Current Expenses Research Articles

Potential and Investment Attractiveness of Implementing Climate Projects on Disturbed Lands

Forest restoration projects can be categorized as climate projects, investments in the implementation of which exceed the investment costs of forest-climate projects, which reduces their attractiveness to investors. An algorithm for assessing investment costs of climate reforestation projects on disturbed lands has been developed. The potential of territories for the implementation of such project initiatives is available in all regions of Russia and amounts to more than 381 thousand hectares. For five studied polygons of disturbed lands (Kuzbass basin, Moscow basin, Western Siberia basin, as well as basins of Chelyabinsk and Belgorod Regions), the aggregated costs for the implementation of measures to create carbon-depositing plantations and ground cover were calculated. Investment costs for restoration of 1 hectare of disturbed land under the climate project vary from 82.6 thousand rubles to 116.9 thousand rubles. Cost analysis shows that the carbon intensity of investment in such projects on disturbed lands is quite high (Ccii > 1.0). The highest investment potential is observed in the Kuzbass basin, where Ccii is 2.01. To organize and implement the afforestation project on disturbed lands of the Kemerovo Region, investments in the amount of 66.7 thousand rubles/ha for capital expenditures and 24.7 thousand rubles/ha for current expenses will be required. The payback period of such an investment project, taking into account the discount rate, is 13.1 years, and during the study period (20 years) the income from the project will cover 228% of the spent funds. These data confirm that the investment potential of forest-climatic projects on disturbed lands is quite high.

Оценка финансовой безопасности домохозяйств арктических регионов Российской Федерации на микроуровне

Analyzing household financial security is closely related to the formation and analysis of financial resources and their allocation. This study aims to analyze the financial security of households in the Russian Arctic regions at the micro level. Key objectives include exploring various approaches to defining and evaluating household financial security, developing a system of coefficients to measure this security, applying it to Arctic regions over time, and identifying common risks and threats to household financial security in these regions. The study synthesizes existing research on household financial security, providing a comprehensive perspective on its definition and assessment. Household financial security is assessed from two angles: first, by evaluating an individual household's financial resources and its ability to cover current expenses, save, and withstand unexpected financial shocks; second, by considering its role in regional financial stability and socio-economic development. For a thorough analysis, the study proposes categorizing financial security into manageable and unmanageable levels. Results from applying the developed coefficients reveal a disparity among Arctic regions: three regions exhibit high financial security, two regions face critical levels of insecurity, and the remaining regions fall into the average category. The study identifies key threats to financial security in each region, with low purchasing power being a common problem for all regions. The study finds that households prioritize securing their financial stability before investing their financial resources into regional development, underscoring the need for ongoing monitoring of financial conditions. The role of government in supporting household financial security is also emphasized. The practical significance of this study lies in its potential to inform the development and adjustment of regional socio-economic programs based on the findings.

Estimation of the Impact of Government Spending on Industrial Sector Development: A Case Study of Iraq for the Period (1990-2020)

The research mainly attempted to find out the impact of the public expenditure on the development of the Iraqi industrial sectors according to the period (1990 to 2020), as well as several other control variables. The analysis of available data suggested that the indicators of industry sector and fiscal policy tools in Iraq underwent great changes not only because of economic and political instability experienced by the country throughout the study period but also the new-emerged situations that followed, like the cases of wars, economic sanctions, and changes in governance systems that contributed significantly in creating a halt in fiscal policy. Empirically, the study ascertained several outcomes from the analysis. In this case, the empirical test of the hypothesis showed that there was a negative correlation between current expenses and manufacturing output, significant at a level of confidence (10%). On the opposite side, the standard correlation between capital outlay and industrial output is of a positive sign (0,05). Moreover, a current expenditure with an industrial output would make a negative relationship and would become significant at the level of significance of 10%, whereas investment expenditure and industrial output making a positive relationship with a level of significance of 5%. As part of study, it recommended the re-organization of public expenditure structure, enhancing discipline of budget formulation. This, in turn, will support the development of budgetary programs for the economy, particularly, the industrial sector.

