Current Nomenclature Research Articles

Accountability Committee Tracks APA’s Progress on Structural Racism

Accountability Committee Tracks APA’s Progress on Structural Racism

Making a Virtue of Necessity: The Use of Wild Edible Plant Species (Also Toxic) in Bread Making in Times of Famine According to Giovanni Targioni Tozzetti (1766).

Simple SummaryIn 1766, while working for the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, Giovanni Targioni Tozzetti listed several plant species that could be used, in times of famine, to increase vegetable mass in bread making. In his text the author cites over 340 vernacular names. We carried out a research work on contemporary and modern bibliographic sources to match them with a binomial name leading to the current nomenclature. In our research we have thus been able to obtain the first “alimurgic flora” drawn up by Targioni Tozzetti himself and made a comparison with our AlimurgITA database of wild edible plants used in Italy. Furthermore, the author identified eight toxic plants that were useful for increasing the mass of bread dough, indicating how to eliminate poisonous substances. We treat them in detail, examining their current and past use, their geographical distribution in Italy, and their possible toxicity. We hope this contribution can stimulate curiosity in the use of wild edible species, even for the ones neglected today because of their unpleasant taste or more complicated use due to their toxicity.In 1766, the agricultural scientist Giovanni Targioni Tozzetti described for the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, the wild and cultivated plant species that could be used, in times of famine, to increase the quantity of flour or vegetable mass in bread making. These wild plants can be defined as wild edible plants (WEPs) or “alimurgic species”, a concept usually traced back to Giovanni Targioni Tozzetti himself. The 342 plant names mentioned in the text are in the Tuscan vernacular, so a research work was done on bibliographic sources from the 1800s in order to match them with their current nomenclature. This process led to an “alimurgic flora” repertoire based on the writing of Targioni Tozzetti; and a comparison with our AlimurgITA database of 1103 wild edible plants used in Italy. It is particularly interesting that in his short treatise, Giovanni Targioni Tozzetti identified eight toxic plants (corresponding to 14 species), indicating how to eliminate the poisonous substances from their useful roots. We treat them in detail, examining their current and past use, their geographical distribution in Italy, and their eventual toxicity. We obtained 343 matches, of which 198 were reliable (certain matches) and 145 possessed some degree of uncertainty (due to generic or collective vernacular names). Among the 198 certain identifications, 140 species are present in the AlimurgITA database (92 mentioned for Tuscany) and 58 are not; for bread-making there are only documentary traces of 53 species for Italy and 7 for Tuscany. Moreover, among the total 198 species, 84 showed some degree of hazard. Researching edible toxic spontaneous species allows: (1) investigation, from an unusual perspective, of a historical period in which the poor conditions of some social strata led to finding unusual solutions to food provision; (2) idea generation to re-enable potentially useful WEPs whose use has been lost. Making a virtue of necessity!

Apport de la spectrométrie de masse Maldi-TOF pour identifier les dermatophytes

AbstractMaldi-TOF mass spectrometry represents a major technical advance and an alternative to the relatively laborious and complex identification of dermatophytes by macroscopic and microscopic morphology, which requires highly skilled mycologists, an expertise that is becoming scarce in medical analysis laboratories. Provided that the dermatophyte has been successfully isolated in culture and that an adequate (i.e., comprehensive and in keeping with the current nomenclature) Maldi-TOF mass spectrometry reference spectra database is available, Maldi-TOF MS is relatively cheaper and offers a comparable accuracy to that of DNA sequencing for the identification of dermatophytes. The use of this new identification tool is likely to support to the ongoing dermatophytes taxonomic clarification. The taxonomic clarification will further contribute to a better understanding of the epidemiology of dermatophytes and the impact of the species involved on the outcomes of patients with dermatophytoses.

Vertical Artifacts in Lung Ultrasonography: Some Common Clinician Questions and the Related Engineer Answers.

Introduction: Vertical artifacts, including B lines, are frequently seen in a variety of lung diseases. Their sonomorphology varies in length, width, shape, and internal reverberations. The reason for this diversity is still unknown and is the cause of discussion between clinicians and ultrasound physics engineers. Aim: The aim of this work is to sum up the most common clinician observations and provide an explanation to each of them derived from ultrasound physics. Materials and Methods: Based on clinical and engineering experiences as well as data collected from relevant literature, the sonomorphology of vertical artifacts was analyzed. Thirteen questions and answers were prepared on the common sonomorphology of vertical artifacts, current nomenclature, and clinical observations. Conclusions: From a clinical standpoint, the analysis of vertical artifacts is very important and requires that further clinical studies be conducted in cooperation with engineers who specialize in physics.

