Current Installation Research Articles

Complex Electromagnetic Issues Associated with the Use of Electric Vehicles in Urban Transportation.

The electromagnetic field (EMF) in electric vehicles (EVs) affects not only drivers, but also passengers (using EVs daily) and electronic devices inside. This article summarizes the measurement methods applicable in studies of complex EMF in EVs focused on the evaluation of characteristics of such exposure to EVs users and drivers, together with the results of investigations into the static magnetic field (SMF), the extremely low-frequency magnetic field (ELF) and radiofrequency (RF) EMF related to the use of the EVs in urban transportation. The investigated EMF components comply separately with limits provided by international labor law and guidelines regarding the evaluation of human short-term exposure; however other issues need attention—electromagnetic immunity of electronic devices and long-term human exposure. The strongest EMF was found in the vicinity of direct current (DC) charging installations—SMF up to 0.2 mT and ELF magnetic field up to 100 µT—and inside the EVs—up to 30 µT close to its internal electrical equipment. Exposure to RF EMF inside the EVs (up to a few V/m) was found and recognized to be emitted from outdoor radiocommunications systems, together with emissions from sources used inside vehicles, such as passenger mobile communication handsets and antennas of Wi-Fi routers.

Isotopic discrimination of natural and anthropogenic perchlorate sources in groundwater in a semi-arid region of northeastern Oregon (USA)

Perchlorate (ClO4−) has synthetic and natural sources. Synthetic ClO4− is released to the environment from its use as an oxidant in military and aerospace applications, and from its presence in a variety of common commercial products, such as safety flares, chlorate herbicides, and fireworks. Natural sources of ClO4− in the environment include imported nitrate fertilizers derived from salt deposits in the Atacama Desert of Chile and indigenous natural ClO4− that accumulates in unsaturated soils and groundwaters in other arid and semi-arid environments, largely from atmospheric deposition. The stable isotope ratios of chlorine (37Cl/35Cl) and oxygen (18O/16O, 17O/16O) and the isotopic abundance of radioactive 36Cl in ClO4− can be used to discriminate these different sources. Perchlorate was previously detected at relatively high concentrations (3.8–34.7 μg/L) in groundwater from many wells in the Boardman-Umatilla area near the Columbia River in northeastern Oregon, which is a semi-arid, highly agricultural, heavily irrigated area that includes several past and current military installations. Eight representative groundwater wells were sampled throughout this region and isotopic characteristics of ClO4− collected from each well were measured along with other chemical and isotopic parameters including tritium and other groundwater age indicators. Isotopic data indicate that indigenous natural ClO4− was present in groundwater from all sampled wells and was the predominant source in five of the wells. Synthetic ClO4− was present in the three remaining wells with natural ClO4−, and a minor fraction of Atacama-fertilizer-derived ClO4− was indicated in one of the wells. Data from this study expand the geographic area of the USA in which indigenous natural ClO4− has been detected to include the semi-arid northwest. This study also illustrates the role of irrigation recharge as a mechanism for producing relatively high concentrations of indigenous natural ClO4− in groundwater by flushing accumulated salts from the unsaturated zone.

Assimilation of IoT sensors for Data Visualization in a Smart Campus Environment

Recently, various indoor based sensors that were formerly separated from the digital world, are now intertwined with it. The data visualization may aid in the comprehension of large amounts of information. Building on current server-based models, this study intends to display real environmental data acquired by IoT agents in the interior environment. Sensors attached to Arduino microcontrollers are used to collect environmental data for the smart campus environment, including air temperature, light intensity, and humidity. This proposed framework uses the system's server and stores sensor readings, which are subsequently shown in real time on the server platform and in the environment application. However, most current IoT installations do not make use of the enhanced digital representations of the server and its graphical display capabilities in order to improve interior safety and comfort conditions. The storage of such real-time data in a standard and organized way is still being examined even though sensor data integration with storing capacity server-based models has been studied in academics.

