Current Divisions Research Articles

Seven Steps to Integrating Suicidology

The first and most obvious step required is the integration of biologically, psychologically, and socially orientated suicidology. We may not wish to admit it, but if we are honest, most of us are tempted to attend only the parallel sessions of suicidology meetings that focus on the aspects of suicidal ideation and behavior that we are familiar with, i.e., brain scientists attend biological sessions while psychodynamically oriented suicidologists attend psychotherapy-related research sessions. While the introductory and conclusive slides of each and every session stress the importance of understanding suicide as a complex phenomenon, inevitably these slides are given a different focus, based on the author’s own point of view. Examining, investigating, and presenting only in the context of our own background science does not really help promote an understanding of suicide as a complex phenomenon. In fact, it just serves to reinforce the self-perpetuating ideas and images obtained from a single perspective, rather than an understanding of the multidimensional shape of the real world we all live in. Suicidologists who attend only those sessions that relate to their own specialty need to broaden their horizons if they wish to be taken seriously. Changing the current sessional divisions in suicidology congresses, conferences, and meetings would benefit everyone. The biological, psychological, and social aspects of every session dealing with the suicidal process or vulnerability of developing suicidal behavior or any other integrated part of suicidology must be covered. An ideal goal for the not too distant future would be to ensure that everyone attends all accepted presentations. There was an attempt to do at the 11th European Symposium on Suicide and Suicidal Behviour, which had had its own benefits (Marusi2, Roskar, Zorko, & Sveticic, 2006).

The Hatos and Corrals: Considerations on the Spanish Colonial Territorial Occupation System in Cuba

abstractThis paper analyzes the Territorial Occupation System used by the Spaniards during the colonial period on the island of Cuba. This system is based on the creation of circular areas: (Hato) with a ratio of 2 leagues, and (Corral) with a ratio of 1 league.The study was accomplished in the following manner: 1) Study of the process of the Territorial Division of Cuba from the 15th to 20th century, 2) Analysis of the Hatos and Corrals using cartography of the AGI (The Archive of the Indies in Seville) and the creation of a database of the entirety of Hatos and Corrals in Cuba, 3) Study of several types, analyze the case of the county of La Havana, and their evolution until the present.The system of Hatos and Corrals was only used on the island of Cuba. After four centuries they did not survive as territorial units, but have a direct influence on the current territorial divisions of municipalities and counties.

A New US Approach to Europe? The Transatlantic Relationship after Bush

Although the NATO alliance has suffered from policy disagreements throughout its history, current divisions derive mainly from a shift in US grand strategy associated with the Bush Doctrine, which is based on assumptions of US hegemony, an assertive nationalist approach in relations with other states, including erstwhile allies, and the preemptive/preventive use of force. Although this approach has failed to achieve its objectives, the underpinnings on which it is based are deeply rooted in the American political psyche. Given the different interpretations of the security challenges facing the member states of the NATO alliance system, the deeply imbedded views of uniqueness and hegemony that characterize the American political psyche, and the likely unwillingness of the next generation of US political leaders to revise US policy so fully as to eliminate all aspects of recent US attitudes and behavior, it is highly unlikely that the close institutional relationships that characterized the cold war years will be an important feature of future US relations with European states.

Population Movement and Changes in Population in European Countries - Present State and Perspectives

Population Movement and Changes in Population in European Countries - Present State and PerspectivesThis paper aims at presenting the direction of changes and perspectives in populations and the movement of the population of Europe (as broadly defined) against the backdrop of the situation on other continents, as well as highlighting the internal diversity in terms of the realties of the current political divisions in Europe.

XII * Literature 1780-1830: The Romantic Period

If Jerome McGann has been the most influential critic of Romantic poetry over the last twenty-five years, Marilyn Butler runs him a close second. Published in 2006 was an important collection of essays in her honour (Repossessing the Romantic Past, edited by Heather Glen and Paul Hamilton), and the years work on Romantic poetry as a whole shows just how pervasive her influence has been. Butlers careful juxtaposition of major canonical pieces within a wider matrix of the minor, marginal, or non-literary, is well continued in a year which includes a massive increase in Southey studies, an important collection of essays on Robert Bloomfield, and work which opens up a series of contexts to poetry on forgery, plagiarism, visual art and encounters with Native Americans. Inevitably, the scope of a tribute to Butler exceeds the scope of a section covering only poetry, and this study is further discussed in other sections of this chapter. There are essays on everything from Maria Edgeworth to Mizra Abu Taleb Khan, but Shelley and Coleridge also feature. Michael Rossington skilfully reconstructs Shelleys Marlow coterie and the contours of the debate over the meaning of English republicanism. Shelleys Charles the First, Rossington argues, was composed in a spirit of republicanism which moved beyond the religious debates of the seventeenth century towards a Europeanizing, analytically detached republic. Paul Hamilton reopens the case of Coleridges philosophy, arguing that his Christianity strongly affected his approach to Continental philosophy. Coleridge offers a conception of discourse that, for Hamilton, troubles current divisions of writing into political, aesthetic, and scientific categories.

