Current Battery Research Articles

Constructing molecule-metal relay catalysis over heterophase metallene for high-performance rechargeable zinc-nitrate/ethanol batteries

Zinc-nitrate batteries can integrate energy supply, ammonia electrosynthesis, and sewage disposal into one electrochemical device. However, current zinc-nitrate batteries still severely suffer from the limited energy density and poor rechargeability. Here, we report the synthesis of tetraphenylporphyrin (tpp)-modified heterophase (amorphous/crystalline) rhodium-copper alloy metallenes (RhCu M-tpp). Using RhCu M-tpp as a bifunctional catalyst for nitrate reduction reaction (NO 3 RR) and ethanol oxidation reaction in neutral solution, a highly rechargeable and low-overpotential zinc-nitrate/ethanol battery is successfully constructed, which exhibits outstanding energy density of 117364.6 Wh kg −1 cat , superior rate capability, excellent cycling stability of ~400 cycles, and potential ammonium acetate production. Ex/in situ experimental studies and theoretical calculations reveal that there is a molecule-metal relay catalysis in NO 3 RR over RhCu M-tpp that significantly facilitates the ammonia selectivity and reaction kinetics via a low energy barrier pathway. This work provides an effective design strategy of multifunctional metal-based catalysts toward the high-performance zinc-based hybrid energy systems.

Novel iterative Ragone plot-based optimization of low pass filter for hybrid power sources electric vehicles

The growing demand for eco-friendly transportation has led to the emergence of electric vehicles (EVs). To meet driving requirements and enhance the performance of EVs, researchers combine Energy Storage Systems (ESS) to form Hybrid-ESS (HESS). Efficient power distribution within HESS relies on an effective Energy Management Strategy (EMS). While various EMS methods exist, practical implementation is often hindered by computational complexity. The low-pass filter (LPF) approach is one of the easiest and implementable EMS methods. However, the pivotal challenge lies in determining the optimal cut-off frequency for LPF, a crucial factor influencing energy distribution. Traditional optimization methods, such as Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) face significant limitations when applied to intricate ESS and DC-DC converter models. Therefore, the iterative method based on the Ragone plot is proposed. Its performance is compared with LPF tuned by PSO. The test results show that the proposed method has a faster process by up to 83.51 % while maintaining comparable performance levels. Compared to battery-only EVs, it is superior in terms of the delta-State of Charge of the battery (delta-SoCB), energy consumption, maximum battery current, and Battery Current Root Means Square (BCRMS). Compared to the Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC), it outperforms in maximum battery current and BCRMS, with slightly lower delta-SoCB and energy consumption. This highlights the practicality and efficiency of the proposed method, offering a solution for optimizing battery life and power distribution in HESS EVs. Hence advancing the sustainability and performance of eco-friendly transportation systems.

Review of Gas Generation Behavior during Thermal Runaway of Lithium-Ion Batteries

<div>Due to the limitations of current battery manufacturing processes, integration technology, and operating conditions, the large-scale application of lithium-ion batteries in the fields of energy storage and electric vehicles has led to an increasing number of fire accidents. When a lithium-ion battery undergoes thermal runaway, it undergoes complex and violent reactions, which can lead to combustion and explosion, accompanied by the production of a large amount of flammable and toxic gases. These flammable gases continue to undergo chemical reactions at high temperatures, producing complex secondary combustion products. This article systematically summarizes the gas generation characteristics of different types and states of batteries under different thermal runaway triggering conditions. And based on this, proposes the key research directions for the gas generation characteristics of lithium-ion batteries.</div>

Sustainable Dual-Ion Batteries beyond Li.