Monitoring of Sedimentation on Geosynthetic Bags Installation Area in Banyuurip Mangrove Center, Ujung Pangkah, Gresik, Indonesia

Banyuurip is one of the villages in Ujung Pangkah District which has potential natural resource that is mangrove forests. However, the occurrence of abrasion and conversion of mangrove land has impacted mangrove ecosystem. Rehabilitation efforts by replanting mangroves have been carried out, but they have not been effective in overcoming the current problems. The reduction of mangrove area that led the decreased of mangrove’s function can affect the livelihood of the local community, including fishermen. The installation of geosynthetic bags, which are sand-filled bags arranged on the ground, is done as an alternative solution in Banyuurip Village which functions as coastal protection and a sediment trap. The utilization of geosynthetic material is often used to help the coastal problem, the used of geosynthetic material is rarely carried out in mangrove areas. This study aims to determine the sediment characteristics, sedimentation rates, and sedimentation process based on the relationship between current velocity and sedimentation rate. The result shows that generally the type of sediment fraction in this location is silt (79,12% - 80,12%) and the rest is clay. The current installation of geosynthetic bags can result in the land extension from the trapped sediment behind the structure. In addition, the current velocity conditions and the sediment transport process also affect the sedimentation process that occurs. The average sedimentation rates around the geosynthetic bags installation area ranged from 150.72-305.01 mg.cm-2.day-1. This study may provide a basic information for further development in Banyuurip Mangrove Center and other mangrove conservation area.

Managing microbes

Managing microbes

Android-Based Remote Control Solar Power Plant Panels with Direct Current System Installation

Energy hot sun very overflow especially in area with climate tropical as indonesia that always exposed rays throughout years. This is a source energy that could on developed. on research aimed at to make it easier and knowing damage panel generator electric power sun more early so that soon get to do troubleshooting early before damage continue with use microcontroller NodeMCU right has been IOT designed component additional sensor INA219 gauge current, voltage, lux intensity light is snown software application BLYNK in smartphone. the results research is toll monitoring read high low battery and lamp. In the result measurement this will is snown menu application BLYNK that has been designed.

Spatial constraints in large-scale expansion of wind power plants

When wind turbines are arranged in clusters, their performance is mutually affected, and their energy generation is reduced relative to what it would be if they were widely separated. Land-area power densities of small wind farms can exceed 10 W/m2, and wakes are several rotor diameters in length. In contrast, large-scale wind farms have an upper-limit power density in the order of 1 W/m2 and wakes that can extend several tens of kilometers. Here, we address two important questions: 1) How large can a wind farm be before its generation reaches energy replenishment limits and 2) How far apart must large wind farms be spaced to avoid inter-wind-farm interference? We characterize controls on these spatial and temporal scales by running a set of idealized atmospheric simulations using the Weather and Research Forecasting model. Power generation and wind speed within and over the wind farm show that a timescale inversely proportional to the Coriolis parameter governs such transition, and the corresponding length scale is obtained by multiplying the timescale by the geostrophic wind speed. A geostrophic wind of 8 m/s and a Coriolis parameter of 1.05 × 10-4 rad/s (latitude of ∼46°) would give a transitional scale of about 30 km. Wind farms smaller than this result in greater power densities and shorter wakes. Larger wind farms result instead in power densities that asymptotically reach their minimum and wakes that reach their maximum extent.

Analysis of Siphon String Application to Optimize Gas Lift Injection

B-X well is an oil producing well at Bravo field in Natuna offshore area, which was completed at IBS zone using 5-1/2 inch tubing size. However, after several years of production period, the well’s production rate decreased due to reservoir depletion, and experienced gas lift performance problem indicated by unstable flowing condition (slugging flow). In year 2020, Siphon String installation is applied to the well in order to give deeper point of gas lift injection and better well’s production. The additional advantage by having smaller tubing size (insert tubing) is to reduce the slugging flow condition. The analysis of this siphon string installation at the B-X well, technically will be performed by evaluating gas lift performance and the flow regime inside the tubing using a Well Model simulator. The simulation was developed based on the real well condition. Several sensitivity analysis were done through several cases such as: variation in depth of gas lift point of injection, and the length of the siphon string. The simulation was required to evaluate the effectiveness of the existing installation, and to give better recommendation for the other well that has the same problem. The result indicates that the depth of the current siphon string installation has been providing the optimum production rate, while the slugging flow condition will still be occurred at any given scenario of the siphon string depth due to the very low of well’s productivity. The similar procedure and evaluation can be implemented to other oil wells using gas lift injection located either in offshore or onshore field. Keywords: Production Optimization, Siphon String, Flow Regime

Estimating the impact of state cigarette tax rates on smoking behavior: Addressing endogeneity using a natural experiment