Critique Conscious and Unconscious: Listening to the Barbarous Language of Art and Design

This article addresses two linked questions. The first question is, ‘Is there an art school critique?’ The second question is, ‘How is the possibility of an art school critique bound up with the characteristics of art and design speech?’ In addressing these questions, I identify a ‘barbarous’ aspect to speech in art and design that produces the persistent problem of a division of language, manifest in current divisions of theory and practice. I trace the origins of this barbarism to the historical inclusion of art and design within the signifying structure of an educational metaphor, which bound the utilitarian wish for a bourgeois ‘revolution’ in pedagogy to the social relations of nineteenth-century capital. One of the radical possibilities introduced by this wish for a pedagogical revolution, was the potential for a specific form of ‘art school critique’. It is the failure to sustain this critical position within the contract between the art school and commodity capital, that has determined the subsequent fate of art school critique. I locate the high watermark and the fall of a specifically art school critique to the same moment, namely the brief and antagonistic encounter with capital and commerce adopted by Henry Cole and Richard Redgrave in their so-called ‘Chamber of Horrors’ exhibiting ‘Correct Principles of Taste’ at Marlborough House in 1852. The significance of Cole's ‘Chamber of Horrors’ is that of a moment of critical antagonism that was not repeated, because the relationship of the art school to commerce, capital and the commodity evolved differently from that moment on. Precisely because it was not repeated, we are compelled to remember this critical moment in a dissimulated form, through the inertia and deadlock of theory and practice.

SOLIDARITY OR COLONIALISM? THE POLEMIC OF “LABOR COLONIALISM” IN PUERTO RICO

Leaders of American‐based labor organizations in Puerto Rico aggressively supported a collective bargaining rights bill for public sector workers in 1998 because, so they argued, the new law would help organize the public sector. However, almost ten years after the approval of that bill, it has become patently clear that the law did not lead to new organizing in Puerto Rico. Rather, the law changed the institutional makeup of labor relations in Puerto Rico by providing American‐based labor organizations an opportunity to raid existing Puerto Rican labor organizations and become the exclusive representatives of public sector workers. Therefore, since the law was approved, a war between some American‐based unions and some Puerto Rico‐based labor organizations has ensued, one where the Puerto Rican unions accuse U.S. unions of being “labor colonialists,” while American‐based labor unions deny the accusations and label their critics as ultra leftists, splintering the labor movement and making it an ineffective defender of working class interests. Hence, the new law, far from delivering the hundreds of thousands of new union members that union leaders promised, has created a political nightmare for labor organizations in Puerto Rico. U.S. labor unions are at fault for contributing to the current divisions in the Puerto Rican labor movement, but all unions, including independent Puerto Rican unions, must find a way out of the deadlock to concentrate on their most important goal—represent their members and become effective leaders for the Puerto Rican working class.

JOE CREECH. Righteous Indignation: Religion and the Populist Revolution. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press. 2006. Pp. xxx, 232. Cloth $60.00, paper $25.00

Since the 2000 election, observers of the American political map, with its distinct “red” and “blue” swatches, have commented on the apparently undying affiliation of rural states from the Southeast to the Northwest with the Republican Party. Writers like Thomas Frank in What's the Matter with Kansas (2004) wonder aloud how these states could have traded the radical politics of the nineteenth century for the social and economic conservativism of the twentieth and twenty-first. After this year's mid-term elections, when some once-red states like Montana began to look blue again, the relationship between the legacy of radicalism and the landscape of contemporary politics in rural America became more confounding than ever. In this book, Joe Creech begins to untangle the web of rural politics in the Populist era in a way that can help us better understand our current divisions. Populism, he reminds us, has been the subject of intense historiographic debate: were these radical farmers proto-progressives as C. Vann Woodward and Lawrence Goodwyn would have had us believe, or were they the rabid anti-intellectuals and anti-modernists portrayed by Richard Hofstadter? Creech presents a significant new perspective on this debate, arguing that Populism may have seemed both liberal and conservative because it was strongly influenced by evangelical Protestantism, which was itself both a backward and forward-looking movement. Although he focuses on the southern branch of the Populist Party, and on its work in North Carolina in particular, Creech does occasionally point to the broader significance of his research. For example, he explains that given the importance of evangelical Protestantism to Populism, “the image of William Jennings Bryan, the ‘great commoner’-turned-fundamentalist, prosecuting John T. Scopes … is not as incongruous as it might seem at first glance” (p. 179).

