Current Production Systems Research Articles

Classifying Emails into Human vs Machine Category

It is an essential product requirement of Yahoo Mail to distinguish between personal and machine-generated emails. The old production classifier in Yahoo Mail was based on a simple logistic regression model. That model was trained by aggregating features at the SMTP address level. We propose building deep learning models at the message level. We train four individual CNN models: (1) a content model with subject and content as input, (2) a sender model with sender email address and name as input, (3) an action model by analyzing email recipients’ action patterns and generating target labels based on senders’ opening/deleting behaviors and (4) a salutation model by utilizing senders’ "explicit salutation" signal as positive labels. Next, we train a final full model after exploring different combinations of the above four models. Experimental results on editorial data show that our full model improves the adjusted-recall from 70.5% to 78.8% and the precision from 94.7% to 96.0% compared to the old production model. Also, our full model significantly outperforms a state-of-the-art BERT model at this task. Our new model has been deployed to the current production system (Yahoo Mail 6).

Nepal's Sacred Cattle: Profitability Analysis and Policy Implications

This paper analyzes Nepal’s current livestock policy, which is rooted in culture and religion, and the extent to which its design has not kept pace with the continuing transformation of the country’s agricultural landscape. It estimates the impact of the no-slaughtering of cattle policy on dairy producers using Latin hypercube simulations to quantify a baseline and alternative scenario for cattle milk production. The baseline models the current production system, while the alternative scenario models milk production where producers are allowed to slaughter or export cattle. Results indicate that farmers’ profit per liter of milk increases by 19 to 31 percent in the alternative scenario.

Resource Utilization Planning and Resilience in Food Security Projects in Kenya

Vision 2030 is Kenya's economic blueprint whose focus is to guide the country in the transformational agenda of achieving a newly industrialized, middle-income country; a country where citizens enjoy high quality life in a clean and secure environment by the year 2030. Appreciating that agriculture is the backbone of the Kenya’s economy, it is critical to inject efficiency in food security projects to guarantee sustainable food security. However, the current food production system is not keen on maintaining value of resources, hence, catalysing soil degradation, deforestation, water depletion, and Green House Gas emissions. Consequently, climate change, food insecurity, slowed economy, unemployment, and poverty. The resultant effect is poor human health, inability to cope with shocks, inequalities, and lack of social services. Nonetheless, factual based policies supporting science, technology, and innovation for efficient and effective resource utilization in food security projects will promote the country’s capacity in achieving resilience in food security. This paper will highlight the concept of resource utilization planning to enhance, resources predictability and value maintenance. The study will employ desk review of relevant documents on: resource utilization and food security and nutrition. The findings are expected to provide policy makers with insight on the policies that are required as a fundamental catalyst, in designing and creating an enabling environment for robust food security projects. In return, the food security projects are bound to minimize on extractive activities, Green House Gas emissions, deforestation, soil degradation and water depletion.

An assessment of health management and biosecurity procedures in marine fish farming in Spain

Marine fish farming in Spain has experienced problems of performance due to losses caused by infectious diseases. Biosecurity and health management are identified by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) as current priorities for proper aquaculture governance. However, they both transcend the responsibility of farmers and require significant resources, concerted action and cooperation. This study presents the analysis of biosecurity practices on marine fish farms, through a questionnaire-based survey on biosecurity procedures and an analysis of health management practices for different stakeholders. The Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) technique was implemented, which identified the important threats and weaknesses faced by the sector, such as the risk of direct disease transmission between farms, the high likelihood of importing diseases through juvenile shipments, the chronic lack of communication between stakeholders, and the deficient coordination of health strategies. Strengths included awareness of prevention measures and the availability of expertize of health experts at most levels. On the other hand, the availability of experts together with the need to adapt governance to the current production systems were seen as opportunities. Health management measures themselves were actually already found to be adapted to the type of production but they varied between companies (i.e. categorization and diagnosis of mortalities). Nevertheless, the quality of expertize along the value chain provided by private and public laboratories, research institutes, Health Protection Groups, companies and veterinarians was noteworthy. However, there was still a need for all stakeholders involved in marine fish health to improve diagnostics, provide epidemiological information, biosecurity and prevention measures, as well as to promote transparency for better health governance.

A food revolution – cultivated meat

A food revolution – cultivated meat

Edible Insects in Latin America: A Sustainable Alternative for Our Food Security.

