Current Regulations Research Articles

Family-Oriented Living Organ Donation in Bangladesh: A Bioethical Defence.

This study focuses on issues related to living organ donation for transplantation in Bangladesh. The policy and practice of living organ donation for transplantation in Bangladesh is family-oriented: close relatives (legal and genetic) are the only ones allowed to be living donors. Unrelated donors, altruistic donors (directed and non-directed), and paired/pooled or non-directed altruistic living donor chains-as many of these are implemented in other countries-are not legally allowed to serve as living donors in Bangladesh. This paper presents normative arguments explaining why the family-oriented nature of regulations and practices surrounding living organ donation for transplantation is essential for Bangladesh. In this article, I specifically argue that if the Bangladesh government revises the current biomedical policy robustly beyond relatives and allows unrelated donors to donate organs legally, this may foster organ selling due to the poverty and corruption problems in Bangladesh. The family-oriented requirement of the living organ donation policy and practice is defensible and morally justifiable as it preserves common notions of the family unit and family bonding in Bangladesh. Maintaining the current living-donation regulations and promoting deceased donation is the way forward, as this safely preserves the family values, protects against organ selling, and increases access to organ transplantation.

Recent judicial rulings on collective bargaining

This study aims to take a look at the most outstanding interpretative questions of the current regulation of collective bargaining, analysing the criteria that has been given to them by the jurisprudence of the Supreme Court. From this analysis it can be deduced that the rulings handed down on the matter have on some occasions been clarifying, providing the necessary legal certainty, on other occasions it has been a creative jurisprudence that has not failed to spark debate among scientific doctrine and, finally, in some cases, the difficulties in applying such criteria are pointed out, even pointing out on occasion the opportunity to carry out some type of legal intervention to definitively solution to the regulatory gaps detected.

Unit-Based Optimization Approaches for the Thermal Design of Residential Buildings

Building regulations, scarcity of energy, and climate change have forced designers to find energy-efficient design alternatives for the buildings. Current regulations focus solely on the total energy requirement of the building without considering the fact that the energy performance varies greatly across different units of the building, which, in turn, causes discomfort among the occupants. Conventional optimization approaches created based on these regulations, therefore, miss the capability to cope with this issue. Resolving the problem of varying thermal performance within the units requires the introduction of unit-based optimization approaches. This study elaborates on revealing the inadequacy of the conventional optimization approach and proposes two alternative approaches that take the issue into account. Within this context, the thermal design a typical five-story residential building with six apartment units on each floor was optimized according to the conventional optimization approach. A simulation-based optimization system consisting of a Distributed Evolutionary Algorithms in Python (DEAP) optimization tool and Energy Plus was employed. The differences in the energy performances of different units were observed for three different climate conditions. Afterwards, two different approaches having the objectives of optimizing the overall building performance and balancing the variance within units were proposed: (i) single-phase multi-objective optimization and (ii) multi-phase single-objective optimization. The outcomes of the study demonstrated that the multi-phase single-objective optimization provided better results.

A fuzzy coefficient deep flux weakening algorithm for IPMSM without out-of-control

A fuzzy coefficient q-axis current increment flux weakening (FCCIFW) control method is proposed in interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) drives. The proposed FCCIFW not only simplifies the calculation of flux weakening coefficient according to the derived formula, but also avoids the saturation of current regulator. In FCCIFW, the theoretical calculation formula of conversion coefficient is derived firstly, and then the fuzzy rule base is established according to the formula. FCCIFW not only refrains the use of complex flux weakening calculation formula or fixed control parameters, but also refrains the problem of out-of-control in the process of deep flux weakening control, so as to improve the overall performance in the process of flux weakening. The results show that the proposed method has an effective and correct calculation process and results, Compared with different control methods in the operation process, it shows that the proposed method has more stable control effect, which has great application value in engineering.

On modern problems of the mechanism of judges’ responsibility for disciplinary misconduct; law enforcement practice, general approaches. Part 1. Termination of the powers of a judge for a serious offense after the constitutional innovations of 2020 – constitutional or disciplinary responsibility?