Boundaries of the nation in the space of the urban: landscape and social memory in Istanbul

Kuzguncuk, Istanbul, is known for its small-scale neighbourhood landscape and its close social ties, as well as its multiethnic history. The Armenian church and the mosque in Kuzguncuk have become symbolic ‘evidence’, in popular culture, of past multiethnic harmony. A Muslim elite is restoring Kuzguncuk's historic houses and its neighbourhood culture. The production of Kuzguncuk's landscape is sustained by two interrelated nostalgic narratives: a narrative of multicultural tolerance; and the narrative of the neighbourhood, the mahalle, as the urban space of belonging and familiarity. However, the ‘lie of the land’ is that this landscape obscures a contentious and traumatic minority history, and gentrification is creating new social divides. Kuzguncuk's minorities are gone. The traumas they experienced during mid-century Turkification, as well as the current divisions of class and origin in Kuzguncuk, are denied in the popular narrative. This denial attempts to hide tension embedded in the national narrative of belonging. This study of the power dynamics shaping Kuzguncuk's landscape examines the terms of belonging, of being a ‘Turk’, in Turkey, a debate which both redraws and contests the boundaries of the nation in the space of the urban.

Genetic Variation among Subspecies of Least Tern (Sterna antillarum): Implications for Conservation

DNA sequence variation from two nuclear introns and part of the mitochondrial cytochrome-b gene were used to evaluate population structure among three subspecies of Least Tern that nest in the United States (California [Sterna antillarum browni], Interior [S. a. athalassos], Eastern [S. a. antillarum]). Sequence variation was highest for nuclear intron XI (Gadp) within the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene. The second nuclear intron was fixed for the same allele in all subspecies. Fixation indices, FST and MST, for Gadp indicated genetic divergence between California and Interior subspecies. Estimates of nuclear gene flow were <4 individuals/generation, except between the Interior and Eastern subspecies (4 individuals/generation). Genetic indices for mitochondrial DNA did not differ among subspecies, and gene flows (reflecting female dispersal) ranged from 10 to 83 individuals/generation. Reservations are expressed about the validity of the current subspecific divisions and further research is required, including their taxonomic relationship to the Little Tern (Sterna albifrons).

Coetzee, the Cape and the question of history

ABSTRACT This essay reconsiders JM Coetzee's much-cited “The novel today” address (1987), and argues that a return to the origins of his earliest fiction, Dusklands (1974), reveals a more complex and creative relationship to the discourses of history and historiography than Coetzee or his critics usually acknowledge (notable exceptions are Dovey 1988; Attwell 1993; and Green 1997). Beginning with the story of the nineteenth-century British naturalist and traveller William Burchell (whose influence on the writing of Dusklands will be discussed), the essay attempts to demonstrate something of the mutual adaptability and heterogeneity of history and fiction, of their textuality and transformation over the courseof history. More generally, this has implications for current disciplinary divisions and critical discourse; more specifically, it offers a challenge to our rather fixed configurations of Coetzee and the Cape.

Educating for Commitment: Insights from Postmodernity

Secular pluralism in contemporary culture and current theological divisions within churches have important implications for Christian education. This paper addresses the question of how religious commitments can be made and convictions held outside of polarizing and exclusionary understandings of truth, and without the presence of uncontested doctrines. What habits, practices and dispositions should Christians cultivate in this context? It brings resources from postmodern theology and philosophy into conversation with the Anglican tradition, in order to propose ways that Christian education can foster faith commitment in the midst of pluralism and disagreement. The best lack all conviction, while the worst Are full of passionate intensity.—W. B. Yeats, The Second Coming Out beyond ideas of wrongdoing and rightdoing, there is a field. I'll meet you there.—Rumi