Nowadays, the food industry faces paramount challenges in different areas, since worldwide consumers are increasing every day, and at the same time, they are demanding new convenient products. Recent studies show that the current food production system is unsustainable over time and therefore is necessary to create new alternatives of production. New food trends are focused on the consumption of natural products, that have an eco-friendly production approach, and a beneficial nutritional profile for the consumer’s health. Hence, products are being created to not only have good organoleptic characteristics, but also to contain a wide variety of micro and macronutrients, and to be sustainable within their production. For this reason, the use of raw materials that satisfy the needs previously mentioned is being implemented. For instance, the use of insects as raw material, because they have a high protein content comparable to animal-based foods. Specifically, ants and crickets can contain between 9 and 77% protein of dry weight, while beef contains between 25 and 28%. On the other hand, insects present an ease and sustainable production system, compared to livestock farming, since some of them feed with food waste generated by humans. In addition, require less food for their upbringing; insects can convert 2 kg of feed into 1 kg of insect mass, while cattle use 8 kg of feed to produce 1 kg of body weight. On the other hand, there is evidence that insects produce fewer greenhouse gases during their production, for example, pigs produce between 10 and 100 times more greenhouse gases per kg of weight. United States, Mexico, Chile, Peru, and Argentina have begun to develop and consume these products; thus, promoting different and new ventures. Large-scale production of insect-based food products could help solve or even prevent the looming food problem and contribute to the sustainable development goals set by the United Nations. Thus, the aim of this review work was to compile and investigate the edible insect’s alternatives in Latin America, as well as the commercially available or potential derivative products. We discussed the nutritional value of edible insects, and how they could contribute to food security.

Willingness to replace animal-based products with pulses among consumers in different European countries

The growing world population and increased meat consumption pose a challenge for current food production systems. While pulses present a promising position in terms of low impacts in primary production and high nutritional quality, it is unclear whether consumers are willing to consume pulses instead of meat. Based on an online survey answered by 4,322 respondents across five European countries, this study examined consumers’ willingness to utilize pulses as a plant-based alternative to animal-based products. More than a third of pulse consumers (42%) were, to some extent, already using pulses as an alternative to animal-based foods. Beef was noted as the most frequently replaced type of food, mainly driven by arguments relating to health, environment, and sustainability, especially relevant for German and Danish consumers. Respondents who did not indicate a current replacement of animal-based foods stated a relatively low willingness to change in the future (40%). German pulse consumers were likely to be part of the low willingness segment. In contrast, Polish consumers possessed a relatively higher incidence of using pulses instead of meat, especially pork and poultry. Respondents with a low replacement willingness indicated a high importance of future pulse-based products to be natural, while respondents already using pulses instead of animal-based foods expected convenient and minimally processed foods. Respondents, who already replaced meat with pulses or expressed a low future willingness, stated to prefer plain pulses over processed pulse-based products, and meat-resembling forms considering the former segment, alternatively to meat. These preferences and expectations should be considered for future product development, especially if aiming to attract unwilling consumers to shift to pulse-based foods.

Marine Microbial-Derived Resource Exploration: Uncovering the Hidden Potential of Marine Carotenoids.

Microbes in marine ecosystems are known to produce secondary metabolites. One of which are carotenoids, which have numerous industrial applications, hence their demand will continue to grow. This review highlights the recent research on natural carotenoids produced by marine microorganisms. We discuss the most recent screening approaches for discovering carotenoids, using in vitro methods such as culture-dependent and culture-independent screening, as well as in silico methods, using secondary metabolite Biosynthetic Gene Clusters (smBGCs), which involves the use of various rule-based and machine-learning-based bioinformatics tools. Following that, various carotenoids are addressed, along with their biological activities and metabolic processes involved in carotenoids biosynthesis. Finally, we cover the application of carotenoids in health and pharmaceutical industries, current carotenoids production system, and potential use of synthetic biology in carotenoids production.

