korean chess, playing go, volunteering for a community center.

Cultural Encounters between China and Britain: Key Factors in the Formation and Transfer of Ideas and Values

This article focuses on cross-cultural perceptions and the processes by which ideas and values move between societies. It is based on focus groups, responses to questionnaires and interviews with 140 Chinese students, cultural workers and teachers. It shows how the experience of living in the UK can both alter prior expectations of the country as well as generating processes of critical reflection about the nature of both China and Western societies. The participants focused on the evaluation of educational systems, the understanding of rights, law and social obligations, and how these affected the current status of women. Social change does not result simply from exposure to new ideas but cross-cultural contacts and experience can be factors in the movement away from traditional structures in that they highlight alternative ways of understanding the self in relation to others and new possibilities for social life.

Womens participation and the political process in Nigeria: Problems and prospects

Nigerian women constitute about half of the population of the country and are known to play vital roles as mother, producer, time manager, community organizer and social and political activist. But despite the major roles they play and their population, the society has not given recognition to these and to the fact that they are discriminated against. This is due to some cultural stereotype, abuse of religion, traditional practices and patriarchal societal structures. Nigerian women have therefore over the years become target of violence of diverse form based on their positions in promoting transformative politics. The research methodology is termed qualitative research and with the use of secondary data gathered from university libraries, news print and journals. This paper will therefore examine the theoretical perspective of the discrimination and inequality suffered by women; secondly, access the current status of women in politics and the various efforts made by them for their political empowerment; thirdly, identify problems women face in their quest to participate in politics and lastly suggest possible measures for their political empowerment. Key words: Women’s participation, political participation, political process, patriarchy.

Mulheres na física: poder e preconceito nos países em desenvolvimento

O número de mulheres na física é pouco representativo, seja na pesquisa governamental, na indústria ou no meio acadêmico. Na maioria dos países, apenas cerca de 10% a 12% dos profissionais do campo da física, nos ultimos 100 anos, são mulheres. A situacão não tem se alterado significativamente nos ultimos anos. Recentemente, uma discussão na revista Physics Today [1] questionava se essa seria, de fato, uma questão relevante. O presente artigo fará uma revisão do atual status da mulher na física, focalizando em especial países em desenvolvimento, como Brasil e Índia. Serão discutidas as razões pelas quais a física necessita de mais mulheres e sugeridas algumas estratégias para melhorar a situação atual.

Mind the Gap: UCL Gender Equality Event, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, 18 March 2008

The Gender Equality Event hosted by UCL invited us to spend a day reflecting on the current status of women in academia: the obstacles that women still face in academia, changes that have taken effect over the past decades, and the initiatives that will shape the future.

A case study of women's education within the Moroccan development model

This paper examines the current efforts being made in Morocco in the field of women's education and evaluates the success of the Moroccan Development Model in the field of women's education by examining the topic through three lenses: international aid agencies, Moroccan government and royal efforts and the Moroccan Women's Movement. Consideration of the historical, religious and economic frameworks for each actor maintains priority within the study as a means of evaluating the progress made to date, the current status of women's education and the long-term goals and timeframes. The findings within this paper are primarily based on UN statistics, ratings, and definitions as well as other reputable sources such as the World Bank. Sources used include magazine articles, websites, academic journals and papers, and sociological, political and anthropological books on Morocco and women. It must be noted that this evaluation focuses on Anglophone and Francophone sources only and does not consider Arabophone sources.

WOMEN IN SCIENCE

TWO BOOKS have recently been published that focus on women in the sciences and that have relevance to the field of chemistry. They both offer interesting information on issues that women face in the pursuit of successful scientific careers, but with two different styles and formats. Every Other Thursday: Stories and Strategies From Successful Women Scientists is experiential, providing an intimate view of how a group of women scientists have relied on each other to cope with the career challenges that women scientists commonly face. The second book, titled Are Women Achieving Equity in Chemistry? Dissolving Disparity and Catalyzing Change is data driven. It provides a wealth of data and information about the current status of women in chemistry and the challenges that women face in climbing the career ladder. Every Other Thursday, by chemist Ellen Daniell, is based on the professional and personal experiences of a group of seven women scientists who ...

INTRODUCTION / THE STATUS OF WOMEN ECONOMISTS IN US UNIVERSITIES AND THE WORLD / THE STATUS OF WOMEN ECONOMISTS IN UK UNIVERSITIES / THE STATUS OF WOMEN ECONOMISTS IN CANADIAN UNIVERSITIES / THE STATUS OF WOMEN ECONOMISTS IN CHINA'S UNIVERSITIES

These Explorations, by eight authors from Canada, China, the US, and the UK, examine the current status of women in economics (with an eye mainly toward their status in the academic branch of the profession). The four sections of the work analyze results of surveys that show the distribution of academic positions among women economists in universities in Canada, the UK, the US, and China. The work also provides a short history of the development of committees and groups interested in furthering the status of women in the economics profession and suggests ways to improve the efforts of such groups and the status of women economists.

The Current Status of Women in US Department Store Retailing: 2004

This study replicates the work of Gable, Fiorito and Topol (1994) that examined the status of women in managerial ranks of department store organizations. Women now constitute 67% of all lower-level management positions, approximately 45% of middle-level positions, and 24% of those positions at upper levels. While some progress has been made since the 1994 study, females are not close to parity with males at the highest level positions. Further, a comparison was made of the gender composition of the boards of directors of the 25 largest industrial organizations (in annual sales volume) with that of the 25 department store organizations.