Особенности построения и функционирования устройств генерации электроэнергии в южной части Ирака

Objective: the Iraqi electricity sector is in a critical state requiring immediate reforms. The industry and the academic community have expressed concern about the system’s ability to provide stable power supply and overall operational inefficiency. The energy sector is currently experiencing one of the most significant demand increases in the world, and given its capital intensity, it occupies a significant part of Iraq’s government investment program. Moreover, there has been a significant increase in the financial burden on Iraq’s electricity supply due to the high subsidies needed to cover current expenses. These subsidies are considered to be among the highest in the world. Methods: the reasoning presented in the article deals with the complex issue of the production capacities of power plants operating within the geographical boundaries of the central and southern regions of the country of Iraq, with particular attention to the paramount importance of understanding the scale and volume of energy demand existing in these aforementioned regions, as well as the multifaceted complexities associated with the diverse types of consumers who participate in the use of these energy resources. Results: taking into account the above-mentioned difficulties, this article examines these issues in detail and presents a number of proposals aimed directly at improving the overall efficiency of the energy sector. One of the main recommendations provides for a comprehensive reform of the energy sector, with special attention to meeting the growing demand for electricity among the population. The implementation of this proposal is expected to make significant progress in providing reliable and sustainable energy solutions to meet the ever-increasing needs of the population.

Routine antenatal molecular testing for α-thalassemia at a tertiary referral hospital in China: ten years of experience.

This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of α-thalassemia gene testing as a part of an antenatal intervention program over a 10-year period. All patients underwent α-thalassemia gene testing, which included the analysis of three types of deletions and mutations. Rare α-thalassemia gene testing was performed using Sanger sequencing, multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification, and sequencing techniques. Prenatal diagnosis was performed in high-risk couples using chorionic villus sampling or amniocentesis. From 2010 to 2019, among the 91,852 patients examined, α-thalassemia mutations were identified in 41.78% of patients. The most frequent α0 gene mutation was--SEA, followed by--THAI. Two rare α0-thalassemia gene mutations at --32.8 and --230, were also observed. A total of 2,235 high-risk couples were identified, of which 562 were affected, including three with the--SEA/--THAI genotype and one with the--SEA/--230 genotype. Additionally, prenatal diagnosis revealed four cases of fetal anemia and/or mild edema, along with two cases of severe fetal edema. Chromosome and gene chip results were normal. Thalassemia gene testing showed an αCSα/αCSα genotype in four patients with anemia and/or mild edema, while two patients with severe fetal edema had one--SEA/αCSα genotype and one--SEA/--GX genotype. Using the cut-off points of 74.6fL and 24.4pg as criteria for identifying α0-thalassemia carriers and HbH disease, the detection rate of missed diagnoses in high-risk couples is consistent with national guidelines for standards, potentially saving 10,217,700 ¥. Routine molecular testing for α-thalassemia in high-risk prenatal populations effectively prevented severe α-thalassemia births. Despite the high cost, the cutoff points proposed by this study suggest that implementing screening using a new parameter has the potential to reduce current expenses.

THE ENVIRONMENTAL COMPONENT IN THE SYSTEM OF ENSURING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT UNDER THE PRISM OF MODERN CHALLENGES

The article substantiates the importance of the ecological component in the system of sustainable development goals. The powerful potential of Ukraine's ecosystem and environmental problems, problems of ensuring an ecologically safe environment for people's life and health are outlined. Global challenges for ecosystems are characterized (destruction of the ozone layer of the atmosphere, global climate changes, melting of glaciers, rising sea levels, harmful emissions, air and ocean pollution, drinking water problems, etc.). The significant negative impact of the Russian Federation's war against Ukraine on the environment is described. Environmental threats from nuclear energy manipulations are singled out; from waste storage facilities, coal mines, chemical plants and other branches of heavy industry, especially those located in the zone of active hostilities. It is noted that the destruction/damage of water supply systems, sewage and waste storage facilities, etc. provoke significant damage with long-term consequences for the environment and human health. It is founded that most problems of environmental direction are problems of a global level. Directions for achieving climate neutrality within the framework of the European Green Course are indicated. The results of Ukraine in achieving climate neutrality are analyzed. The state and problems of environmental protection financing are analyzed. It was found that in the structure of expenditures from the state budget of Ukraine for all types of financing of environmental protection measures, current expenditures significantly prevail over capital investments. In the structure of current expenses, the largest share is spent on waste management. It is noted that since the beginning of the full-scale war of the Russian Federation on the territory of Ukraine, the amount of funding for environmental protection has significantly decreased, which is justified by the great need for defense funding. It is founded that the transition to a climate-neutral economy is a challenge for the modernization of economic sectors, requires a rethinking of the role of each member of society, but is at the same time an opportunity to ensure development based on the principles of sustainability. A system of measures to protect the environment and ensure environmental safety is outlined.