The limitations of resources used in current Li-ion batteries may hinder their widespread use in grid-scale energy storage systems, prompting the search for low-cost and resource-abundant alternatives. "Beyond-Li cation" batteries have emerged as promising contenders; however, they confront noteworthy challenges due to the scarcity of suitable host materials for these cations. In contrast, anions, the other crucial component in electrolytes, demonstrate reversible intercalation capacity in specific materials like graphite. The convergence of anion and cation storage has given rise to a new battery technology known as dual-ion batteries (DIBs). This comprehensive review presents the current status, advancements, and future prospects of sustainable DIBs beyond Li. Notably, most DIBs exhibit similar cathode reaction mechanisms involving anion intercalation, while the distinguishing factor lies in the cation types functioning at the anode. Accordingly, the review is organized into sections by various cation types, including Na-, K-, Mg-, Zn-, Ca-, Al-, NH4 + -, and proton-based DIBs. Moreover, a perspective on these novel DIBs is presented, along with proposed protocols for investigating DIBs and promising future research directions. It is envisioned that this review will inspire fresh concepts, ideas, and research directions, while raising important questions to further tailor and understand sustainable DIBs, ultimately facilitating their practical realization.

Deep-learning assisted biomimetic self-powered wireless electronic noses system enabled by triboelectric discharge

Electronic noses, inspired by the mammalian olfactory system, have revolutionized various industries including food, environment, medicine, and rescue. They detect gases by using sensor arrays and provide real-time information. However, current electronic noses demand batteries as the power source, limiting their applications and requiring frequent maintenance. Wireless transmitter modules can also increase battery dependence and introduce high energy consumption. Moreover, gas sensors used in electronic noses lack multidimensional information identification ability. Here, we have developed a self-powered, wireless electronic nose system based on triboelectric discharge. By converting mechanical energy into high-voltage power, this system can initiate gas discharge and produce wireless signals that contain valuable gas information. With deep learning, it can recognize up to 60 different types of gas atmospheres with 93.8% accuracy, including 5 gas components with 12 different gas pressures. The system with a visualization program is designed for wireless, real-time gas monitoring toward applications in health monitoring, precise manufacturing, and high-tech fire rescue operations.

Electrode Protection and Electrolyte Optimization via Surface Modification Strategy for High‐Performance Lithium Batteries

AbstractLithium batteries have become one of the best choices for energy storage due to their long lifespan, high operating voltage‐platform and energy density without any memory effect. However, the ever‐increased demands of high‐performance lithium batteries indeed place a stricter request to the electrodes and electrolytes materials, and electrode‐electrolyte interface. Various strategies are developed to enhance the overall performances of current lithium batteries, and among them, artificial modification of battery components is regarded as one of the most effective. However, systematic summery surrounding surface modifications is rare. In this review, the structural instability of the bare electrodes and the main defects of unmodified separator/solid electrolytes are briefly presented. Then diverse and advanced surface‐engineering strategies for both the cathode and anode materials, as well as the separator/solid electrolytes are carefully summarized. More importantly, the prospects of surface modification and challenges of current methods for constructing high‐performance lithium batteries are pointed out.

Battery Impedance Spectroscopy Embedded Measurement System

The evolution of rechargeable battery characteristics have led to their use in almost every device in our everyday life. This importance has also increased the relevance of estimating the remaining battery charge (state of charge, SOC) and their health (state of health, SOH). One of the methods for the estimation of these parameters is based on the impedance spectroscopy obtained from the battery output impedance measured at multiple frequencies. This paper proposes an embedded measurement system capable of measuring the battery output impedance while in operation (either charging or supplying power to the intended device). The developed system generates a small amplitude stimulus that is added to the battery current. The system then measures the battery voltage and current to estimate the impedance at the stimulus frequencies. Three batteries were measured at different SOC levels, demonstrating the system principle of operation. Complementarily, a battery impedance equivalent circuit was used, together with genetic algorithms, to estimate the circuit parameters and assess their dependence on the battery SOC.