The article criticizes the current situation regulated by law, in which a gross disciplinary misconduct of a judge, entailing the early termination of his judicial powers, is considered as a measure of disciplinary responsibility. The conclusion is substantiated that the early termination of the powers of a judge for gross misconduct should entail a measure of not disciplinary, but constitutional responsibility. The mechanism of constitutional responsibility of a judge is partially provided for by the constitutional innovations of 2020 only for a little over two thousand judges, and the Federation Council can apply it, which is not typical for a legislative body, and which destroys the unity of the status of judges. The rationale for its development should be based on the premise that a judge’s gross misconduct, which deserves early termination of his powers, is primarily a violation of the judge’s oath, which currently does not provide for any consequences under current legislation and corporate regulation. Appropriate proposals are made with the necessary justifications.

TEORI EFEKTIVITAS PADA PROSEDUR PEMERIKSAAN PERKARA DI PENGADILAN TATA USAHA NEGARA

The purpose of this research is first to discover the development of case examination procedures in the current State Administrative Court. Second, to determine the current case examination procedure in the State Administrative Court associated with the Theory of Effectiveness. The type of research used is normative research which places the law as a system of norms, with descriptive analytical methods, namely by describing existing problems and analyzing them. The results of this study show First, there has been an expansion of the competence of the State Administrative Court in receiving, examining & adjudicating a case. The State Administrative Court Law that has not regulated this has resulted in a procedural law vacuum so that the Supreme Court in the 2011-2017 timeframe issued its legal products in the form of Supreme Court Regulations, namely the State Administrative Court Law which previously only regulated 3 types of case examination procedures, namely ordinary examination, simple examination, and rapid examination, currently there are several new case examination procedures regulated in 5 Supreme Court Regulations. Second, in terms of one of the factors in the Theory of Effectiveness, namely the legal factor itself (the law), this factor states that to determine whether a written law functions or not depends on the rule of law itself, one measure of the success of this factor is that the existing rules regarding certain areas of life are quite synchronous / there is no horizontal conflict & hierarchy, but the current main regulation, namely the State Administrative Court Law, in fact has not been synchronised with other regulations issued by the Supreme Court in the form of Supreme Court regulations which aim to fill the void of procedural law, especially the law of examination.

Distribution characteristics of radiant heat flux on tank surfaces exposed to wildland fires

AbstractThe expansion of wildland‐urban interface tends to expose fuel tanks to wildland fires, the frequency and intensity of which have increased in recent years due to climate change and global warming. This study aims to examine the distribution of radiant heat flux on a tank surface exposed to a wildland fire front, with a particular focus on extreme wildland fires. A theoretical framework is proposed, which consists of a flame length correlation, a thermal radiation model, and a correlation of time to failure, to calculate the radiant heat flux received by the tank surface and the potential for tank failure. The horizontal and circumferential distribution characteristics of the radiant heat flux are intensively discussed, in terms of the heat flux profile, heating area, total heat, time to failure versus the fireline intensity, fireline width, spacing, and tank volume. In particular, extreme wildland fires, characterized by large fireline intensities, could potentially destroy the tank within the safety spacing mandated by the current regulations. Therefore, a comparison between the time to failure and the radiant heating duration is suggested to ascertain the necessary safety spacing. The uncertainties in model calculations are also addressed, which arise from the use of different flame length correlations and flame radiative fractions.

Contributing factors for textural characteristics of Serrano Artisanal Cheese: An instrumental approach

Serrano Artisanal Cheese (Queijo Artesanal Serrano or QAS) is a Protected Designation of Origin cheese made from raw milk of rustic cows in the Campos de Cima da Serra region in South of Brazil. It has naturally hay yellow coat, smooth texture, and slightly acidic and piquant flavor. Until recently, such products were required to ripen for at least 60 days before sale, but current regulations allow for fresher products to be marketed. This is advantageous to consumers who prefer cheese that is softer and melts, but poses the challenge of identifying how shorter ripening periods affect characteristic traits of QAS and desirable textural and viscoelastic qualities. To this end, this work investigated the changes in gross composition, fatty acids profile, color, texture, and viscoelastic behavior in summer and winter samples from seven farms at 15, 30, 45, and/or 60 days of ripening. Through Principal Component Analysis (PCA), it was possible to conclude that content and proportion of saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids are closely associated with the producer. Color analysis shows a distinctive relationship between the Yellowness Index and the Saturated Fatty Acids content. Additionally, P, Ca, and Mg are good predictors for QAS texture profile. PCA indicated crossover temperatures closely correlated to Long Chain Fatty Acids. This proportion can be affected by nutrition and heritability, but results for fatty acids of de novo synthesis suggest the latter. Most (17 out of 23) samples showed meltability, reaching elastic to viscous crossover at temperatures below 90 °C. Four out of the 6 samples that did not were ripened for 60 days. This suggests that ripening periods shorter than 60 days would be more suitable to sustain such property.