Environmental Management of Ecuador’s Business Sector in the Fight against Climate Change

The private sector is part of the United Nations Global Compact, which promotes the voluntary participation of organizations to implement environmental care strategies. The purpose of this article is to examine the performance of Ecuadorian companies in regard to environmental management, especially in the fight against climate change, considering the economic sectors (manufacturing, mining, commerce, construction and services). Figures from the National Institute of Statistics and the Census of Ecuador (2020) are used, including descriptive statistics and cross-tabulations with Cramer’s V index. The results show that approximately 5% of companies had the ISO 14001:2015 certification. In the seven actions against climate change considered, the proportion of companies that did not consider them to be current expenses predominated. Cramer’s V index, for associating the economic sector and the environmental spend, revealed that certain economic sectors (manufacturing and mining) are contributing significantly to environmental management spending in the areas of air, soil, wastewater and waste treatment, while no economic sector dominates the others in areas such as radiation treatment, the use of mineral or energy resources and water resources.

Costs of UK community care for individuals with recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa: Findings of the Prospective Epidermolysis Bullosa Longitudinal Evaluation Study.

Recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB) is a rare inherited skin fragility disorder requiring multidisciplinary management. Information regarding costs of current standard treatment is scant. As part of a longitudinal natural history study, we explored the community care costs of UK patients with different forms of RDEB. Fifty-nine individuals with RDEB provided detailed information on multiple facets of RDEB including disease severity scores (iscorEB, BEBS) and patient reported outcomes (quality of life evaluation in epidermolysis bullosa, iscorEB patient questionnaire). Costs data included time spent doing dressings, frequency of dressing changes, details of materials used, and paid and unpaid care. Overall costs of dressing materials and associated care were high in RDEB. Median annual costs across all subtypes for those using dressings (n=51) were over £26000. For severe RDEB (RDEB-S), median costs were almost £90000 per annum, with a median of 18h per week spent on dressing changes. Half of working-age adults with RDEB were unemployed and 39% of carers were unable to take on full-time or part-time paid employment, adding to indirect costs and the financial burden from RDEB on families and society. The findings demonstrate the high costs of care of RDEB, particularly for RDEB-S. The current expense supports the drive to develop new therapies which accelerate wound healing and diminish total wound burden, thereby reducing costs of dressings and care. While costly to bring to market, these might ultimately reduce the overall cost of treatment and also the impact on individuals living with this rare disease. The data also highlight the need for adequate reimbursement for EB care which can place significant financial strain on families.

Socio-Psychological State of Russian Society and Social Attitudes of Different Groups of Russians

The article analyses the socio-psychological state of the Russian society from the point of view of mainly subjective indicators, which can be considered as characteristics of the national psychological capital. The main subject of the study is social moods (emotional states) of the country's citizens, which are formed by the life situation of Russians in general. The analysis of the data of the all-Russian survey conducted in June 2023 by the Institute of Sociology of FNISC RAS leads to the conclusion that after the extremely negative changes at the beginning of the last year (immediately after the beginning of the SWO) the emotional state of Russians began to improve. Nevertheless, at the time of the analysed poll, the ratio of positively and negatively disposed citizens remained one of the worst for the entire period since 2014. The bulk of Russians (almost half of the country's residents) are in an anxious state. At the same time, the society is characterised by too small a share (only 3% - the lowest in the past ten years of observations) of those who experience emotional uplift. At the same time, the share of Russians with extremely negative feelings of well-being has fallen within the norm usual for Russian society in the last decade. In 2023, we observe an overlap of factors traditional for post-Soviet Russia that form negative social moods with situational factors related to the SWO in Ukraine. Thus, the most negative social moods (irritation, bitterness and aggression) are primarily formed among Russians with poor self-assessments of their financial situation, expectation of its deterioration in the near future, serious problems related to work, and, finally, a change in attitude towards the course pursued by the country's leadership. In its turn, anxiety is especially promoted by changes related to social ties in the close circle of communication: departure of relatives and friends abroad, deterioration of relations due to disagreements in the attitude towards the SWO. Increased anxiety is also observed among those who have faced the threat of mobilisation, whose relatives and friends have been killed or injured during participation in special operation, who have felt an increase in current expenses, as well as reduced opportunities for foreign travel. It should be stated that Russians have experienced the emergence of new frustrations, rather than the deepening of previously existing frustrations. If we consider the socio-psychological state of Russian society as an important resource for its development, then we can conclude that in 2023 the satisfactory state of national material resources (economists predict GDP growth of 2-3% by the end of the year) is combined with a very alarming state of intangible resources (primarily, the national psychological capital), which does not allow us to talk about the socio-economic well-being of Russians.

