Current Liability Research Articles

PENGGUNAAN SPRINGATE MODEL SEBAGAI PREDIKTOR KEBANGKRUTAN PERUSAHAAN DI BURSA EFEK INDONESIA

This study aims to determine and analyze the calculation of the Springate model in the property industry and predict which companies are in the category of potential bankruptcy. the variables used in this study are the Springate S-Score method, financial ratios and bankruptcy score results. The samples used were 6 property companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange from the 2019-2021 period. This study uses the Springate S-Score analysis method which is practiced with liquidity, leverage, profitability and activity ratios. The results showed that the Springate model can be used as a predictor of corporate bankruptcy, the next result shows that bankruptcy analysis using the Springate method in the property industry shows the results that there are three companies that are declared healthy, namely PT Ciputra Surya in 2019, PT Indonesia Prima Property and PT Duta Pertiwi in 2021 with sequential S-Score values of 1.313, 0.935 and 0.867, the rest are declared as companies that have the potential for bankruptcy. The third result shows that the Working capital to total assets ratio, Net profit before interest and taxes to total assets, Net profit before interest and taxes to current liability and Sales to total assets ratio play a significant role in determining the results of the bankruptcy score in the property industry.

ПОКРИТТЯ ІНФОРМАЦІЇ У ФІНАНСОВІЙ ЗВІТНОСТІ: ПРАКТИЧНИЙ ДОСВІД ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ МСБО І МСФЗ

Анотація. Інформаційні запити глобалізованого суспільства змушують суб’єктів господарювання формувати фінансову звітність, здатну задовольними вимоги всіх зацікавлених сторін. Мета статті — оцінити, яку інформацію суб’єкти господарювання розкривають у фінансовій звітності, складеній за МСБО і МСФЗ, та які колізії при цьому виникають. Теоретико-методологічні аспекти результатів діяльності вчених доводять значущість розкриття інформації у фінансовій звітності, складеній за МСФЗ. Разом з тим відкритим залишається питання розкриття інформації у фінансовій звітності, з урахуванням потреб поточної діяльності підприємств. З огляду на це постає потреба: дослідження забезпечення користувачів фінансової звітності інформацією, розкриття якої передбачають міжнародні стандарти; перевірка гіпотез щодо існування необхідності дослідження відмінностей видів фінансової звітності, формування і подання якої передбачають МСФЗ і МСБО, та перегляду довгострокового зобов’язання в разі його дострокового погашення. На основі аналізу встановлено, що інформацію, обов’язкову до розкриття у фінансовій звітності, обумовлює вид фінансової звітності. Проведене дослідження свідчить про наявності в МСФЗ прогалин у порядку складання та інформаційного наповнення комбінованої звітності. Запропоновано комбіновану фінансову звітність складати суб’єктам господарювання, які з тих чи інших причин не відповідають вимогам МСФЗ 10. Установлено, що важливою умовою достовірного відображення у Звіті про фінансовий стан інформації щодо довгострокового кредиту є необхідність проведення аналізу здатності підприємства його дострокового погашення, зокрема протягом року. Запропоновано розглядати частину довгострокового кредиту у формі платежів, які слід погасити протягом дванадцяти місяцівз дати складання звітності як поточне зобов’язання. Такий підхід потребує перекласифікувати наявний кредит із довгострокового в поточні зобов’язання, що призведе до подальних змін оцінок грошових потоків, коригування балансової вартості зобов’язань. Результати дослідження можуть бути використані практиками в різних галузях економіки при формуванні фінансової звітності за МСФЗ. Ключові слова: фінансова звітність, звітність за МСФЗ, фінансові результати, підприємство, стандарти, облік, МСФЗ, МСБО. Формул: 0; рис.: 1; табл.: 1; бібл.: 19.