IntroductionCigarette excise taxes are a well-established policy lever for reducing tobacco use. However, estimating the effect of taxes on smoking behavior can be confounded by endogeneity concerns such as selection. This study leverages a unique natural experiment –compulsory relocation of U.S. military service members to installations – to estimate the relationship between state cigarette taxes and smoking behavior without concerns about selection into environments. MethodsThe current study uses data from the Department of Defense’s 2011 Health-Related Behaviors Survey and 2011 state cigarette excise taxes from the CDC STATE System. Logistic and Poisson regression analyses estimate the cross-sectional associations between state cigarette excise taxes and the following smoking behaviors: current cigarette smoking, frequency of smoking, heaviness of consumption, and cigarette cessation among individuals who smoked while at the current installation. ResultsHigher taxes are associated with lower odds of current cigarette smoking (AOR = 0.94; 95 % CI: 0.89−0.98), fewer smoking days per month among current cigarette smokers (IRR = 0.98, 95 % CI 0.97−0.996), and higher likelihood of quitting smoking among individuals who had smoked at their current installation (AOR = 1.14, 95 % CI 1.05–1.25). Taxes are not associated with the number of cigarettes smoked per day among current smokers. ConclusionsExogenous assignment to installations in states with higher cigarette taxes is associated with lower likelihood of smoking and greater likelihood of quitting. Findings provide novel evidence in support of a causal impact of cigarette taxes on lower smoking levels among adults.

Advances in Fault Diagnostics and Post‐Fault Operation of Electrical Drives

Advances in Fault Diagnostics and Post‐Fault Operation of Electrical Drives

Care-full, convivial, curious: Weaving Canadian artists’ conceptions of art as a form of transformative environmental education

Addressing global climate change beyond short-term fixes requires wider cultural change. Artists, as cultural workers, play a valuable role in attending to questions of social and ecological justice. While there is growing artistic engagement with environmental research, there are few studies which critically explore the confluence of contemporary art, sustainability, and informal education within Canada. Using a framework of poetics (poiesis), this study explores how an environmentally engaged arts practice is a form of transformative environmental education. We interviewed 24 current Canada-based visual, installation, and performance artists to understand how they conceptualize their role in fostering socioecological transformations. We used an inductive thematic coding scheme to analyze transcripts and compared emergent themes to current ecocritical literature. Results reveal a framework of artist-researcher-teacher as facilitator of conviviality, curiosity, and care, showing the agency of artists and a need for poetics in environmental work, research, and education.

An appeal to supersede the slave trade triangle in English museums

ABSTRACT In 2007 several permanent museum galleries were created in England that discuss the subject of the transatlantic slave trade and slavery. This article critiques one recurring image within many of these sites: the diagrams of the slave trade triangle. Drawing on analyses of the slave trade by historians, from Eric Williams to recent contributions, as well as understanding of the behaviour of museum visitors, it appeals to museums for more complex diagrams to be included in future installations at public history sites. Methodologically, close analysis of current museum installations frames exploration of the historical complexities and geographic expanse of enslavement-associated commerce, a term coined within the article. Future diagrams reflecting these complications will more accurately represent historical scholarship and the importance of enslaved labour to global commerce, rather than understating this by focusing solely on the slave trade triangle.

Recent Developments in the Design of Vertical Borehole Ground Heat Exchangers for Cost Reduction and Thermal Energy Storage

AbstractGround source (geothermal) heat pumps (GSHPs) can meet the thermal demands of buildings in an energy-efficient manner. The current high installation costs and long payback period limit the attractiveness of GSHP installation in the United States. Vertical borehole ground heat exchangers (VBGHEs), which are commonly used in GSHP systems, contribute most to the cost premium of GSHPs. Reducing the cost of VBGHEs could help increase market penetration of GSHP systems. This paper reviews recent developments for VBGHEs, including improvements in borehole heat transfer and borehole field layout, integration with thermal energy storage, and new design tools. Improvements in the borehole design and materials are more likely to be justified when the ground has high thermal conductivity. Integrating thermal energy storage can provide additional value to the GSHP system, especially when flexible electric demand at buildings becomes more valuable. Advanced design tools for VBGHEs that account for the thermal response of irregularly shaped borehole fields and that are more closely integrated with whole-building energy simulation programs may facilitate more innovations and optimization of GSHP system designs.