Factors affecting ecological footprint in Saudi Arabia: a panel data analysis

The global environment has witnessed an increase in environmental risks over the last few decades due to the rising demand for energy to support economic development and urbanization. These environmental risks are exacerbated by the escalating human activity that depletes natural resources. Therefore, analyzing factors affecting Ecological Footprint (EFP), which include many variables such as urbanization, energy consumption, natural resources, economic growth, and technological innovation, is essential to achieve sustainable development. Urbanization is a key driver of economic growth. Achieving economic development requires the utilization of natural resources and energy which increase the EFP. Therefore, the focus on technological innovation is essential to reduce the EFP. Despite the critical environmental and economic implications of factors affecting EFP, studies on this area are lacking, especially across Middle Eastern countries, and present contradictory findings. Therefore, the main aim of this study is to investigate the effect of urbanization, energy consumption, natural resources, economic growth, and technological innovation on the EFP in Saudi Arabia. To this end, the study utilizes an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model, which is considered the most suitable econometric approach when variables are stationary at I (0) or integrated of order I (1), based on data collected from various international sources for the period spanning from 1990 to 2022. In both the long run and the short run, empirical findings show that urbanization, natural resources, and technological innovation decrease the EFP, while energy consumption and economic growth increase the EFP. These results reveal that energy policies need to be addressed, and economic growth is unable to lower the EFP due to a lack of connection between economic policies and environmental goals. On the other hand, the study shows that urban policies and the management of natural resources are effectively linked to environmental goals. These findings have several significant policy implications for reducing the EFP. Suggestions include effectively linking economic policies to environmental goals by electrifying the economy. Additionally, several procedures should be considered, including replacing current carbon-based energy with renewable sources, reevaluating the pricing of the energy system, increasing taxes on carbon-based energy, and reassessing current energy laws and regulations.

Facilitating the transition to formal economy by means of labor law and social security law

The article is devoted to the search for a solution to such an acute and urgent problem of modern society as the informal economy, which has an adverse impact both on the state and its financial instruments, and on the population employed in it. Analyzing the norms of Labor Law and Social Security Law, the authors evaluate the current legal regulation through the prism of its focus on the transition to formal employment and the economy. Taking into account the peculiarities of informal employment, they propose ways to improve labor and social security legislation.

Extended producer responsibility in e‐waste recycling: A secure path to a sustainable future for UAE

AbstractThe effective waste management of electrical and electronic equipment gains increasing importance in the modern world. This issue is particularly relevant for the countries of the Middle East region, including the United Arab Emirates (UAE). According to the research objectives, this study employs the method of political and legal analysis. The paper investigates the features of legal regulation and implementation of Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) policies in the waste management of electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) in the UAE. At the same time, the study aims to analyze the current environmental protection policy and assess the prospects for its development. The research also determines the development directions for the profile environmental policy regarding general priorities in the field of economic development of the country. The results of the study indicate that the country's current policy and legislative regulation in the implementation of EPR are complex and meet modern challenges.