Deconstructing Fallacies in Products Liability Law to Provide a Remedy for Economic Loss

For years, products liability law has failed to provide a remedy for consumers who suffer financial injury as a result of purchasing defective products manufacturers place and keep in the marketplace. The economic loss rule and defect manifestation requirements have, to date, foreclosed products liability claims when consumers suffer only economic injury and severely hampered recovery through other claims. Prior discussion of consumer economic loss litigation has been critical and embraced the necessity of the injury‐based economic loss rule and defect manifestation requirements to protect manufacturers from perceived endless liability. While a few scholars have addressed some of the deficiencies behind the economic loss rule, this article builds on those discussions, addressing for the first time the flawed rationales behind defect manifestation requirements, and deconstructs in detail the outdated and flawed assumptions or fallacies upon which the rationales behind both doctrines are based. After deconstructing and exposing the, at best, questionable assumptions behind the economic loss rule and defect manifestation requirements, the article advocates a novel expansion of products liability law that provides a remedy for consumer economic loss caused by dangerously defective products. This proposed framework provides the proper demarcation between contract and tort, is consistent with earlier justifications eliminating privity and negligence, better aligns consumer safety with manufacturers' economic interests, bridges the current liability gap, and streamlines existing litigation.

In vitro characterization of CT‐001—a short‐acting factor VIIa with enhanced prohemostatic activity

BackgroundTraumatic injury and the associated acute bleeding are leading causes of death in people aged 1 to 44 years. Acute bleeding in pathological and surgical settings also represents a significant burden to the society. Yet there are no approved hemostatic drugs currently available. While clinically proven as an effective pro‐coagulant, activated factor VII (FVIIa) use in acute bleeding has been hampered by unwanted thromboembolic events. Enhancing the ability of FVIIa to quickly stop a bleed and clear rapidly from circulation may yield an ideal molecule suitable for use in patients with acute bleeding. ObjectivesTo address this need and the current liability of FVIIa, we produced a novel FVIIa molecule (CT‐001) with enhanced potency and shortened plasma residence time by cell line engineering and FVIIa protein engineering for superior efficacy for acute bleeding and safety. MethodsTo address safety, CT‐001, a FVIIa protein with 4 desialylated N‐glycans was generated to promote active recognition and clearance via the asialoglycoprotein receptor. To enhance potency, the gamma‐carboxylated domain was modified with P10Q and K32E, which enhanced membrane binding. ResultsTogether, these changes significantly enhanced potency and clearance while retaining the ability to interact with the key hemostatic checkpoint proteins antithrombin and tissue factor pathway inhibitor. ConclusionsThese results demonstrate that a FVIIa molecule engineered to combine supra‐physiological activity and shorter duration of action has the potential to overcome the current limitations of recombinant FVIIa to be a safe and effective approach to the treatment of acute bleeding.

The constitutional right of HIV-infected russian citizens to protect personal privacy: limits of restriction

The aim: to conduct a constitutional and legal analysis of the legal regulation of medical secrecy protection for HIV-infected Russian citizens.Materials and methods. The analysis was carried out on the basis of Russian and foreign legislation and scientific literature published on this topic over the past 7 years, including in Pubmed. The study used dialectical and logical methods, which created the basis for a comprehensive and complete study of the limits of admissibility of protecting medical secrets of HIV-infected; the use of the systemicstructural method allowed to study it in conjunction with constitutional guarantees of human rights.Results. Some problems in the legal regulation of medical secrecy protection of HIV-infected Russian citizens have been identified. It is noted that in Russia there are specific circumstances and reasons requiring disclosure of the positive status of HIV-infected citizens. They hide their diagnosis when entering into intimate relationships with healthy people and even in marriage. The current criminal liability for contracting another person’s HIV infection does not ensure the suppression of infringements on the health of others. Based on the analysis of judicial practice, the excessive protection of medical secrets of HIV-infected is noted. Conclusion. It is concluded that in order to effectively protect the health of Russian citizens, it is necessary to limit in some aspects the protection of personal secrets of HIV-infected persons to ensure the safety of all people in contact with them.

Technology and Disasters: The Evolution of the National Emergency Tele-Critical Care Network.

Technology and Disasters: The Evolution of the National Emergency Tele-Critical Care Network.

The Application of Internet Big Data and Support Vector Machine in Risk Warning

With the strengthening of macro-control of the real estate industry and the intensification of market competition, it is of great significance for the steady development of the industry to establish an accurate and effective early-warning mechanism for enterprise financing risk. Taking the A-share real estate listed companies in China in 2019 as target, this paper collects financial information of the relevant companies from 2010 to 2019, supplemented the risk sample data from 2005 to 2010, and reduced classification imbalance by removing discrete points and using SMOTE. When the financing risk evaluation system of listed real estate companies is constructed with capital as the entry point, the stochastic forest algorithm is used to finally select five important characteristic dimensions, namely, current ratio, equity financing ratio, operating income, current liability ratio and receivable turnover ratio. This paper establishes SVM early warning model, PSO-GA-BP optimization model and KNN early warning model to predict financing risks of real estate companies. It is concluded that, by comparing their applicability and advantages and disadvantages, SVM after feature screening and sample processing has better performance in the real estate financing risk early warning, which can provide some references for enterprise decision makers, investors and regulatory authorities.