EFECTO DEL ESPACIO DE ALOJAMIENTO SOBRE EL CRECIMIENTO DE CORDERAS DE PELO EN CORRALES DE PISO ELEVAD

<p><strong>Background.</strong> The study of space allowance (m<sup>2</sup>) per animal is important, due in current production systems different group sizes are used throughout the year, without knowing their possible effects on daily weight gain and growth during the fattening period. <strong>Objective.</strong> The effect of space allowance on the growth of hair lambs in raised-slatted floor cages was determined. <strong>Methodology.</strong> Data from 527 daily weight gains (DWG) and weights adjusted at 60 (P60) days post-weaning of female lambs from commercial crossbreds between hair breeds were analyzed. The statistical model included fixed effects of space allowance (AL; 0.69, 0.64-0.60 and 0.56 m<sup>2</sup>/animal), year (A; 2012 and 2013), seasons of the year (EA; rainy and north) and the interaction on DWG and P60. The initial body weight was included as co-variate.<strong> Results.</strong> AL, A and interactions A × EA affected the dependent variables evaluated (P <0.05). AL larger (0.69 m<sup>2</sup>) and intermediate (0.64-0.60 m<sup>2</sup>) had similar growth (P >0.05); these groups, in turn, were the ones that obtained the highest DWG and P60 compared to smaller AL (0.56 m<sup>2</sup>). Higher growth of the female lambs was observed in the year 2012 compared to 2013. EA had no significant effect (P >0.05). <strong>Implications.</strong> The availability of the space allowance implies the quantity and quality, including the area occupied by the feeder and drinker. <strong>Conclusion.</strong> Under the conditions of the present study, AL should be adjusted between 0.69 and 0.60 m<sup>2</sup>/female lambs and that A and A × EA interaction can play an important role in animal growth.<strong></strong></p>

The Role of Indigenous Vegetables to Improve Food and Nutrition Security: Experiences From the Project HORTINLEA in Kenya (2014–2018)

Many warning signs indicate that the food security goals formulated in 2015 will not be achieved. This situation is particularly true for the African continent. After substantial progress up to 2015, the situation has hardly improved or has worsened in many respects. In addition to the rapid population growth, the increasingly frequent long dry periods or sometimes erratic rainfall have contributed to this. In addition, current production systems have dysfunctional side effects due to increasing yield optimization and specialization. Thus, besides the associated resource degradation, it also leads to a monotonous food supply and the emergence of vitamin and mineral deficiencies (hidden hunger). A meaningful way to diversify the food supply is to cultivate and market previously underutilized species. However, they are characterized by not being known and traded globally and usually having only local importance. Accordingly, they have been widely ignored in research. Increasingly, however, there is a growing realization worldwide that these plants can make an essential contribution to food and nutrition security, especially for poorer segments of the population. Moreover, they are adapted to local conditions and are often produced with less resource input. This article aims to show how these species can be better utilized to provide nutritious food through sustainable production, using the example of African indigenous vegetables. In doing so, the impact of emerging social and ecological changes in Kenya will be considered. This source is an interdisciplinary collaborative research project, Horticultural Innovation and Learning for Improved Nutrition and Livelihood in East Africa (HORTINLEA), which was carried out in Kenya from 2014 to 2018. Many different disciplines were involved in the German-African cooperation project. The results will be brought together in this article with the help of a food-sensitive value chain approach, and the experiences gained from this project will be reflected.

Digitalization and Personnel of Research and Production Enterprises

Research and production enterprises are a very important form of providing stability for the country economy and economic security. In order to support and improve competitiveness of research and production enterprises it is necessary to use efficiently intellectual resources, carry out innovation work and ensure technological leadership. Fast development of digitalization processes stipulates the need to restructure current production systems and business-processes, management systems and to revise requirements to personnel, which is essential to support technological, research and technical development, to increase competitive advantages of research and production enterprises at the expense of personnel potential. The article studies specific features of personnel at such enterprises in view of specificity of their work, staff structure and digitalization. The author identifies the current challenges and contradictions and puts forward brand new solutions aimed at supporting intellectual leadership of research and production enterprises at the expense of building necessary competences of personnel. The research was done by analyzing statistic data and summarizing different studies of competences and notions.