Associating reservoir operations with 2D inundation risk and climate uncertainty

ABSTRACT Bridging the research gap between reservoir operations and inundation risks under the future climate, this study integrates a hydrologic reservoir management model with a 2D hydrodynamic model, comparing the conventional regulations and the optimized reservoir operations based on the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. Results reveal that optimized operations using the PSO algorithm consistently outperform conventional strategies by better-managing peak discharges and controlling downstream inundation. The study further differentiates between PSO-optimized plans: PSO1, which focuses on minimizing inundation areas, and PSO2, which prioritizes peak reduction at the flood control point. Interestingly, PSO2 proves superior for single-point peak reduction, typically the primary objective in current practices, whereas PSO1, despite lesser peak reduction, achieves a smaller inundation area, enhancing basin-scale flood resilience. This discrepancy reveals the need to consider downstream inundation risks as critical evaluation metrics in reservoir optimization, a factor often overlooked in existing studies. The research underscores the importance of updating operational frameworks to incorporate 2D inundation risks and adapt to increased flood risks under changing climate conditions. Despite optimization, future climate scenarios predict increased flood exposure, indicating that the current safety discharge rates and flow regulations at control points are outdated and require revision.

Protecting Digital Society: Policies for Criminalizing Illegal Smartphone Applications Through Cyber Law Frameworks

This research aims to contribute to the development of criminal law policies addressing the widespread distribution of smartphone applications, both APK and iOS, that are used as tools for unauthorized online loan activities, online fraud, threats, and intimidation. These applications often disguise themselves as legitimate online loan platforms, wedding invitation apps, and parcel delivery services. Upon download, they illicitly debit mobile banking accounts or present themselves as government auction platforms for criminal goods at discounted prices, posing significant threats to consumers, debtors, and the general public. Theoretical framework: The foundation of this research lies in cyber law theory, which endeavors to create legal strategies to address cybercrimes and safeguard the digital community. This study utilizes a multidisciplinary approach, integrating legal analysis, policy assessment, and collaboration with stakeholders. Methods: This study utilized the normative juridical method to examine digital policies by criminalizing illegal smartphone applications through cyber law policies. This approach involves a systematic legal analysis of current regulations, assessing their effectiveness, and suggesting formal legal measures to address new threats posed by unauthorized applications, with an emphasis on protecting digital society from harm. Results and Conclusions: This indicates a pressing need for comprehensive criminal law policies specifically designed to effectively combat these unauthorized applications. Such policies are crucial in preventing and mitigating the harms caused by these applications before they impact society. The author's contribution lies in proposing formal offenses against the creators and disseminators of these applications. malicious applications, thereby bridging the current gap in legal measures to counteract digital criminal activities. Originality/Value: This research underscores the urgency of formulating and implementing cyber law policies to safeguard the public from the detrimental effects of illicit smartphone applications. Its originality lies in proposing innovative legal strategies to proactively address emerging digital threats.

Evaluation of proposals from key suppliers of small-scale photovoltaic installations for single-family homes considering current regulations and environmental and economic criteria—A case study in Malaga, Spain

The economic viability of a photovoltaic (PV) installation depends on regulations regarding administrative, technical and economic conditions associated with self-consumption and the sale of surplus production. Royal Decree (RD) 244/2019 is the Spanish legislation of reference for this case study, in which we analyse and compare PV installation offers by key suppliers. The proposals are not optimal in RD 244/2019 terms and appear not to fully contemplate power generation losses and seem to shift a representative percentage of consumption to the production period. In our case study of a residential dwelling, the best option corresponds to a 5 kWp installation with surplus sale to the market, with a payback period of 18 years and CO2 emission reductions of 1026 kg/year. Demand-side management offers a potential improvement of 6%–21.8%. Based on the increase in electricity prices since 2020, the best option offers savings of up to €1507.74 and amortization in 4.24 years. Considering costs and savings, sale to the market could be considered as the only feasible regulatory mechanism for managing surpluses, accompanied by measures to facilitate administrative procedures and guarantees for end users.