Recent Research Progress on All-Solid-State Mg Batteries

Current Li battery technology employs graphite anode and flammable organic liquid electrolytes. Thus, the current Li battery is always facing the problems of low energy density and safety. Additionally, the sustainable supply of Li due to the scarce abundance of Li sources is another problem. An all-solid-state Mg battery is expected to solve the problems owing to non-flammable solid-state electrolytes, high capacity/safety of divalent Mg metal anode and high abundance of Mg sources; therefore, solid-state electrolytes and all-solid-state Mg batteries have been researched intensively last two decades. However, the realization of all-solid-state Mg batteries is still far off. In this article, we review the recent research progress on all-solid-state Mg batteries so that researchers can pursue recent research trends of an all-solid-state Mg battery. At first, the solid-state electrolyte research is described briefly in the categories of inorganic, organic and inorganic/organic composite electrolytes. After that, the recent research progress of all-solid-state Mg batteries is summarized and analyzed. To help readers, we tabulate electrode materials, experimental conditions and performances of an all-solid-state Mg battery so that the readers can find the necessary information at a glance. In the last, challenges to realize the all-solid-state Mg batteries are visited.

Rational Design of High-Loading Electrodes with Superior Performances Toward Practical Application for Energy Storage Devices.

High-loading electrodes play a crucial role in designing practical high-energy batteries as they reduce the proportion of non-active materials, such as current separators, collectors, and battery packaging components. This design approach not only enhances battery performance but also facilitates faster processing and assembly, ultimately leading to reduced production costs. Despite the existing strategies to improve rechargeable battery performance, which mainly focus on novel electrode materials and high-performance electrolyte, most reported high electrochemical performances are achieved with low loading of active materials (<2mgcm-2). Such low loading, however, fails to meet application requirements. Moreover, when attempting to scale up the loading of active materials, significant challenges are identified, including sluggish ion diffusion and electron conduction kinetics, volume expansion, high reaction barriers, and limitations associated with conventional electrode preparation processes. Unfortunately, these issues are often overlooked. In this review, the mechanisms responsible for the decay in the electrochemical performance of high-loading electrodes are thoroughly discussed. Additionally, efficient solutions, such as doping and structural design, are summarized to address these challenges. Drawing from the current achievements, this review proposes future directions for development and identifies technological challenges that must be tackled to facilitate the commercialization of high-energy-density rechargeable batteries.

Development of a High-Frequency Test System to Study the Wear of Ultrasonic Welding Tools

In current automotive lithium-ion battery manufacturing, Ultrasonic Metal Welding (USMW) is one of the major joining techniques due to its advantages in welding multiple thin sheets of highly conductive materials. The sonotrode, serving as the welding tool, transmits high-frequency oscillation to the joining parts. Due to the high frequency of thermal-mechanical loading, the knurl pattern on the sonotrode wears with an increasing number of welds, which significantly influences the welding process, resulting in poor joint quality. In this study, a high-frequency test system was developed to investigate the wear mechanisms of the sonotrode. Based on the comparable relative motion to the welding process, the thermal-mechanical loadings on the contact area were analyzed. As the oscillation amplitude of the sonotrode increased, the estimated frictional force between the sonotrode and the copper counter body remained constant, while an increase in the sliding distance was observed in the contact area. Temperature development showed a strong correlation with mechanical loading. A first approach of continuous testing was performed but was limited due to the failure of the copper counter body under ultrasonic stimulation.

Dual regulation mechanism of MoS2/MoO3 heterostructure for polysulfide and volume effect enables stable and durable lithium storage