Simple current sensor fault‐tolerant control strategy for switched reluctance motors in high‐reliability applications

Switched reluctance motors (SRMs) are considered as a potential candidate in many high-reliability demanding applications, including electrical vehicles (EVs), hybrid EVs and more electric aircrafts. For precise and stable control performance, normally an SRM drive requires one current sensor for each phase winding. Failure of any of these sensors will inevitably degrade the system's performance. The behaviour of an SRM drive under current sensor failure is investigated and a fault-tolerant control technique is proposed by changing the current sensor installation scheme without adding extra current sensors. Moreover, through the analysis of the detected currents by the phase current sensors and the dc-link sensor, a diagnostic scheme for current sensors failure is presented. The excitation current in the faulty phase under postfault conditions is reconstructed through a simple calculation without injecting a high-frequency signal or modifying the switching signals, thereby reducing the current distortion and avoiding voltage penalty issues. Motor drive can operate with satisfactory control performance even when all the phase current sensors are in fault conditions. Detailed analysis under both steady state and dynamic conditions through thorough simulations and experiments has been carried out on a three-phase 12/8 SRM. The extensive results validate the effectiveness of the proposed technique.

Удосконалення системи управління гребними електрорушіями при плаванні в умовах хитавиці

У статті розглянуто питання управління судном з електрорушієм в умовах хитавиці. При ході судна в умовах хвилювання дизель-генератор працює в режимах перевантаження, що значно скорочує експлуатаційні характеристики пропульсивного комплексу. Аналіз хитавиці судна, вказує на випадковий характер постійно діючого обурення різної величини і тривалості. При роботі ГЕУ в таких умовах мають місце коливання моменту опору на гребному валу (якщо відсутнє відповідне регулювання збудження ГЕД), моментів опору на валах дизелів, що визначаються електромагнітними моментами генераторів. Квазістаціонарний характер зміни моменту пояснюється таким же характером зміни моменту опору обертанню гребного гвинта. Стабілізацію кутової швидкості можливо досягти зміною упору лопатей азіподу (ГРК), а, отже удосконалити систему управління ГРК.

Modelling 2D water table and soil moisture distribution in a field installed with sub surface drainage

The present study is part of the development of an environment-friendly water management system based on sub surface drainage technology. It is aimed at creating a multipurpose farmland with expectation of increase in both benefits and productivity. Sub-surface drainage pipes which are installed inside mole-drain, functions as water channel that flows water into the drainage channel. Simulation was run using a 2D numerical soil water flow model based on Richard’s equation. It integrates varying soil textures with aim of figuring the optimum setting of sub-drains in response to soil textures. The depth of sub-drain was established at 40cm beneath the surface for all conditions as it is the current installation available in Indonesia. Our simulation shows the variation of soil moisture and pressure over distance, time and different textures under specified spacing of sub-surface installation.

Research on Active Distribution Network Planning with Electric Vehicles and Distributed Generation

With the increasing number of Electric Vehicle (EV) and clean energy generation year by year, EV and distributed generation (DG) have become issues that have to be considered in active distribution network planning. Firstly, considering the time series characteristics of DG, the output time series model of DG is established; Secondly, the parking demand and space-time movement model of EV is established, and the Monta Carlo method is used to simulate the space-time distribution of EV charging load in different planning areas; Finally, taking the system investment and annual operation and maintenance cost, voltage index and environmental index as the objective function, and considering the node voltage, node current and DG installation capacity as constraints. The improved particle swarm optimization algorithm is used to solve the planning model, and the access location and capacity of EV charging station and DG are obtained. Taking a distribution network as an example, the rationality and effectiveness of the proposed model and algorithm are verified.