Performance optimization study on the thermal management system of proton exchange membrane fuel cell based on metal hydride hydrogen storage

To compare the performance differences between proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), metal hydride tank (MHT) and heat exchanger (HX) coupling configurations and optimize thermal management methods, this study investigates and compares three coupling systems, PEMFC-MHT-HX series, PEMFC-HX-MHT series, and PEMFC-MHT|HX parallel system. Results reveal that, under controlled load variables, all three systems achieve an energy efficiency of 48.1 % at the maximum net power of 41.99 kW, increased by 16.93 % compared to standalone PEMFC. Exergy efficiencies of the systems show little differences, with values of 43.65 %, 43.38 %, and 43.51 %, respectively. The PEMFC-MHT-HX system exhibits the highest hydrogen outlet pressure, which is suitable for high-pressure applications. Conversely, the PEMFC-MHT|HX system enables flexible hydrogen supply regulation through decoupled control of hydrogen outlet pressure and flow. Increasing the MHT heat transfer coefficient can enhance the outlet pressure, but this effect diminishes beyond 1500 W/(m2·K). Sensitivity analysis identifies current and stack temperature as pivotal factors, emphasizing the necessity of precise current regulation and effective thermal management strategies. Additionally, the proportion of PEMFC waste heat recovered by the MHT decreases from 36.8 % to 29.0 % as the current load rises from 100 A to 400 A, indicating potential for alternative waste heat recovery devices over HX.

Laws related to use of Drone in India - A Critical Analysis

There has been tremendous development in India where unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), also known as drones, have been applied in various industries, mainly because of the advancement in technology & increased employment opportunities in respectively agriculture, defence, healthcare, e-commerce etc. This spike in drones in the use has set the need to develop and update the legal systems so that people can get safe, private and secure in the country. With the advancements in technology renewed legal framework guiding drone utility are shaped to keep pace with technological advancements and their implications. This paper critically assesses the existing laws in India as they pertain to the operations with drones. It delves into their broadness and implications, with a particular focus on their effectiveness in tackling the multifaceted issues raised by drone technology. It covers CAR (Civil Aviation Requirements) guidelines which DGCA (Directorate General of Civil Aviation) published for speaking about violation of operational restrictions, document requirement and for directional zones. The paper examines the problem in relation to tractability, safety, and national security regarding the drone usage that reveals the main nuances in the law-making and executive mechanisms against the drone operation. Taking a critical look closely, the paper is meant to parse the effectiveness of current regulations in tackling technological developments in a balanced way of ensuring people’s security and private life. Along with this, it has emerged with the proposition of some regulations to be made to the current regulatory framework, which is the plan towards a robust, flexible, and more comprehensive governance of drone technology in India

Research of Tax Governance on Urban Village Rent: A Case Study of X Village in Dongguan City

Tax governance is an important part of the national governance system and also a significant reflection of the national governance capacity. Using X Village in Dongguan City as a case study, this paper summarizes the tax governance issues in the urban rental market through field investigations and online data collection, as well as identifies the deficiencies in current laws, regulations, and policies. The research reveals that there are practical problems such as regulatory gaps and implementation difficulties, asymmetric market information, inadequate participation in social governance, and difficulty in coordinating conflicting interests in X Village. In response to these issues, the study explores corresponding paths for governance and proposes methods such as establishing comprehensive regulations and strengthening law enforcement, creating an information-sharing platform, enhancing participation in social governance, and balancing economic interests to address the tax irregularities in urban village rentals. This will help provide a solid foundation for the sustainable development of urban villages.

Influence of Performance Packages on Fuel Consumption and Exhaust Emissions of Passenger Cars and Commercial Vehicles under WLTP

The transportation sector is responsible for about 16% of worldwide greenhouse gas emissions. Despite efforts for a sensible reduction by means of new technologies’ development, the average age of a vehicle fleet is 12.3 years in the European Union. In light of this, actions aiming at improving the efficiency of circulating vehicles can prove effective in the short to mid-term. Introducing performance packages in standard fuels could allow a reduction in the CO2 emissions of whole vehicle fleets without any modification to powertrain. Such a kind of additive is generally used in premium fuels; deposit control additives can reduce or control the deposits at intake valves and at nozzle holes with benefits for the fuel efficiency and exhaust emissions. Further improvements in combustion phasing can be achieved with cetane/octane improver. This paper aims to assess the influence of two performance packages on the exhaust emissions and fuel consumption of five vehicles set to be as representative as possible of circulating Italian passenger cars and light commercial fleet vehicles (LCVs). Based on the literature datasets, three Euro 4 vehicles were selected with a mileage representative of each single vehicle class: two passenger cars (one spark ignition and one diesel) and an LCV. Further, two diesel Euro 6 vehicles, a passenger car and an LCV, were tested to investigate the effect of fuel additives on the combustion of vehicles compliant with current homologation regulation. Exhaust emissions and fuel consumption were experimentally estimated on a chassis dynamometer over a worldwide harmonized light vehicles test cycle (WLTC) in a climate-controlled laboratory. Each vehicle was preliminarily tested when running with base fuel, then a 3000 km clean-up stage was performed using the additive package. Finally, WLTC tests were repeated. Results demonstrated the efficiency of the performance packages with a reduction between 1.2% (diesel Euro 6 passenger car) and 8.1% (diesel Euro 4 passenger car) in fuel consumption. Similar trends were found for CO2 emissions. Further, a sensible reduction in THCs, CO and PM was found for each vehicle class.