Harmonization of investment and operational costs of the grain industry in the light of the theory of sustainable development

Approaches to harmonization of methods for determining the optimal level of investment in the renewal of the fleet of combine harvesters and current expenses of agricultural enterprises under conditions of implementation of sustainable development goals in the activities of economic entities are investigated. It is established that the implementation of the concept of sustainable development for the domestic agricultural sector intensifies the processes in it, brings to the fore the problems of ensuring food security of the State, increasing the production of safe products while preserving landscapes and minimizing anthropogenic pressure. At the same time, the seizure of part of the territory, mining of the liberated and adjacent to the combat zone areas raises the issue of rational use of land resources. Under such conditions, only further introduction of innovations aimed at increasing yields and the use of intensive technologies is the most important vector for the development of domestic agriculture. This places strict requirements on the technical condition of its resource potential. Unfortunately, the unsatisfactory technical condition of the grain harvesting machinery fleet and its destruction as a result of hostilities exacerbate the problem of technical support for grain production, in particular for harvesting. Under such conditions, an important task is to develop methodological techniques for determining the optimal, harmonized values of investments in the reproduction of resource potential and operating costs. The tested methodological approach allows determining the optimal level of investment in the renovation of the combine harvester fleet, taking into account the peculiarities of wheat production organization, grain price conditions, material resources, harvesting equipment, and financial factors. The calculations showed that it is economically inexpedient to invest in the renewal of the combine harvester fleet using the most common combine harvester models if one unit has less than 600 hectares of wheat crops. A positive feature of the tested approach is the ability to minimize unproductive costs by taking into account technological and market factors in determining the optimal level of costs. Instead, the introduction of innovations leads to a change in the form of the production function, which should affect the dynamics of the marginal efficiency of investments, and therefore it is promising to expand approaches to modeling and take into account the role of innovations in finding the optimal level of current costs and investments.

전략적 일탈이 연구개발비 행태에 미치는 영향

[Purpose]This study empirically examines the cost behavior of R&D expenditures according to the level of strategic deviance of companies.
 [Methodology]In this study, we set up a research model based on Anderson et al.(2003) and conduct an empirical analysis on Korean listed companies from 2001 to 2022.
 [Findings]As a result of empirical analysis, we find anti－stickiness cost behavior in R&D expenditures from strategic deviance companies. This means that the higher the level of strategic deviance, the greater the tendency to excessively reduce R&D expenditures if the current sales is weaker compared to the previous year. In other words, it is interpreted that managers of strategic deviance companies have an incentive to significantly reduce R&D expenditures, which are mostly accounted for at current expenses, in order to increase the level of cash holdings.
 [Implications]This study will contribute to verifying that the cost behavior of R&D expenditures can change depending on the level of strategic deviance for Korean listed companies. In particular, it suggests that corporate strategies can have a significant impact on the decision－making of managers related to R&D expenditures, and that strategic deviance can increase uncertainty and risk of corporate performance.