Assessing the viability of the ACT natural gas distribution network for reuse as a hydrogen distribution network

The Australian Capital Territory (ACT) has legislated and aims to be net zero emissions by 2045. Such ambitious targets have implications for the contribution of hydrogen and its storage in gas distribution networks Therefore, we need to understand now the impacts on the gas distribution network of the transition to 100% hydrogen. Assessment of the viability of decarbonising the ACT gas network will be partly based on the cost of reusing the gas network for the safe and reliable distribution of hydrogen. That task requires each element of the natural gas safety management system to be evaluated.This article describes the construction of a test facility in Canberra, Australia used to identify issues raised by 100% hydrogen use in the medium pressure distribution network, consisting of nylon and polyethylene (PE) as a means of identifying measures necessary to ensure ongoing validity of the network's regulatory safety case.Evoenergy (the ACT's gas distribution company) have constructed a Test Facility, incorporating an electrolyser, a gas supply pressure reduction and mixing skid a replica gas network and a domestic installation with gas appliances. Jointly with Australian National University (ANU) and Canberra Institute of Technology (CIT) the Company has commenced a program of “bench testing”, initially with 100% hydrogen to identify gaps in the safety case specifically focusing on the materials, work practices and safety systems in the ACT.The facility is designed to assess:• Materials in use including aged network materials and components• Construction and installation techniques both greenfield and live gas work• Purging and filling techniques• Leak detection both underground and above ground• Emergency response and make safe techniques• Issues associated with use of hydrogen in light commercial and domestic appliances.To educate and train:• Technicians and gas fitters on infrastructure installation and management• Emergency response services on responding to hydrogen related emergencies in a network environment; and• manage public perceptions of hydrogen in a network environment.Australia has an enviable safety record for the safe and reliable transport, distribution and use of natural gas. The ACT natural gas network owned and operated by Evoenergy is one of the newest in Australia and has leveraged off the best materials and practices in Australia to build its network.The paper addresses major safety issues relating to the production/storage, distribution and consumer end use of hydrogen injected into existing gas distribution networks. The analysis is guided by the Safety Management System. The Hydrogen Testing Facility described in the paper provide tools for evaluation of hydrogen safety matters in the ACT and Australia-wide.Testing to date has confirmed that polyethylene and nylon pipe and their respective jointing techniques can contain 100% hydrogen at pressures used for the distribution of natural gas. Testing has also confirmed that current installation work practices on polyethylene and nylon pipe and joints are suitable for hydrogen service. This finding is subject to variation attributable to staff training and skill levels and further testing has been programmed as outlined in this paper.Testing of gas isolation by clamping and simulated repair on the hydrogen network has established that standard natural gas isolation techniques work with 100% hydrogen at natural gas pressures.

CCTV placement in Gaborone City, Botswana

Public surveillance technology through the installation of Closed-Circuit Television cameras (CCTV) has been widely acknowledged as a tool for monitoring population movements and preventing crime. Based on this technological value, the installation of CCTV cameras has become a growing trend in many cities globally. The year 2018 will be remembered as the year when CCTV cameras were first installed in the city of Gaborone, Botswana, and its surrounding villages for purposes of detecting criminal activities and preventing crime. The value of CCTV cameras in preventing crime and as an investigative tool has been an area of interest among researchers. Among scholarly studies on this field, the focus has been on the effectiveness of CCTV cameras in preventing crime and their value as an investigative tool. Since CCTV cameras have just been installed in the city of Gaborone, it may be too early to evaluate the extent to which they effectively prevent crime in this city. The purpose of this study is to document the use of public surveillance cameras in Gaborone and its surrounding areas and assess their geographic placement in light of the principles of Situational Crime Prevention (SCP) theory. Using data collected through site observation and key informant interviews, we argue for a rigorous review and assessment of the current installation and placement of CCTV cameras in Gaborone city and further scholarly study to measure and evaluate the effectiveness of CCTV camera use for crime prevention in this city.

The Value of Inter-Regional Coordination and Transmission in Decarbonizing the US Electricity System

Summary Preventing global warming in excess of 1.5°C–2°C requires a transition to zero-carbon electricity systems by midcentury along with the widespread electrification of other sectors. Current state-level renewable portfolio standards and regional transmission arrangements do not capture the benefits of inter-regional transmission or coordination of planning and dispatch for renewable-energy integration. Here, using a co-optimized capacity-planning and dispatch model over 7 years of hourly operation, we show that inter-state coordination and transmission expansion reduce the system cost of electricity in a 100%-renewable US power system by 46% compared with a state-by-state approach, from 135 $/MWh to 73 $/MWh. Sensitivity analyses show that reductions in the cost of photovoltaics, wind, and lithium-ion batteries lead to the lowest electricity costs for systems in which transmission expansion is allowed, while cost reductions for nuclear power or long-duration energy storage lead to greater electricity cost reductions for isolated systems.