Artificial Intelligence and Liability in Medicine: Balancing Safety and Innovation.

Policy Points With increasing integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning in medicine, there are concerns that algorithm inaccuracy could lead to patient injury and medical liability. While prior work has focused on medical malpractice, the artificial intelligence ecosystem consists of multiple stakeholders beyond clinicians. Current liability frameworks are inadequate to encourage both safe clinical implementation and disruptive innovation of artificial intelligence. Several policy options could ensure a more balanced liability system, including altering the standard of care, insurance, indemnification, special/no-fault adjudication systems, and regulation. Such liability frameworks could facilitate safe and expedient implementation of artificial intelligence and machine learning in clinical care.

Challenges of a Digital Single Market from an Austrian perspective – towards Smart Regulations

Dieser Beitrag erlautert verschiedene rechtliche Herausforderungen der Digitalisierung des Binnenmarkts. Im Mittelpunkt steht die Frage, wo der bestehende Rechtsrahmen zur Bewaltigung dieser Herausforderungen ausreicht und wo neue Rechtsvorschriften erforderlich sind. Der dringendste Regelungsbedarf wird im Bereich der autonomen Entscheidungsfindung durch kunstliche Intelligenz ausgemacht. Auch wenn die EU (und zunehmend auch der osterreichische Staat) diesen Regelungsbedarf zunehmend erkennt, bleiben rechtliche Regelungen bisher die Ausnahmen. Zwar hat der Unionsgesetzgeber in der DSGVO bereits spezifische Regelungen betreffend den Einsatz von Algorithmen erlassen, ansonsten finden sich jedoch bislang kaum Regelungsansatze.Im Gegensatz dazu scheinen das Wettbewerbsrecht und das Produkthaftungsrecht bereits heute geeignet, den Herausforderungen der Digitalisierung zu begegnen. Das betrifft insbesondere das Produkthaftungsrecht, das durchaus geeignet erscheint, die spezifischen Herausforderung der Konvergenz von Hardware und Software in smarten Produkten zu bewaltigen. Dennoch ware es auf Grund von UNklarheiten uber ihre Anwendbarkeit auf unkorperliche Sachen ratsam, die bestehenden Produkthaftungsregelungen zu prazisieren - was auch die Meining der Europaischen Kommission ist.Zwei weitere Rechtsbereiche sind auf Grund der sich wandelnden Bedurfnisse einer digitalisierten Gesellschaft erst kurzlich Gegenstand europaischer Gesetzgebungsmasnahmen geworden: Zum einen der Postsektor, zum anderen das E-Government. In beiden Bereichen wurden erst kurzlich (teilweise) unmittelbar anwendbare Verordnungen der EU erlassen - ein merkbarer Gegensatz zum Bereich der selbstlernenden kunstlichen Intelligenz. Wahrend die Umsetzung der neuen Verordnung uber grenzuberschreitende Paketdienstleistungen jedoch keine groseren Probleme aufwerfen durfte, wird die Verwirklichung des Digital Single Gateway im E-Government beachtliche Herausforderungen rechtlicher und organisatorischer Natur fur nationale Verwaltungen mit sich bringen (insbesondere, wenn man den eher masigen Erfolg der Vorgangerregelungen zum Einheitlichen Ansprechpartner in der Dienstleistungsrichtlinie bedenkt).

Predicting Firm-Level Bankruptcy in the Spanish Economy Using Extreme Gradient Boosting

We apply a machine learning (ML) algorithm in order to predict bankruptcy rates among companies within the Spanish economy from 1992 to 2016. The model identifies some relevant variables when predicting bankruptcy: such as the ratio total liabilities to total assets or current liability to financial expenses along with size factors such as the log of sales. Additionally, the model allows us to analyse firms individually: the marginal contribution of a given variable to the firm’s prediction depends on all its other observed characteristics. This can be particularly useful in analysing case by case lending decisions within financial institutions. An exercise on the cost of extending the forecasting horizon up to 4 years ahead is also provided, as financial institutions are naturally interested in the early detection of bankruptcy. We also compare XGBoost to a number of ML models, such as a Logistic Model, Support Vector Machine, Neural Network, Random Forest and LightGBM.