일본 사립대학 재정구조와 운영 실태 분석

The purpose of this study is to analyze the financial structure and operation of Japanese private universities and the financial support systems of educational corporations and national and local governments to find implications for improving the financial structure of our private universities. In order to achieve the purpose of the study, previous research, Japanese Private School Law and related regulations, literature and statistical data from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Private School Promotion and Mutual Aid Foundation, and Association of Private Universities were analyzed.
 As a result of analyzing the financial structure and operation status of Japanese private universities, despite having a similar ｢private school law｣, there were many differences in the financial structure and operation. The implications for improving the financial structure of our private universities obtained through the analysis of the financial structure and operation of Japanese private universities are as follows.
 First, it is necessary to try to integrate the accounts of university and the accounts of corporation. Second, it is necessary to review ways to subdivide the tuition fee items. Third, it is necessary to reduce project expenses that should be used only for specific purposes and expand subsidies for current expenses. Fourth, it is necessary to consider introducing a grant-type scholarship system that directly supports students' living expenses. Fifth, it is necessary to promote the issuance of interest-free school bonds. Sixth, the accumulation of accumulated depreciation should be mandatory.

Budget revenue as a determinant of transparency level in federal universities of the central-west region: an analysis through general purpose accounting reports

Transparency as a means of providing public information is a governance practice that ensures citizens' right to access information. In the case of Federal Universities (FUs), as public institutions belonging to the Federal Executive Branch and as Units Providing Accounts (UPAs), one way to access their information is through the General Purpose Accounting Reports of Entities of the Public Sector (GPAR’s), made available on their respective websites. The objective of this study was to analyze the influence of Total Budget Revenue on the transparency index of accounting information of Federal Universities in the Midwest region of Brazil. In the first stage, to determine the level of transparency of the GPAR’s of FUs, a scale of intensity was used, resulting in UFGD and UFG with the highest performance (83.61% and 81.97%, respectively), followed by UnB (72.13%), UFMS (67.21%), UFMT (49.18%), UFJ (45.90%), UFCat (32.79%), and finally, UFR (18.03%). In the second stage, it was possible to understand that the variables Total Budget Revenue, Total Assets of FUs at the end of the period, and Current Expenses are negatively related to the level of transparency. On the other hand, Expenses with Active Personnel and Fixed Assets are positively related to the level of transparency. The study shows, however, that there are still tasks to be carried out and fulfilled so that FUs can be considered truly transparent, and not conditioned by certain variables.

Trends of development of Azerbaijan’s banking sector

Aim. To identify new trends in the development of the banking sector of Azerbaijan, one of the key links in the national economy of the country, based on the analysis of its condition in the last five years.Tasks. To analyse the mandate of the Central Bank of Azerbaijan (CBA), the structure of the country’s banking market, the level of banks’ capitalisation; to sum up the results of the analysis; to formulate proposals for improving the situation.Methods. The study relies on a systematic approach to solving the set tasks. The article presents different points of view of authors and analysts regarding reforms in the banking sector of Azerbaijan. The dialectical approach to the analysis of the main phenomena and regularities, as well as the systematic approach to the disclosure of the key factors of development of the national banking sector of the country served as the methodological basis of the study.Results. The main trends in the development of the banking sector of Azerbaijan were analysed, its current state was assessed, and the mandate of the CBA was determined. The research shows that the growth of the banking market, new trends in the expansion of banking services create significant qualitative changes in this market. During the year, the banking sector as a whole showed resistance to exogenous shocks.Conclusions. In the banking business of Azerbaijan, one of the special tendencies manifested in the activity of the banking services market is technological improvement and expansion of application of modern automatic systems. The analysis showed that in recent years, despite the growth of current expenses in the activity of banks, the most modern and productive communication technologies replacing labour-intensive processes are introduced. The mandate of the CBA was focused mainly on monetary policy, ensuring regulation and development of interbank centralised and other unlicensed payment systems. Monetary policy implemented by the CBA has been aimed at mitigating inflationary pressures. Although high global inflation remains risky in the context of uncertainty due to the global geopolitical and geo-economic situation, the accelerated recovery of economic growth, the country’s trade surplus and the increase in strategic foreign exchange reserves allow the macroeconomic environment of the financial system to remain stable.