Diversity of Threatened Plants and Conservation Efforts in Great Himalayan National Park, Himachal Pradesh, Western Himalaya

The present paper provides scientific information about some valuable threatened plants of economic importance as per the CAMP, 2003/IUCN, 2021 status found in Great Himalayan National Park, Kullu, Himachal Pradesh, a “UNESCO” declared World heritage site of Western Himalaya. A total number of 37 plant species belonging to 28 genera under 24 families, that are medicinally important have been recorded and documented in different threat categories as per CAMP, 2003 and IUCN, 2021 status. The study strongly recommends the conservation of these valuable medicinally important threatened plants from the region and encourages their cultivation. An updated list (Table 1) with current nomenclature and current threat status of these species along with some photos (Plate 1) is provided.

The NAFLD-MAFLD debate through the lens of the Arab world.

The most common liver disease in the world is fatty liver disease related to metabolic dysfunction, yet neither patients nor medical professionals are fully aware of this. The disease, formerly known for decades as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), has been renamed metabolic (dysfunction)-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), with many international consensus groups making recommendations on how the condition should be diagnosed and treated. This point of view explores the nomenclature change from the standpoint of Arab medical professionals and patients. The call for a name change brought up serious issues with the current nomenclature, which refers to the condition as NAFLD, and its diagnostic criteria, including the necessity for excluding alcohol consumption. The Arab world has its unique situation as regards both old and new nomenclatures. This is because of the low alcohol consumption rates in most Arab Muslim countries besides the reported high prevalence rates of obesity and its related comorbidities in the region. In our opinion, such unclarities acted as a significant roadblock to several crucial aspects of disease management in the Arab countries, including patient-doctor communication, patient awareness, partnership working, patient motivation to make lifestyle changes, and promotion of multiple health behavior changes. Many Arab world hepatologists thus wholeheartedly endorse this call to redefine the disease as they believe it will eventually positively impact the understanding and awareness of fatty liver disease, enhance patient treatment and quality of life, and reduce the load on the healthcare system.

Current nomenclature and systematics of Capsella Medik. with lectotypifications:towards solving the puzzle

The taxonomic history of Capsella Medik., one of the genera with the highest phenotypic plasticity, and thus the highest synonym number relative to the recognized species number, was reviewed. The current systematics of the genus was discussed and the exact number of taxa was determined. In light of the molecular and nomenclatural data, it was decided that the genus was represented around the world by five species and one hybrid. Considering the molecular studies that have been conducted over the 30 years it was concluded that the species of this genus are typical examples of the concept of cryptic species. The classification and nomenclature of such genetically different, morphologically similar species should be one of the most current discussion topics of modern systematic science. Capsella is one of the best examples to examine this situation; hence, this feature was discussed herein. It was decided that C. thracica and C. × abortiva are conspecific and the correct naming should be C. abortiva (pro hybr.). Lectotype assignments were performed for the names of 5 taxa, mainly C. rubella, C. × abortiva, and C. thracica. Also, the missing type specimen of the Turkish endemic C. lycia was found, the lectotype was assigned and it was determined to be a synonym of C. bursa-pastoris. Various errors in the type sample references, especially in the holotype of C. grandiflora, were thus corrected. Their distribution around the world was checked and then corrected, and an identification key is given for the taxa of the genus.

Abstract- Poster

Background:Shared or induced Obsessive compulsive disorder(OCD) is not yet a distinct diagnosis in classification of psychiatric disorders.Shared obsessions and compulsions are a very rare disorder known to be represented by very few case reports in the literature.Aim:To discuss shared OCD phenomenon in 2 females(sister-in-laws)residing in same house.Methodology:We present a case report of sisters- in -laws of 33 & 35 yrs respectively with similar obsessions, compulsions. Illness started first in younger one,who was more educated, followed by other one after 2 years with complaints of excess concern with dirt and contamination and repetitive rituals with water like excess handwashing and bathing.All this led to significant impairment in their day to day functioning. Y-BOCS was applied to assess severity of symptoms. Both improved with pharmacological treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor and behavioral interventionDiscussion:Shared OCD includes induction of an obsessive and compulsive symptoms of a dominant person in the submissive one who is in close relation with the dominant person.Conclusion:In the current psychiatric diagnostic nomenclature, (DSM V and ICD10), there is no category for a shared OCD. Greater awareness about this entity among mental health professionals is needed