Exploring cost performance tradeoffs and uncertainties for electric- and autonomous electric trucks using computational experiments

The recent development of battery electric trucks (BETs) suggests that they could play a vital role in transitioning to zero-emission road freight. To facilitate this transition, it is important to understand under which conditions BETs can be a viable alternative to internal combustion engine trucks (ICETs). Concurrently, the advancement of autonomous driving technology adds uncertainty and complexity to analyzing how the cost competitiveness of future zero-emissions trucks, such as autonomous electric trucks (AETs) may develop. This study examines the cost performance of BETs and AETs compared to ICETs, and how it varies over different market and technology conditions, charging strategies, and transport applications. Focus is on heavy-duty tractor-trailer trucks operating full truckload shuttle-flows in Sweden. Due to the inherent uncertainty and interactions among the analyzed factors, the analysis is performed as computational experiments using a simulation model of BET, AET, and ICET shuttle flow operations and associated costs. In total, 19,200 experiments are performed by sampling the model across 1200 scenarios representing various transport applications and technical and economic conditions for sixteen charging strategies with different combinations of depot, destination, and en route charging. The results indicate that both BETs and AETs are cost competitive compared to ICETs in a large share of scenarios. High asset utilization is important for offsetting additional investment costs in vehicles and chargers, highlighting the importance of deploying these vehicles in applications that enable high productivity. The cost performance for BETs is primarily influenced by energy related costs, charging strategy, and charging infrastructure utilization. The AET cost performance is in addition heavily affected by remote operations cost, and costs for the automated driving system. When feasible, relying only on depot charging is in many scenarios the most cost-effective charging strategy, with the primary exceptions being highly energy-demanding scenarios with long distances and heavy goods in which the required battery is too heavy to operate the truck within vehicle weight regulations if not complemented by destination, or en route charging. However, many experiments do not lead to a reduced payload capacity for BETs and AETs compared to ICETs, and a large majority of the considered scenarios are feasible to operate with a BET or AET within current gross vehicle weight regulations.

Bottom-up assessment of air quality management strategies in Vijayawada, India: Emissions inventory, atmospheric capacity, and policy scenarios

A bottom-up approach evaluates air quality management strategies in Vijayawada, India, a rapidly urbanizing city facing declining air quality. Detailed emission inventories and dispersion modeling assess pollutant concentrations (PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NOx) under various policy scenarios for 2025 and 2030. Business-as-usual (BAU) scenarios reveal the inadequacy of current regulations for PM, SO2, and NOx control. While BS-VI standards effectively reduced NOx emissions from vehicles, overall trends indicate a diminishing atmospheric capacity to assimilate pollutants. Alternative scenarios (ALTs) incorporating sector-specific controls project emission reductions (12–15 % PM10, 19–24 % PM2.5, 24–48 % SO2, 19–32 % NOx) and are expected to maintain pollutant levels below national ambient air quality standards. This integrated approach offers valuable insights for policymakers to develop sustainable air quality strategies aligned with SDGs. The study emphasises the need to consider potential trade-offs between environmental benefits and resource demands, such as increased electricity demand for electric vehicles (SDG 7) and land use competition from urban greening (SDG 11). This study aids in identifying strategies that maximise environmental benefits while minimising trade-offs, fostering sustainable urban development. The research's novelty lies in its integration of scenario-based analysis with atmospheric capacity evaluation, providing a robust framework for air quality management in rapidly urbanising regions.