Drunk Drivers Are a Moving Time Bomb: Should States Impose Liability on both Social Hosts and Commercial Establishments Whose Intoxicated Guests and Patrons Subsequently Cause Injuries or Death to Innocent Third Parties?

Statistics show that drunk driving remains the #1 cause of death on our roadways. Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD) states that a person is injured in a drunk driving crash every two minutes, that there are 300,000 drunk driving injuries each year, and that there are 29 deaths daily and one death every 50 minutes due to drunk drivers in the United States. Regarding teenage drinking, MADD reports that “[a]bout a quarter of car crashes with teens involve an underage drinking driver,” and “[t]een alcohol use kills 4,300 people each year - that’s more than all illegal drugs combined.” Drunk driving also has an economic cost to everyone. Specifically, MADD states that drunk drivers cost every adult in the United States more than $500 annually, and that “[d]runk driving costs the United States $132 billion a year.” To try to help alleviate drunk driving, dram shop acts were legislatively enacted to establish the standard of care which governs the conduct of providers of intoxicating liquors and beverages. Numerous states have dram shop statutes which provide for civil liability when restaurants, liquor stores, and other such commercial establishments sell alcohol to visibly intoxicated adults or to minors who subsequently cause damage, injury, or death to third parties as a result of alcohol-related accidents. In contrast, many states have declined to impose liability on social hosts who serve alcohol to adult guests, even if the guest’s intoxication later causes injury to a third party. Yet, in some states, hosting an event with alcohol (e.g., birthday party, cookout, Super Bowl party, or employer-sponsored company picnic or Christmas party) can expose the social host to liability. This article provides different viewpoints regarding the pros and cons of imposing liability on both social hosts and commercial establishments whose intoxicated guests and patrons subsequently cause injuries or death to innocent third parties. Part II provides statistics related to the incidences of drunk driving in the United States, discusses recent DUI crashes that have caused serious injuries or death to third parties, and gives a historical overview of the passage of dram shop laws in the United States. Part III provides an overview, statistics, and comparative analysis of various state dram shop laws and social host liability laws, including such laws in several Southeastern states. Part III also discusses the various arguments that have been made for and against the imposition of liability on commercial establishments and social hosts when their intoxicated patrons and guests subsequently cause injuries or death to innocent third parties and includes a summary of recent lawsuits in several Southeastern states due to drunk driving accidents after intoxicated patrons or guests left commercial establishments or social host gatherings. Part IV analyzes the problems and effectiveness of current dram shop and social host liability laws. Part IV also discusses current “model” dram shop and social host liability laws. Part V concludes with recommendations for teenagers, parents, adults, families, friends, social hosts, commercial establishments, law enforcement officers, prosecutors, and legislatures regarding some of the best ways to allow citizens to have social gatherings or visit commercial establishments where alcohol is sold or provided, while also effectively addressing alcohol-related car crashes in order to prevent and best protect innocent third party victims from drunk drivers.

Determinants of Profit Growth in Food and Beverage Companies in Indonesia

The study aims to estimate the effect of current ratio (CR), current liability to inventory (CLI), total asset turnover (TAT), net profit margin (NPM), sales growth (SG), and company size (FS) on profit growth (PG). The research population was 18 companies in the Food and Beverage (F&B) sector listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) from 2014-2018. The data estimation method uses the common effect panel data regression model. The empirical findings show that the CR and CLI ratios have a negative effect on PG, while the TAT, NPM, and SG ratios have a positive effect. Company size is a factor that does not affect the growth of company profits. The results of the study imply that an increase in company profits can be achieved if the company operates efficiently and with low liquidity to encourage higher sales growth. The limitations of the research are as follows: first, this research considers only one type of industry, hence the results of this study would not be the same if applied to another type of industry. Second, the author observes profit growth by using the company's financial ratios and size and ignores other factors that may affect profit growth, for example, the number of employees, total net sales, and market capitalization.

Herstelrecht op het terrein van verkeersongevallen.