Rumphius and

In 1743, Georg Rumphius described a tree from the island of Seram in Herbarium Amboinense as Arbor Versicolor (now known as Eucalyptus deglupta Blume). Thus, the first European name for a species in the iconic Australian genus of Eucalyptus was coined decades before the British collected specimens in Australia, and before it was given its current name by a French botanist in 1789. The English translation of Rumphius’ description (see Supplementary Material) also includes vernacular names for Eucalyptus deglupta—some of many names applied to this species as it occurs from New Britain to Mindanao in the Philippines. While neither Rumphius’ name nor vernacular names for E. deglupta are recognised in current Western botanical nomenclature, the naming of Eucalyptus and other genera now recognised as Acacia, Casuarina and Melaleuca confirm the role of the eminent naturalist Rumphius in the history of Australian botany.

Monkeypox virus: A comprehensive review of taxonomy, evolution, epidemiology, diagnosis, prevention, and control regiments so far

Poxviruses as a group have variable levels of host ranges and virulence. For example, smallpox, which is caused by the variola virus, only infects humans with fatal outcomes, whereas related viruses, such as cowpox viruses can infect multiple hosts, but only cause mild disease in humans. Recently, the monkeypox virus (MPXV) re-emerged and infected over 780 human cases in over 20 countries worldwide at the time of writing this review. It has been shown before not only monkeys play a role in the transmission of MPXV to humans, but also rodents (Cricetomys gambianus, and Graphiurus murinus) and squirrels (Heliosciurus spp, Funisciurus spp). In addition, anthropogenic actions, such as deforestation, climatic changes, animal-human interfacing, globalization, and the cessation of smallpox vaccination, could contribute to the re-emergence of MPXV. Herein, we review the current nomenclature, epidemiology, genetic diversity of poxviruses, particularly MPXV, and the control regiments, including available antivirals and vaccines. We further highlight the genetic relatedness of the emergent MPXV viruses to know viral lineage using phylogenetic analysis.

Disorders of Sexual Differentiation: A Clinicopathological and Histological Study

Introduction: The term ‘Disorders of Sexual Differentiation’ (DSD) is defined as a congenital discrepancy between external genitalia, gonadal and chromosomal sex. The Chicago consensus based on the primary genetic defect is used for current nomenclature and classification. A child with DSD, if identified and treated early, may grow to become a well-adjusted, functional member of the society. Patients with DSD carry a low but definite risk of developing germ cell tumours which necessitates a histological analysis in all cases. Aim: To describe the clinicopathological features of individuals with DSD and to classify the available cases according to the Chicago consensus which is based on karyotype and histopathology. Materials and Methods: The study was a retrospective descriptive study done at a tertiary referral centre in South India, for a period of four months from May to August 2016. Case charts and histopathology slides of cases received in the department of Pathology from January 2011 to May 2016 were included and reviewed. Cases where the histopathology slides/blocks were not retrievable/difficult to assess due to technical issues were excluded. Case charts and slides were reviewed retrospectively with a view to classify as per karyotypic or histological classification. The slides were reviewed by two pathologists to help in the classification wherever possible. Statistical measures like mean and percentages were used to describe the results. Results: A total of 22 cases of DSD were studied for which karyotype was available in 13 cases. Common clinical presentations were primary amenorrhoea, cryptorchidism and ambiguous genitalia. Age at presentation varied from nine months to 30 years. The initial diagnosis based on karyotype, clinical findings, hormonal assays and imaging were concordant with the final diagnosis in 11 cases. In two cases, histopathology was essential in arriving at a definitive diagnosis. Of the 13 cases with karyotype reports available, five were sex chromosome DSD, five were 46XY DSD and three were 46XX DSD. Gonadoblastoma was seen in three cases. Conclusion: Histopathological examination together with karyotype plays a crucial role in proper categorisation of disorders of sexual differentiation. A multidisciplinary team approach for early diagnosis and management of DSD is essential for the psychosexual development of these individuals.