224 Net Nutrient Conversion of Human-Edible Nutrients in the Beef Supply Chain

Abstract Beef is a good source of several vitamins and minerals but data on the net contribution to the human diet is lacking. The objective was to quantify the net nutrient contribution of the beef supply chain to Fe, Zn, Se, P, B12, B6, riboflavin, niacin, and choline in the human diet. Beef cattle production parameters for the beef supply chain were as described by Baber et al. (2018; 10.1093/tas/txy086) with the red meat and liver yield from each production segment estimated using literature values of serially harvested beef cattle. Nutrient concentration of feeds was acquired from feed composition tables in beef, swine, poultry, and equine nutrient requirement texts, and the nutrient concentration of beef and liver was based on 2018 USDA Food and Nutrient Database for Dietary Studies. Nutrient absorption values of feeds, red meat, and liver were acquired from the literature for humans or swine if human studies were unavailable. The human-edible conversion ratio was < 1.0 for all nutrients except for P and B12 when only red meat yield was considered indicating that the beef supply chain consumed more human-edible nutrients than it produced. Results were similar when liver yield was added although the ratios were closer to 1 for other nutrients. After adjusting for the absorptability of nutrients, the beef supply chain was a net contributor of niacin, P, and B12 in the human diet with or without liver. The net nutrient contribution is driven primarily by the ratio of nutrient concentration and absorbability of nutrients in beef relative to corn. In the current production scenario, the combined ratio of nutrient concentration multiplied by the ratio of absorbability must equal 15.17 or 12.45 to achieve equilibrium between nutrient consumed and produced for red meat or red meat plus liver yield, respectively. In conclusion, current beef production system is a net contributor of human-absorbable P, B12, and niacin to the human diet.

Meat Quality Parameters, Sensory Properties and Consumer Acceptance of Chicken Meat from Dual-Purpose Crossbreeds Fed with Regional Faba Beans.

Consumers’ concerns regarding the ethical and environmental practices of the current poultry production system have led to the search for an alternative production method. This study evaluated samples of three dual-purpose chicken crossbreeds: Vorwerkhuhn × Bresse Gauloise (VBG), Vorwerkhuhn × White Rock (VWR), and Bresse Gauloise × White Rock (BWR), fed with two variants of faba beans (vicin/convicin-rich and -poor: VC+ and VC−, respectively) and soybeans to examine whether the FB-based diets affected the meat quality of the crossbreeds. pH, color, water holding capacity, tenderness, nucleotide content and proximal composition were analyzed instrumentally, whereas sensory properties were identified by a trained panel and product acceptance was evaluated by frequent chicken consumers. Results showed that from instrumental measurements, the yellowness of the samples was affected by the type of feedstuff, whereas most other parameters were affected by the crossbreed, particularly color and nucleotide content. Sensory attributes, specifically, overall chicken aroma as well as firmness and crumbliness, were affected by an interaction of the feedstuff and crossbreed. Consumer preference did not show significant differences between samples. Overall, a faba-bean-based diet appeared to be a suitable alternative to a soybean-based diet on the crossbreeds VBG, VWR, and BWR when assessing the overall quality and taste of chicken breasts.

Local non-food yeast protein in pig production–environmental impacts and land use efficiency

The aim of this study was to analyse the sustainability of pig production based on a diet containing yeast as a protein source. The yeast is produced from sugar, and the sugar can be produced from hydrolysed wood through a biorefinery process. This study included yeast from two different biorefinery processes: 1) a domestic demo plant in connection with a complex biorefinery, and 2) a small-scale wood refinery process largely based on wood residues. In the yeast diets, the yeast replaced soybean meal as a protein source and the two yeast diets were compared with a standard diet. The environmental impacts from the pig production systems were assessed by using life cycle assessment (LCA), and the functional unit was 1 kg carcass weight of pork at the farm gate.The results from the study show that yeast replacing imported feed protein sources used in pig production gives a lower impact for biodiversity loss and climate change including land use change . The lower impact was created by the replacement of soybean meal with yeast from wood sugar in the feed recipe. Also, the scenarios with yeast diets gave a land use ratio below 1, indicating an improved land use efficiency regarding producing human digestible protein. Even though the forest land used for deriving wood sugar constitutes a greater area than the corresponding area for soybean meal production, the forest land does not occupy areas suitable for food production. The reference case, representing current pig production and feeding system, had a land use ratio of 1.15, meaning that the feed production was directly competing for the area suitable for food production.The overall conclusion was that the utilisation of yeast from wood sugar appears to avoid feed-food competition and at the same time to be an environmentally sustainable solution for future feed protein employed in pig production.