Analysis of the Economic and Environmental Policy of Ukrainian Defence Industry Enterprises

Introduction. The regulation of economic and environmental impacts of the entire military-industrial complex is a cross-sectoral and international problem. At the same time, research in this area is rather fragmented, which reduces the effectiveness of systematic reviews of the security and defence sector in the context of the green economy. The relevance of the issue of greening the defence industry is significantly enhanced by the need to regulate and operate domestic defence industries in the context of the country's military operations.
 Aim and tasks. The aim of the study is to substantiate the economic mechanism for regulating the greening of enterprises of the defence industry of Ukraine.
 Results. The economic and environmental security requirements for defence industry enterprises are studied, as the activity of polluting sources of enterprises, including defence enterprises in Ukraine, has generally decreased, in 2021, emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere from stationary sources decreased by 9.0% compared to 2020, to almost 2.2 million tonnes, ammunition was disposed of (235.29 thousand tonnes of ammunition were disposed of from 2014 to 2020) and liquid rocket fuel (16.7 thousand tonnes of melange). In 2021, enterprises, organisations and institutions spent UAH 41.3 billion on environmental protection, compared to UAH 43.7 billion in 2020. Of the total environmental costs in 2021, 68% were current expenses and 32% were capital investments. The strategic directions of greening the defence industry enterprises have been identified, including the introduction of resource-saving technologies, environmental monitoring of environmental impact and reduction of the negative impact of the defence industry units.
 Conclusion. The realisation of the greening potential will help protect the country's natural resource potential under the influence of the defence industry. A system of measures should be developed to ensure the protection and restoration of natural systems at a certain cost. Given the importance of the defence industry for the country in the context of current external threats and armed conflicts in certain parts of the territory, it is necessary to develop a strategic vision of environmental security with the involvement of all relevant organisations and taking into account the degree of responsibility and motivation for eco-oriented management.

Гибридное технологическое оборудование: к вопросу рационального выбора объектов модернизации при проведении работ, связанных с дооснащением стандартной станочной системы дополнительным концентрированным источником энергии

Introduction. Improving the competitiveness of manufactured products is impossible without achieving high rates of resource and energy saving, while providing modern machine tools with the proper level of production flexibility in combination with guaranteed high values of processing productivity and the required level of parts manufacturing quality. Insufficient or excess capacity of technological equipment leads to a decrease in its economic efficiency, an increase in capital costs and, as a result, an increase in the cost of production. In the machine tool industry, which is a strategically significant and basic industry for the modernization of mechanical engineering, there is a special interest in the development of a new type of technological equipment that makes it possible to implement methods for modifying the surface layers of parts by processing it with concentrated energy sources. The combination of two processing technologies (mechanical and surface-thermal operations) in the conditions of integrated equipment makes it possible to level the shortcomings of monotechnologies and obtain new effects that are unattainable when using technologies separately. Ensuring an optimal level of quality — one of the unconditional requirements of a market economy — is a priority when developing the overall concept of technological equipment. Thus, it should be noted that the required and specific set of consumer properties are laid down during the design. And, therefore, the problem of quality optimization belongs to the field of forecasting and should be comprehensively addressed at the initial stage of developing the concept of technological equipment. The purpose of this research is to rationally choose the objects of modernization when carrying out work related to retrofitting a standard machine tool system with an additional concentrated energy source. Methods: Theoretical studies of the possible structural composition and layout of hybrid equipment during the integration of mechanical and surface-thermal processes were carried out taking into account the main provisions of structural synthesis and components of metal-cutting systems. During the research, issues related to the main provisions of system analysis, the geometric theory of surface formation, the design of metal-cutting equipment, methods of mathematical and computer modeling were raised. Results and discussion. Theoretical studies is found that currently, most of the parameter-oriented (dimension) series of general-purpose metal-cutting machines, built according to the law of geometric progression with a constant denominator, are the cause of multiple duplication of individual size ranges on machines of the same series. This gives grounds to talk about an unreasonable increase in the number of its members and, as a result, to an increase in the cost of designing, manufacturing and operating equipment. The authors adhere to the point of view that in order to ensure maximum efficiency of hybrid metal-cutting equipment, it is necessary to implement a parameter-oriented series built with a variable denominator. Such a principle of forming a parameter-oriented series makes it possible to provide an almost equal probability of processing a surface of any size with maximum productivity with a threefold overlap of ranges. Approbation of the technique for forming the structure of parametric series is carried out. It is theoretically proven that during the operation of vertical milling machines of the operating parameter-oriented series with the denominator φ = 1.26 (GOST 9726-89), there is a multiple overlap of individual size ranges, reaching a ninefold value in a certain range of sizes, which, of course, affects the efficiency of the existing machine tool holding. In turn, when synthesizing a promising parametric series of vertical milling machines with a cross table, it was shown that the new parameter-oriented series has a smaller number of members. Reducing the range of manufactured and modernized machine tools will increase the serial production and reduce current expenses on repairs and maintenance. Moreover, this effect is achieved while maintaining the flexibility of the machine tool holding.