Current commercial Li-ion batteries (LIBs) with graphite anode are unable to meet the actual demand due to their low energy density. Recently, MoO3 possesses 1117 mAh/g high theoretical specific capacity has received a wide attention and is regarded as a promising anode material. However, the low intrinsic electronic conductivity and the large volume effect of MoO3 limited the practical application. Given the typical MoS2 anode materials with high electron conductivity and discharge capacity, in this work, we designed a 2D hierarchical MoS2/MoO3 nanocomposite. As expected, the large exposed edges and layered MoS2 provide sufficient channels for rapid ion diffusion while improving the volume variation and conductivity of MoO3. Nevertheless, as an anode material, MoS2 suffers from severe and undesired sulfur loses during cycling, resulting in rapid capacity degradation. It is found that MoO3 and intercalation state (LixMoO3) characters a strong chemical adsorption property that have been demonstrated to be effectively promoting the conversion of soluble lithium polysulfides, thereby enhancing the kinetics of sulfur conversion. Inspired with such multifunction structural design strategy, the MoS2/MoO3 anode achieves a remarkable specific capacity (1255.7 mAh/g) and long cycling life (1300 cycles). Subsequently, coupled with LiFePO4 cathode, the full cells achieved a 129 mAh/g competitive capacity and the retention rate is as high as 99.3% after 100 cycles. This work provides an inspired strategy and routes to realize a high energy density LIBs.

A current dynamics model and proportional–integral observer for state-of-charge estimation of lithium-ion battery

Compared with the battery voltage error, in this article, the battery current error between the predicted current and the measured, is used as the input of the observer to estimate the state-of-charge. The current-based observer for the state-of-charge estimation requires a current dynamics model to formulate the lithium-ion battery, making its differential equation contain a load-like variation of the state-of-charge more importantly. Combining the current differential equation with the equivalent circuit model for the lithium-ion battery, a novel current dynamics model is formulated and utilized to predict the battery current. Then, a proportional-integral observer is designed to estimate the state-of-charge by the battery current error, and both the battery model parameters and the battery nominal capacity are updated in real time. The current-based proportional-integral observer algorithm is downloaded into a battery management system and tested in a battery electric vehicle. Some comparative experiments are carried out among the current-based observer, the current-integral method, and the extended Kalman filter. According to the experimental results and the statistical analyses, it is shown that the proportional-integral observer based on the current dynamics model is a good candidate for the accurate estimation of the state-of-charge.

Promoting homogeneous lithiation of silicon anodes via the application of bifunctional PEDOT:PSS/PEG composite binders

Polymeric conducting binders have increasingly become a subject of significant research interest due to their dual roles as both a binder and a conducting agent. This dual functionality not only increases the proportion of active materials in the electrode but also elevates the volumetric energy density of current Li-ion batteries. In this study, we explore the potential of a composite of PEDOT:PSS and polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a high-performing binder for silicon anodes. This highly conductive PEDOT:PSS, enhanced by the addition of PEG polymer, displays exceptional electrochemical characteristics, including superior C-rate, Li-ion diffusivity performance, and extended cycle endurance. Of particular interest are the enhanced mechanical properties bestowed by the plasticizing effect of the PEG polymer. This improvement aids the Si anode in resisting pulverization during successive discharge and charge cycles. As a result, this enables extended cyclability without the creation of anode cracking. Additionally, the use of operando optical microscopy allows for the direct observation of lithiation kinetics within the PEDOT:PSS/PEG binder. This revealed a uniform color change with restrained volume expansion, demonstrating the successful operation of the binder. Consequently, the bifunctional PEDOT:PSS/PEG binder shows promise as a robust strategy for the next generation of high-performance lithium-ion battery binders.

Energy conserving cost selection for fine-grained computational offloading in mobile edge computing networks

In mobile edge computing networks, total or partial computational offloading of delay sensitive and compute intensive applications to the nearby edge servers is a promising solution to reduce transmission delay and energy consumption of mobile nodes (MNs). However, in computational offloading of an application to edge server, considerations of energy consumption and time delay are not sufficient for the decision of minimum cost of application. In this article, a novel battery dependent cost selection strategy for computational offloading of an application capable for sequential execution of dependent sub tasks is proposed. The strategy considers current battery level of MN in the cost function for optimal selection of offloading policy based on the amount of data, computational resources, and radio resources of the server. Our comprehensive cost function takes into account all the said parameters, calculates all the costs for possible offloading policies, and chooses the policy with minimum cost from a huge dataset. The cost selection is energy efficient for low battery level and prioritizes faster execution for full battery level of MNs. A deep neural network is trained on the generated dataset to minimize the overhead of computations. Simulation results reveal that our proposed strategy outperforms the benchmark strategies in terms of deep neural network accuracy for different sizes of dataset, energy consumption, time delay, and cost for different sizes of applications.