Not So Happy Hens

An international company has been promoting itself as producing happy eggs. The commercials offer pictures of hens living in idyllic conditions—free to roam in wide grass lands replete with sunshine and trees in which to shelter. Intrigued by these commercials, one of us wrote to the company concerned and inquired whether the millions of male chicks were similarly cared for. The response was that male chicks (surplus to requirements) were killed “using a pain free gas when they are 1 day old” (personal communication, 2016). When we inquired what happened to hens at the end of their apparent breeding life, we were informed that “when our girls no longer produce eggs we can sell to the supermarkets they are taken to our facility where they are exposed to a nonaversive gas to put them to sleep” (personal communication, 2016).Leaving aside whether it is morally licit to raise hens for their eggs, it is clear then that the current system of commercial egg production (at least in this case) is predicated on the slaughter of millions of hens and their male counterparts.This should give every ethical consumer pause for thought.Some animal-friendly agencies now ask animal advocates to keep and care for caged hens when farmers judge they are surplus to requirements at the end of their breeding life (British Hen Welfare Trust, 2021; Fresh Start for Hens, n.d.). Many animal advocates out of compassion have now taken up this opportunity to give hens a new life and, as a result, sometimes eat the eggs they may produce (hens do not require a male to make eggs). Looking after ex-battery hens in these circumstances does not invite moral censure.But it should be clear that commercial egg production, such as described above, is vexing because it is not only the welfare of hens that is morally important, but also their individual lives. Suffering (and apparent well-being) is not the only legitimate moral concern. Animals matter as individuals, and causing death needs serious moral justification.At the very least, businesses that exploit hens should make clear through advertisements and labeling not only the conditions in which their hens are kept, but also the manner and number of deaths that the system itself requires.

A Humanized Vehicle Speed Control to Improve the Acceptance of Automated Longitudinal Control

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Vehicle speed controls, as adaptive cruise control and related automated evolutions, are control systems able to follow a desired vehicle reference speed that is set by the driver and fused with information as road signs, SD maps etc.. Current normal production systems don’t distinguish among the vehicle users, only some carmakers are doing first steps towards the introduction of learning from driver to adapt the traditional control. In our work, we follow up this content with a humanized speed control, based on learning of driver longitudinal behavior. This method is able to combine machine learning algorithms, vehicle positioning and recurrent trips into existing automated longitudinal control systems. Proposed algorithm can reduce the interactions between drivers and automated systems by improving the acceptance of automated longitudinal control. Furthermore, proposed integration works mainly on speed reference that dramatically simplifies the customization of the system. We present the general methodology of our online learning procedure and suggest how to integrate proposed work in a normal production vehicle.</div></div>

More sustainable vegetable oil: Balancing productivity with carbon storage opportunities

Intensive cultivation and post-harvest vegetable oil production stages are major sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Variation between production systems and reporting disparity have resulted in discordance in previous emissions estimates. The aim of this study was to assess global systems-wide variation in GHG emissions resulting from palm, soybean, rapeseed and sunflower oil production. Such an analysis is critical to understand the implications of meeting increasing edible oil demand. To achieve this, we performed a unified re-analysis of life cycle input data from diverse palm, soybean, rapeseed, and sunflower oil production systems, from a saturating search of published literature. The resulting dataset reflects almost 6000 producers in 38 countries, and is representative of over 71% of global vegetable oil production. Across all oil crop systems, median GHG emissions were 3.81 kg CO2e per kg refined oil. Crop specific median emissions ranged from 2.49 kg CO2e for rapeseed oil to 4.25 kg CO2e for soybean oil per kg refined oil. Determination of the carbon cost of agricultural land occupation revealed that carbon storage potential in native compared to agricultural land cover drives variation in production GHG emissions, and indicates that expansion of production in low carbon storage potential land, whilst reforesting areas of high carbon storage potential, could reduce net GHG emissions whilst boosting productivity. Nevertheless, there remains considerable scope to improve sustainability within current production systems, including through increasing yields whilst limiting application of inputs with high carbon footprints, and in the case of palm oil through more widespread adoption of methane capture technologies in processing stages.

Probiotics: Symbiotic Relationship with the Animal Host.