The effect of open space maintenance spending on house prices

AbstractWe study the effect on housing values of cutting funding for the maintenance of local parks and recreational areas. It is the first study we find on house prices and park maintenance spending, and only the second open space study we find that uses regression discontinuity. We study tax votes with exogenous timing for renewing current expense spending on parks and recreation, adding to the vibrant literature on house price capitalization of environmental amenities. We find that otherwise similar communities that barely vote to cut taxes suffer an 11% drop in house prices, compared to communities that barely vote to renew tax funding. The capitalization discount grows to 13% and 16% in later periods. Voting against spending saves $70 a year for a typical house but cuts house values by over $30,000. We find stronger effects for large tax levies and more expensive houses.

РОЗВИТОК ФІНАНСОВОГО ПОТЕНЦІАЛУ ЗАКЛАДУ ІНДУСТРІЇ ГОСТИННОСТІ

The article examines the estimated indicators of the financial potential of the hospitality industry establishment. They include a set of financial resources, which constitute the sum of income and receipts for carrying out financial and economic activities. It is emphasized that, according to the company's financial statements, financial resources include revenue from sales, income from other activities, and the amount of passive capital or source capital. It was determined that financial resources are the material carrier of the system of economic relations. They form the financial potential and ensure the maximization of the financial result of the enterprise by directing them to the implementation of investment projects. This, in turn, contributes to the development of financial potential due to the net cash flows and income generated by these projects. Problems have been identified in the functioning of the "Green Grove" glamping site, which are connected with the limited number of places for accommodation and the lack of organized food for consumers. The directions for improving the activities of the glamping "Green Grove" have been determined, which include increasing the number of beds and seats by installing an additional glamping and opening a new functional unit for the provision of food services not only to guests living in the glamping, but also to visitors during the organization of daily service. An investment project for the development and improvement of the hospitality industry establishment was developed, and its financial and economic justification was carried out. The material and technical equipment of the additional glamping and the functional unit for the provision of food services has been calculated. The amount and structure of current expenses, as well as income and profit of the glamping "Green Forest" according to the investment project have been determined. The payback period of the project, the marginal profit, the marginal profit coefficient, and the critical volume of sales were calculated.

Federal spending planning in Germany: accuracy of projections

The article considers the decrease in the reliability of expenditures’ budgeting in Germany that has occurred in recent years. The author used the data on the formation and execution of a five-year financial plan for 2017-2021. The comparison of this plan with its execution was carried out in four profiles: total expenses by functional classification, total expenses by economic classification, current expenses by functional classification, capital expenses by functional classification. Using the same methodology, the author previously compared plans for 2002-2006, 2007-2011, 2012-2016 with their execution. The results of the calculations made it possible to identify areas with increased and decreased accuracy of budget planning, key areas of significant overspending of budget funds in 2020-2021 and reasons for the deviations. In addition, the author analysed the most important consequence of the deterioration in the accuracy of budget projections - the return to the deficit and net borrowings of the federal budget. The dynamics of expenses, net borrowings and the ratio of net borrowing to expenses in 2002-2021 and a plan for these parameters for 2022-2026 are presented. Based on the data reviewed, a conclusion was drawn about the critical importance of 2023 for restoring the lost reliability of federal spending planning.

Improving the system of the health national accounts in the Republic of Moldova

The article represents the research results concerning the methodologies of the Health Accounts System, the international classifications of the health services, the tables of the Health Accounts. The investigation, analysis and comparison results carried out by the author aims to establish the international classifications of the necessary health services for the Republic of Moldova, as well as the tables for the Health Accounts with the indicators sets production concerning the health current expenses and the dual matrices which represent the combinations between different classifications expenditures.