Design and field test of a foldable wing unmanned aerial–underwater vehicle

AbstractThis paper presents the design and field test of a foldable wing unmanned aerial–underwater vehicle (UAUV). The vehicle can complete diving and air operations, and still have the ability of multiple trans‐medium water egress and ingress under the condition of carrying mission load during a single flight. The wings can be folded back for drag reduction in underwater sailing and water egress, and unfolded to provide lift for flight after water egress. This paper presents the major components and system design of the vehicle, including the overall structure of the vehicle, the design of the mechanism for self‐locking and quick‐folding, the design of the electrical system, the selection of the propulsion system, and analyzes the performance gains from foldable wings and foldable propellers. Then the trans‐medium field test was introduced, and the analysis and discussion were conducted for the four typical operating conditions of the vehicle, including water sailing, aerial flight, water egress and water ingress. Furthermore, the endurance performance under the corresponding operating conditions is estimated based on experimental data and the current battery energy carried. The presence of foldable wings and a large pitch angle water egress strategy reduces the thrust‐to‐weight ratio requirement for the vehicle. The results of the field tests can provide important experience and data support for the subsequent application‐oriented UAUVs.

Preparation and application of lithium batteries, nickel-hydrogen batteries and nickel-cadmium batteries

With the progress of the times and the development of technology, there are more and more types of batteries, and the application of batteries in life is more and more extensive. In recent years, due to the promotion and popularity of electric vehicles, lithium batteries, nickel-cadmium batteries, and nickel-metal hydride batteries have gradually moved from the laboratory to everyone's life. This paper discusses the three types of batteries used today and the preparation methods, advantages and disadvantages, applications, and prospects of these three types of batteries. Lithium battery is mainly composed of lithium, with more active chemical properties, and has become the mainstream of the world today; the positive active ingredient of the nickel-cadmium battery is predominantly made of nickel, the negative active ingredient is predominantly made of cadmium, an alkaline battery, the current common battery device, commonly used in small equipment; nickel-hydrogen batteries are improved from nickel-cadmium batteries, which can absorb hydrogen metal instead of cadmium, compared to lithium batteries are safer It is safer than lithium battery. Batteries have positive and negative poles, and this paper also describes the manufacturing methods of positive and negative poles of the three types of batteries. The widespread application and immense market demand for lithium-ion batteries, Nickel-hydrogen (NiMH) batteries, and Nickel-cadmium (NiCd) batteries have significant implications for scientific progress and economic prosperity. Therefore, research efforts directed toward high-performance lithium-ion, NiMH, and NiCd batteries hold tremendous scientific and economic value.

Combining Ester Solvent-Containing Electrolytes with All-Active Material Electrodes for High Current Density Lithium-Ion Batteries

Combining Ester Solvent-Containing Electrolytes with All-Active Material Electrodes for High Current Density Lithium-Ion Batteries

Anthraquinone-Based Silicate Covalent Organic Frameworks as Solid Electrolyte Interphase for High-Performance Lithium-Metal Batteries.