Simple SummaryIntestinal health directly influences the profitability of animal production, and so growth-promoting antibiotics have been used in the feed or drinking water to reduce the impact of enteric diseases and improve production parameters. However, these have generated long-term bacterial resistance. In the search for natural alternatives to antibiotics, various probiotic strains have been developed to improve intestinal health and biological indicators in farm animals, which is important to provide the consumer with safe food. This review describes the main probiotic bacteria and yeasts, their in vitro properties and their impact on the antioxidant capacity and intestinal environment of animals. Furthermore, this review outlines the role of probiotics in apparently healthy ruminants, pigs and poultry, including animals with digestive diseases.Antibiotic growth-promoters in animal feeding are known to generate bacterial resistance on commercial farms and have proven deleterious effects on human health. This review addresses the effects of probiotics and their symbiotic relationship with the animal host as a viable alternative for producing healthy meat, eggs, and milk at present and in the future. Probiotics can tolerate the conditions of the gastrointestinal tract, such as the gastric acid, pH and bile salts, to exert beneficial effects on the host. They (probiotics) may also have a beneficial effect on productivity, health and wellbeing in different parameters of animal performance. Probiotics stimulate the native microbiota (microbes that are present in their place of origin) and production of short-chain fatty acids, with proven effects such as antimicrobial, hypocholesterolemic and immunomodulatory effects, resulting in better intestinal health, nutrient absorption capacity and productive responses in ruminant and non-ruminant animals. These beneficial effects of probiotics are specific to each microbial strain; therefore, the isolation and identification of beneficial microorganisms, as well as in vitro and in vivo testing in different categories of farm animals, will guarantee their efficacy, replicability and sustainability in the current production systems.

Commercialization of Alate termites (Macrotermes sp.) to improve households’ livelihoods in Vihiga county, Kenya

To meet the rising demand for animal-based protein, conventional livestock may prove expensive as the current production system remains unsustainable. This calls for intervention research on alternative sources of protein, hence a switch to affordable and environmentally acceptable protein sources of which approximately 1,900 insect species are consumed worldwide. Alate termites have thus received considerations in this line for nutritional and economic benefits. Trading of alate termites is becoming a valuable source of income for many people in Vihiga county and other parts of western region, which although modest in terms of monetary value, could nonetheless form a significant proportion of their annual income. Information about commercialization of alate termites and its impact to household level food security has remained sparse. The goal of this research was to partly fill this knowledge gap and document the associated potential of alate termite commercialization on household livelihoods in Luanda and Hamisi sub-counties of Vihiga county. A total of 204 respondents participated in the cross-sectional study. Chi Square and regression analysis was employed to predict association and relationship between alate termite collection and marketing and household income for improved livelihoods. The results affirmed that, alate termites are a delicacy and cultural food eaten by the majority of the people in western Kenya. This is attributed to its nutritional value as well as higher economic potentiality. The average retail price per kilogram of 500 Kenya Shillings (US $5), compares favorably with that of goat meat, which is retailed within the region. The trading of alate termites is dominated by women and characterized by wholesalers who buy the alates from collectors and sell to retailers. The purpose of utilization was positively significant p<0.005. Inferring that the benefits realized from utilization of alate termites was dependent on households’ decisions regarding various utilization purposes. Drying was the most common preservation method (64%) whereas others have a preference for frying. Moreover, alate termites are grounded into flour that is used for baking other products. The potential of alate termites to diversify household livelihood can be fully explored in order to contribute to household livelihoods and ultimately food security. Key words: Household Livelihood, Alate termites, Marketing, Value addition, Utilization

Life cycle assessment study on the public transport bus fleet electrification in the context of sustainable urban development strategy

In this paper, the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method was applied to investigate the environmental impact of the electrification of the urban bus fleet. Public bus transport in large urban agglomerations is one of the main sources of pollution. To reduce the generation of pollution, electrification of the bus fleet is considered as one of the potential solutions. The authors developed three models of buses with different power units: diesel bus, diesel hybrid bus, and electric bus. The impacts of model buses were analysed at the stage of their production and operation in the city, as well as the impact of diesel fuel and electricity production. Furthermore, a case study was conducted based on the example of the Polish city of Krakow, demonstrating three possible scenarios for the electrification of the urban bus fleet. Moreover, an analysis of the environmental impact of the current and future Polish national energy production system until 2040 was carried out. Using the IMPACT 2002+ Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) method, the results were reported in four damage endpoint categories: human health, ecosystem quality, climate change, and resources. It was shown that increasing the share of electric buses in urban fleets can be highly beneficial in all four categories if the electricity used to power the electric buses is produced from enough low- and zero-emission energy sources. In addition, the level of environmental burden generated by the different phases of the life cycle of the bus was characterised. Overall, the advantages and possible problems of urban bus fleet electrification were highlighted, and recommendations for future sustainable development strategies were suggested. Thus, this study can be useful as an algorithm to support decision-making related to the electrification of city bus fleets.