“Islam and Woman: Where Tradition Meets Modernity”: History and Interpretations of Islamic Women's Status

The status of Islamic women varies in different Muslim countries, which interpret Islamic religion and law differently, especially with regard to their attitudes toward women. Most of these Islamic countries have specific beliefs about women and have restrictions concerning them. Gender stereotypes of Islamic women have their origin in the evolution of the Muslim religion. This is similar to the early development of many other religions and how the gender stereotypes of women developed along with the development of these religions. This paper describes the meaning of being a Muslim and the doctrine of the Qur'an, which came from the revelations to Muhammad, Islam's founder and prophet about 610 C.E. During Muhammad's life, he was sympathetic toward women and was concerned about their equal treatment, including full religious responsibility. Although the restrictions were still there on women, their treatment was much more favorable than after Muhammad's death. Conditions for women under Muhammad's successors became worse. Attitudes and perceptions about women were even more negative. Women were isolated, secluded, forced to pray at home—not in the mosque, and exclusion was put into practice. Women were essentially removed from most sectors of society. Veiling of women included covering specific parts of their body to prevent enticing men. Women's status declined rapidly and any freedoms they had were essentially abolished. And as Islam spread across the centuries, these restrictions and practices were adopted, amended, or made more extreme by most if not all Muslim countries and have continued until the present time. The current status of women in Islamic countries is described along with the intensified discussions and debates concerning women, presently taking place. In some states, bills and laws were passed to improve conditions of women but some have already been revoked. In other countries, new restrictions have been proposed. Nevertheless, Islamic women and women's groups are continuing the struggle for their rights. This struggle, amidst the continuing turmoil in the Middle East and the increase in fundamentalist groups, has unfortunately made the final outcome for women yet to be decided.

Negotiations of Law and Gender: Living Shari'a in Iran

Recent World Bank and United Nations data on health, literacy, reproductive life, labor force participation and political participation reveal favorable trends in the status of Iranian women. I suggest that it is the action of women, the agency of women, acting together with men, but specifically and consciously as women, that may be a crucial factor accounting for these trends. Though post-revolutionary Iran presents a context in which religious law historically unfavorable to women prevails, they have successfully made claims upon the state, based on their activity in the revolutionary period.. The Republic of Iran (IRI), committed though it was to a legal regime that had for centuries embedded discrimination against women, nonetheless had to rely upon the active support of women for its creation and continued legitimacy. Thus, despite adopting a variety of retrograde gender policies, it also encouraged women to be politically active and in return was required to respond to the demands that activism threw up. To examine how shari'a, or divine law, currently the foundation of the IRI's legal regime, has been negotiated, modified, procedurally adapted, and legislatively changed by and in respect to women, I use the law of marriage and divorce as an example and discuss its post-revolutionary course, examining the formal changes in marriage law after the revolution when shari'a became the law of the state and its surprising subversion, leading first to the informal retention of the pre-revolutionary law of marriage and divorce and then to its formal re-codification.. Subsequently, I discuss why this occurred and what it reveals about the current status of women in Iran. First, I examine the situation of women before and during the revolution, afterwards looking at the impact on the legal regime of the politics of the revolutionary and post-revolutionary period to explain how women gained sufficient power to reorient the IRI's understanding of shari'a in respect to marriage and family, as well as other matters like education and employment. Then, I examine the phenomenon of Islamic feminism and the attempts to reconceive a religious jurisprudence that eliminates misogynistic tendencies. In the end, I conclude that in Iran, shari'a, like other law, is open not only to interpretation but to modification and change, through a process of political and social negotiation.

Sex discrimination in selection and compensation in Taiwan

This article describes the current status of women in the workplace in Taiwan. Statistical evidence shows sex segregation in the labour market. Discriminatory practices in the hiring process are documented via a content analysis of 7,037 classified ads. Overtly discriminatory actions, such as blatantly stated gender requirements in the classified ads, are shown to be still common in hiring practices. Census data on a gender gap in compensation shows that women in Taiwan evidently get less pay than men do for the same work. The ratio of female to male employees is significantly and negatively correlated with the ratio of female to male in pay. The higher the percentages of women in an industry, the lower the pay women get compared to men. Also, the ratio of female to male in pay is negatively related to the turnover rate. Companies that pay women fairly tend to enjoy lower turnover rates. The implications of these women's issues in human resource management in Taiwan are presented.

Women and Sport in the 1990s: Reflections on “Embracing Stars, Ignoring Players“

Numerous scholars have assessed the status of women in sport during the last decade of the 20th century (Acosta & Carpenter, 2000; Andrews, 1998; Borcila, 2000; Cole, 2000; Eastman & Billings, 1999; McDonald, 1999; Starr & Brant, 1999). Perhaps the nineties can be best characterized by the familiar Dickens adage that “it was the best of times, it was the worst of times.” At a time when the 1999 U.S. Women's soccer team captured the World Cup and the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA) enjoyed increasing popularity, it seemed that women's sports were never more visible. So, how could this be the worst of times? While women now receive heretofore-unprecedented coverage, evidence suggests that certain images continue to be privileged over others. In this paper, we assess the current status of women in sport in light of an article that appeared on the subject a decade earlier.