Lithium (Li)-metal batteries (LMBs) possess the highest theoretical energy density among current battery designs and thus have enormous potential for use in energy storage. However, the development of LMBs has been severely hindered by safety concerns arising from dendrite growth and unstable interphases on the Li anode. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) incorporating either redox-active or anionic moieties on their backbones have high Li-ion (Li+) conductivities and mechanical/chemical stabilities, so are promising for solid electrolyte interphases (SEIs) in LMBs. Here, we synthesized anthraquinone-based silicate COFs (AQ-Si-COFs) that contained both redox-active and anionic sites via condensation of tetrahydroxyanthraquinone with silicon dioxide. The nine Li+-mediated charge/discharge processes enabled the AQ-Si-COF to demonstrate an ionic conductivity of 9.8 mS cm-1 at room temperature and a single-ion-conductive transference number of 0.92. Computational studies also supported the nine Li+ mechanism. We used AQ-Si-COF as the solid electrolyte interphase on the Li anode. The LMB cells with a LiCoO2 cathode attained a maximum reversible capacity of 188 mAh g-1 at 0.25 C during high-voltage operation. Moreover, this LMB cell demonstrated suppressed dendrite growth and stable cyclability, with its capacity decreasing by less than 3% up to 100 cycles. These findings demonstrate the effectiveness of our redox-active and anionic COFs and their practical utility as SEI in LMB.

Current Ripple Mitigation Strategy of Modular Multilevel DC/DC Converter for Battery Energy Storage System

For modular multilevel DC/DC converter (MDC) with conventional modulation strategies, the inductor current ripple will increase if DC/DC units' input voltages and/or output references are unbalanced. In this paper, a current ripple mitigation strategy is proposed for MDC battery energy storage system, which is based on harmonic model for ripple analysis using Fourier series. By varying the duties and phase-shifted angles simultaneously, multiple current harmonics are eliminated. Moreover, in order to freely adjust batteries' current under the condition of duties are calculated by ripple suppressing method in every modulation process, the control period is divided into several intervals and variables in each interval are separate. Through constraining every unit's average duty of all intervals, battery current is dominated under distribution scheme while achieving the goal of ripple mitigation. Experimental result on a four-unit MDC converter is presented to verify the feasibility and effectivity of proposed modulation method.

Maximizing the Accuracy of Adolescent Concussion Diagnosis Using Individual Elements of Common Standardized Clinical Assessment Tools.

Multiple clinical evaluation tools exist for adolescent concussion with various degrees of correlation, presenting challenges for clinicians in identifying which elements of these tools provide the greatest diagnostic utility. To determine the combination of elements from 4 commonly used clinical concussion batteries that maximize discrimination of adolescents with concussion from those without concussion. Cross-sectional study. Suburban school and concussion program of a tertiary care academic center. A total of 231 participants with concussion (from a suburban school and a concussion program) and 166 participants without concussion (from a suburban school) between the ages of 13 and 19 years. Individual elements of the visio-vestibular examination (VVE), Sport Concussion Assessment Tool, fifth edition (SCAT5; including the modified Balance Error Scoring System), King-Devick test (K-D), and Postconcussion Symptom Inventory (PCSI) were evaluated. The 24 subcomponents of these tests were grouped into interpretable factors using sparse principal component analysis. The 13 resultant factors were combined with demographic and clinical covariates into a logistic regression model and ranked by frequency of inclusion into the ideal model, and the predictive performance of the ideal model was compared with each of the clinical batteries using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). A cluster of 4 factors (factor 1 [VVE saccades and vestibulo-ocular reflex], factor 2 [modified Balance Error Scoring System double-legged stance], factor 3 [SCAT5/PCSI symptom scores], and factor 4 [K-D completion time]) emerged. A model fit with the top factors performed as well as each battery in predicting concussion status (AUC = 0.816 [95% CI = 0.731, 0.889]) compared with the SCAT5 (AUC = 0.784 [95% CI = 0.692, 0.866]), PCSI (AUC = 0.776 [95% CI = 0.674, 0.863]), VVE (AUC = 0.711 [95% CI = 0.602, 0.814]), and K-D (AUC = 0.708 [95% CI = 0.590, 0.819]). A multifaceted assessment for adolescents with concussion, comprising symptoms, attention, balance, and the visio-vestibular system, is critical. Current diagnostic batteries likely measure overlapping domains, and the sparse principal component analysis demonstrated strategies for streamlining comprehensive concussion assessment across a variety of settings.