Laboratory Codes in Nomenclature and Scientific Communication (Advancing Organism Nomenclature in Scientific Communication to Improve Research Reporting and Reproducibility)

Laboratory registration codes, also known as laboratory codes or lab codes, are a key element in standardized laboratory animal and genetic nomenclature. As such they are critical to accurate scientific communication and to research reproducibility and integrity. The original committee on Mouse Genetic Nomenclature published nomenclature conventions for mice genetics in 1940, and then conventions for inbred strains in 1952. Unique designations were needed, and have been in use since the 1950s, for the sources of animals and substrains, for the laboratories that identified new alleles or mutations, and then for developers of transgenes and induced mutations. Current laboratory codes are typically a 2- to 4-letter acronym for an institution or an investigator. Unique codes are assigned from the International Laboratory Code Registry, which was developed and is maintained by ILAR in the National Academies (National Academies of Sciences Engineering and Medicine and previously National Academy of Sciences). As a resource for the global research community, the registry has been online since 1997. Since 2003 mouse and rat genetic and strain nomenclature rules have been reviewed and updated annually as a joint effort of the International Committee on Standardized Genetic Nomenclature for Mice and the Rat Genome and Nomenclature Committee. The current nomenclature conventions (particularly conventions for non-inbred animals) are applicable beyond rodents, although not widely adopted. Ongoing recognition, since at least the 1930s, of the research relevance of genetic backgrounds and origins of animals, and of spontaneous and induced genetic variants speaks to the need for broader application of standardized nomenclature for animals in research, particularly given the increasing numbers and complexities of genetically modified swine, nonhuman primates, fish, and other species.

Metabolic-Associated Fatty Liver Disease (MAFLD), Diabetes, and Cardiovascular Disease: Associations with Fructose Metabolism and Gut Microbiota.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an increasingly common condition associated with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Since systemic metabolic dysfunction underlies NAFLD, the current nomenclature has been revised, and the term metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) has been proposed. The new definition emphasizes the bidirectional relationships and increases awareness in looking for fatty liver disease among patients with T2DM and CVD or its risk factors, as well as looking for these diseases among patients with NAFLD. The most recommended treatment method of NAFLD is lifestyle changes, including dietary fructose limitation, although other treatment methods of NAFLD have recently emerged and are being studied. Given the focus on the liver–gut axis targeting, bacteria may also be a future aim of NAFLD treatment given the microbiome signatures discriminating healthy individuals from those with NAFLD. In this review article, we will provide an overview of the associations of fructose consumption, gut microbiota, diabetes, and CVD in patients with NAFLD.

The Study of the Structure of the Krasnodar Territory Contemporary Steppe Landscapes

As a result of lichenological and lichenocenological studies in the steppe plant communities of the Taman Peninsula, 40 species of lichens from 19 genera and 11 families were identified. To determine lichens, traditional methods in lichenology were used. The taxonomic list of lichens is compiled taking into account the current nomenclature. Well-known geobotanical methods were used to study epigenic lichen groups and to account for their abundance and biomass. The occurrence of epigenic, epilithic, and epiphytic lichens in different plant associations was studied. The distribution of epigenic lichen groupings was studied in different plant communities of the Taman Peninsula, depending on soil conditions. Epigee lichens and their groupings can be used as indicators of soil conditions. The distribution of epigeic lichen groups is significantly influenced by the anthropogenic factor.

(119–122) Proposals to amend Articles 51 and 56 and Division III, to allow the rejection of culturally offensive and inappropriate names

(119–122) Proposals to amend Articles 51 and 56 and Division <scp>III</scp>, to allow the rejection of culturally offensive and inappropriate names

Replacing current nomenclature with pre‐existing indigenous names in algae, fungi and plants

AbstractWe recently proposed restoration of indigenous names within scientific nomenclature and briefly outlined how the taxonomic codes could be amended to accommodate this within the Linnaean classification system. Our proposal included a process whereby Indigenous Peoples could submit long‐established indigenous names to replace current names under a modified International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN). Here we expand on this proposal with specific recommendations for changes to the ICN.

Impact of Updating Pharmacogenetic Results: Lessons Learned from the PREDICT Program.

Pharmacogenomic (PGx) evidence for selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) continues to evolve. For sites offering testing, maintaining up-to-date interpretations and implementing new clinical decision support (CDS) driven by existing results creates practical and technical challenges. Vanderbilt University Medical Center initiated panel testing in 2010, added CYP2D6 testing in 2017, and released CDS for SSRIs in 2020. We systematically reinterpreted historic CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 genotypes to update phenotypes to current nomenclature and to launch provider CDS and patient-oriented content for SSRIs. Chart review was conducted to identify and recontact providers caring for patients with current SSRI therapy and new actionable recommendations. A total of 15,619 patients’ PGx results were reprocessed. Of the non-deceased patients reprocessed, 21% (n = 3278) resulted in CYP2C19*1/*17 reinterpretations. Among 289 patients with an actionable recommendation and SSRI medication prescription, 31.8% (n = 92) did not necessitate contact of a clinician, while 43.2% (n = 125) resulted in clinician contacted, and for 25% (n = 72) no appropriate clinician was able to be identified. Maintenance of up-to-date interpretations and recommendations for PGx results over the lifetime of a patient requires continuous effort. Reprocessing is a key strategy for maintenance and expansion of PGx content to be periodically considered and implemented.