Those involved in a motor vehicle accident often have emotional needs that are not being met within the current framework of personal injury settlement. These needs include sharing one’s (side of the) story, getting in touch with the other person(s) involved and offering or receiving apologies. Following Nils Christie’s theory of ‘stolen’ conflicts, the fact that the people involved are often represented by lawyers or insurance companies is problematic because it alienates them from each other and it thwarts proper recovery. Incorporating restorative justice could offer a solution to this ‘theft’ of conflict, as it focuses on bringing all involved together to restore any of the harm done by concentrating on their needs. The central question to this dissertation is: how can restorative justice play a role in the sustainable resolution of conflicts after motor vehicle accidents so that the current insurance and liability system can better meet the immaterial needs of victims and perpetrators? Via several projects, the role of lawyers and insurance companies is studied. How beneficial or adversarial are their influences on victims and offenders? And can they incorporate restorative justice in their practice? The first publication is expected at the end of this year.

The Fundamental Need of Reform in Company Law in England: Parent Company’s Liability for Debt of Insolvent Subsidiary

Based on the fact that the parent company has actual control over the subsidiary company, this paper analyzes the possibility of the parent company using the subsidiary company to seek benefits and damage the interests of creditors. Moreover, under the intangible protection of the current limited liability system and the independent personality of the company, it can “retreat”. This is undoubtedly against the original intention of the establishment of enterprise groups and has great potential harm to creditors. In addition, on the basis of the relief measures for the rights and interests of the parent company caused by the bad behavior of the subsidiary, the legal defects that should be carefully considered are determined. Considering whether there are other remedies that may have the same effect as disclosure, some are more moderate than disclosure. With Britain’s strong caution about lifting the veil, a more moderate direction could be considered.

Reforming Personal Injury Claims Settlement: Paying More Attention to Emotional Dimension Promotes Victim Recovery

The Dutch Ministry of Justice commissioned the VU University Amsterdam to investigate the needs, expectations and experiences of victims and their relatives with regard to the settlement of personal injury losses. This study shows that most victims are concerned with needs of a non-pecuniary nature in addition to financial compensation. Even if the most important reason for taking action is financial in nature, non-pecuniary needs play an important role. Much goes wrong, however, when it comes to meeting those needs. Nevertheless, in contrast to what is often assumed, civil liability law has certain characteristics which actually make it quite suitable for meeting the non-pecuniary needs of victims. This positive potential is not realized, however, due to the fact that the current practice of handling personal injury claims focuses almost exclusively on financial compensation. This is all the more problematic as the failure to meet these non-pecuniary needs is not only experienced as frustrating, but also constitutes an impediment to recovery, while in the field of personal injury the law holds that recovery takes precedence over compensation. The study concludes that by paying insufficient attention to the non-pecuniary needs of claimants, current liability law fails to pursue its own restitutionary goals. This state of affairs calls for reform of the claims settlement process, to which end some tentative suggestions are made.

Financial Management System of Colegio De Castillejos: An Evaluation

One of the most significant and valuable elements to consider in an organization is to make sure which the financial assets of the business enterprise are well managed, specifically in terms of the industry capital. Accordingly, management of working capital is critically essential to the success of every company. In service industry, the working capital is vitally dependent to the sales of the product. It is said that which sales is different during the year because of growth, seasonality or uncertainty, then managing the working capital would be difficult. Furthermore, a firm’s current liability such as inventory, receivables and short-term payables as well as the business enterprise’s current assets varies in accordance to the fluctuations of sales. In this regard, the cash flow within the industry may be insufficient to sustain organization operations, even if the profitability of the industry is satisfactory over the entire year. Hence, there is a need for an effective Financial Management System. The development Financial Management Systems is to support the Ethiopian reform as an example of a successful low risk strategy of automation in a difficult environment, (Peterson, 2006). The writer will use the descriptive method of research utilizing the questionnaire as the main instrument in gathering data. This research was conducted in order to determine the Evaluation of the Financial Management System of COLEGIO de CASTILLEJOS. In order to answer these research goals, the researcher opted to obtain the Evaluation of the Financial Management System of COLEGIO de CASTILLEJOS. Specifically, a total of 50 respondents from COLEGIO de CASTILLEJOS and Municipality of Castillejos, Zambales were randomly selected to make up the sample. This method is used to describe the nature of a situation, as it exists at the time of the study and to explore the causes of particular a phenomenon. Providing Automated Daily Time Record for (log-in/log-out) with biometrics technology is one of the solutions for attendance monitoring. Aside from this the said system should also capable of automated calculation of their payroll. A will documented payroll system will lead the organization to maximize its analysis needs to improve the overall process of cash flow monitoring. Automation of accounting processes using deploying accounting system software is also recommended but manual audit should be made for accuracy purposes.