Modern concepts of vitamin D role in juvenile idiopathic arthritis in children (review)

Arthritis is one of the most common chronic rheumatic diseases in children. Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is the current nomenclature that is used to refer to a group of diseases that include chronic arthritis, childhood-onset arthritis of unknown cause. The etiology of JIA is unknown and the pathogenesis is likely to be multifactorial. One of the risk factors for the development of this disease is an insufficient level of vitamin D in the blood serum. The purpose of the analysis of the literature data was to compile and interpret data on the current point of view on the status of vitamin D in children with JIA. This article summarizes reports about the role of vitamin D in the development and clinical manifestation of juvenile arthritis (JA). Plenty of studies show a low level of vitamin D in blood serum in children with juvenile arthritis. At the same time, the role of low vitamin D status in the initiation of juvenile idiopathic arthritis development, activation of the inflammatory process, and further prognosis is controversial. The questions about vitamin D supplementation, its duration and dosage are still relevant. Five biomedical literature search bases were accessed, in the following order: Medline (using Ovid), Embase (using Ovid), Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINHAL), Web of Science, and Scopus.

Supplements and refinements to current classifications and nomenclature of the fronto-ethmoidal transition region by systematic analysis with 3D CT microanatomy

Objective: The microanatomy of the fronto-ethmoidal transition region has been addressed in several classifications. CT stereoscopic imaging (3DCTSI) provides improved display and delineates three defined complex “spaces”, the Frontal Sinus/Frontal Recess Space, the Infundibular Space of the Ethmoid Uncinate Process, and the Ethmoid Bulla Space (FSRS, IS-EUP, EB), none of which were adequately described with the “cell” terminology. We present details on the 3D microanatomy, variability, and prevalence of these spaces. Methods: 3D stereoscopic imaging displays (3DCTSI) were created from 200 datasets. The images were analyzed and categorized by a radiologist (SJZ), and consultant otolaryngologists, focusing on 3D microanatomy of the fronto-ethmoidal transition, the frontal recess/frontal sinus, and drainage pathways, in comparison to established anatomical classification systems. Results: The anterior ethmoid is subdivided into seven groups with the following core properties and prevalence: 1. The horizontal roof of the IS-EUP is attached to the superior half of the frontal process of the maxilla (19%); 2. The IS-EUP extends into the frontal recess (6.5%); 3. The IS-EUP extends into the frontal recess and the frontal sinus (18.5%); 4. A bulla is seen in the medial frontal sinus (3%); 5. The ethmoid bulla and supra bullar space extend into the frontal sinus (7%); 6. Lamellae extend into the FSRS antero-superiorly (25%); 7. FSRS expansion expands below the upper half of the frontal process of the maxilla (FSRS) (21%). Conclusion: 3-D analysis of the detailed anatomy provides important new anatomic information with the increased focus on precision surgery in the region.

Shared pathological mechanisms of systemic lupus erythematosus and affective disorders

The high prevalence and variability of neurological and psychiatric symptoms in systemic lupus erythematosus has become the basis for emphasizing the special neuropsychiatric form of the disorder. Affective disorders (pathological changes in mood and anxiety) are the second most common neuropsychiatric manifestations in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. However, the current nomenclature primarily focuses on the general clinical manifestations of affective disorders in neuropsychiatric form systemic lupus erythematosus, without evaluating the problems of their etiopathogenesis. Thereby, the aim of this review is the integration of information on the pathological mechanisms of depression and anxiety in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. The available data on the biological aspects of the anxiety and depression in systemic lupus erythematosus indicate that the complex pathological models may be the best approach for studying, diagnosing, and treating comorbid pathology. The latter can be based on expanding the existing clinical categories, supplementing them with data on pathological mechanisms specific to particular sub-cohorts of patients. Such an approach can provide the specific and most effective preventive, diagnostic and therapeutic measures for each category of patients.