The Right to Robot Identification: Using Cryptographic Hashes to Manage AI Black-Boxes

Interacting with an AI system, a “robot”, as in financial robo-advice, can pose significant challenges from the end-user and the algorithm developer’s perspective. Robots’ decisions can be hard to explain and justify, let alone assure that they are free of biases. Furthermore, the most advanced algorithmic decision-making machine learning models can continuously evolve, learning from their mistakes and absorbing new training data, something that makes their accountability even more elusive. If someone believes they have been wronged in algorithmic decision-making, they have quite limited resources using current legal liability schemes. In this work, we propose and analyse novel “crypto-legal” tools, that enable a reliable way for an individual to precisely identify the robot behind any algorithmic decision they receive, as well as obtain assurances about their certification, if the machine learning algorithms are certified. The method we propose provides a way towards the accountability of the AI system: on the one hand, it enhances the ability of an individual to have tangible and admissible evidence in court to support their claim, and on the other it provides a way for service providers, such as Fintechs, to demonstrate compliance at the point of service and in case of a lawsuit.

Liability and artificial intelligence in the EU: Assessing the adequacy of the current Product Liability Directive

The European Union selected achieving a leadership position in the AI sector as one of the priorities for the future of the bloc as a whole. Economic reasons are behind this decision, but they are not the exclusive motive behind this objective. Undeniably, AI will have an enormous impact on world’s economy and if the EU falls behind, the standards of living that citizens of the Union currently enjoy may be at risk. Furthermore, there is also the question of keeping European values, principles and ethical standards alive in this technological transition. To achieve the leadership position it desires, it is essential for the EU to possess an updated, producer-friendly legal framework, that manages, at the same time, to ensure consumer protection and safe development of AI. One of the legal instruments that may need to be amended is the Product Liability Directive. In this paper we will study the Product Liability Directive and its shortcomings on AI regulation, along with the possible solutions to adapt the EU product liability legislation to this new technological challenge. We will assess what solutions are best suited to apply in the EU and fulfil the objective of achieving leadership in the sector.

CDA 230 Goes North American? Examining the Impacts of the USMCA’s Intermediary Liability Provisions in Canada and the United States

This report examines the impact of the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA) on the intermediary liability regimes in Canada and the United States. Article 19.17 of the new USMCA contains provisions modeled on Section 230 of the U.S. Communications Decency Act that protect platforms like Facebook and Google from being held liable for harmful or unlawful content posted by their users. While the liability shield the USMCA provides is quite similar to CDA § 230, the provisions differ in that the USMCA permits courts to order injunctions requiring platforms to take down content. Given the ongoing debate in the U.S. regarding the future of CDA 230, our report suggests that the USMCA’s approach to intermediary liability could serve as a model for amending CDA 230, given the balance the USMCA strikes between addressing online harms and protecting platforms. Our report also outlines how current Canadian intermediary liability laws are inconsistent with the USMCA, as are some recent proposals advanced in Canada to hold social media companies liable for the content they host. Correspondingly, we recommend that careful consideration be given by federal and provincial parliamentarians to introducing legislation to align Canadian law with the USMCA, and that clarifies whether Canadian and third-country intermediaries are entitled to the protections provided by the USMCA.

Civil liability for artificial intelligence products versus the sustainable development of CEECs: which institutions matter?

The aim of this paper is to conduct a meta-analysis of the EU and CEECs civil liability institutions in order to find out if they are ready for the Artificial Intelligence (AI) race. Particular focus is placed on ascertaining whether civil liability institutions such as the Product Liability Directive (EU) or civil codes (CEECs) will protect consumers and entrepreneurs, as well as ensure undistorted competition. In line with the aforementioned, the authors investigate whether the civil liability institutions of the EU and CEECs are based on regulations that can be adapted to the new generation of robots that will be equipped with learning abilities and have a certain degree of unpredictability in their behaviour. The conclusion presented in the paper was drawn on the basis of a review of the current literature and research on national and European regulations. The primary contribution that this article makes is to advance the current of the research concerning the concepts of AI liability for damage and personal injury. A second contribution is to show that the current civil liability institutions of the EU as well as the CEECs are not sufficiently prepared to address the legal issues that will start to arise when self-driving vehicles or autonomous drones begin operating in fully autonomous modes and possibly cause property damage or personal injury.