Microsatellite markers reveal high allelic variation in natural populations of Cryptomeria japonica near refugial areas of the last glacial period

Using 11 microsatellite markers, we investigated the allelic variation and genetic structure of Cryptomeria japonica, across most of its natural distribution. The markers displayed high levels of polymorphism (average gene diversity=0.77, average number of alleles=24.0), in sharp contrast to the lower levels of polymorphism found in allozyme and cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence markers in previous studies. Little genetic differentiation was found among populations (F(ST)=0.028, P<0.001), probably because the species is wind-pollinated and long-lived. No clear relationship between Nei's genetic distances and geographical locations of the populations were found using the principal coordinate and unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic averaging analyses. The lack of such trends might be due partly to microsatellite homoplasy arising from mutation blurring the genealogical record. However, there was a trend towards high allelic diversity in five populations (Ashitaka, Ashiu, Oki-Island, Yakushima-Island-1 and -2), which are very close to, or in, refugial areas of the last glacial period as defined by Tsukada based on pollen analysis data and current climatic divisions. We postulate that these refugial populations might have been less affected by genetic drift than the other populations due to their relatively large size.

Ecotourism and Certification: Setting Standards in Practice

Review: Ecotourism and Certification: Setting Standards in Practice By Martha Honey (Ed.) Reviewed by Robert D. Hook University of Idaho, USA Martha Honey (Ed.). Ecotourism and Certification: Setting Standards in Practice. Washington DC: Island Press, 2002. 407 pp. ISBN 1-55963-882-6 (cloth); 1-55963-951-2 (paperback). US$45.00 cloth; US$27.50 paperback. Alkaline paper. Tourism and ecotourism are growing rapidly, compounding the stress on the environment as increasing numbers of people want to get out and enjoy the natural wonders of the earth. The problem becomes one of protecting the environment so that the tourism can be sustained. Over the past 12 years since the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) (called the Earth Summit) met in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, more than 100 worldwide certification programs have been started with the goal of developing guidelines for creating environmentally sustainable tourism programs. Ecotourism and Certification grew out of the Ecotourism and Sustainable Tourism Certification workshop held at Mohonk Mountain House in New Paltz, New York, in November 2000. Martha Honey is the program director of Ecotourism and Sustainable Development at the Institute for Policy Studies based in Washington D.C. She persuaded 21 authors from nine countries to write the chapters in this book. All of these people had participated in the Mohonk workshop. The purpose of the book is to help practitioners and academics understand the historical connections between ecotourism and certification, to clarify the distinctions between other forms of setting standards ... and to better interpret and analyze the current divisions and trends within the tourism certification movement industry (pp. 24-25). The book is divided into two sections. The first provides an overview and conceptual framework for the second. It discusses two certification methodologies: process versus performance; and the three types of current certification: conventional, sustainable, and ecotourism. The concepts and components of conformity assessment systems are explored in the second section, which is composed of eight case studies written by experts in their respective fields. These case studies are filled with information about different certification systems developed or being developed in nine countries on four continents. They highlight various interpretations of sustainable tourism and present a historical perspective and the potential challenges to ecotourism in each country. Many of these certification

Molecular phylogeny of Lysimachia (Myrsinaceae) based on chloroplast trnL–F and nuclear ribosomal ITS sequences

Both nuclear ribosomal ITS and chloroplast trnL–F sequences were acquired for 57 species (accessions) of Lysimachia and its close relatives, and were analyzed together with sequences retrieved from databases. The results of phylogenetic analyses based on these data (separately or combined) show that Lysimachia is paraphyletic, with the monotypic genus Glaux nested deeply inside. Previous suggestions that Anagallis and Trientalis could be ingroups of Lysimachia were not corroborated by our results. The molecular phylogenies do not support the current infrageneric divisions of Lysimachia. Subgenus Lysimachia contains at least five independent lineages. The Hawaii endemic subgenus Lysimachiopsis was shown to group with subgenera Palladia and Heterostylandra, instead of subgenus Idiophyton as previously suggested. The two North American representatives of Lysimachia, subgenus Seleucia and section Verticillatae of subgenus Lysimachia are group together as the most basal clade of the genus. Parallel and independent evolutions were inferred for morphological characters that were previously used as diagnostic criteria. Molecular phylogenies do not offer clear inferences on the overall historical biogeography of Lysimachia, but Southeast Asia origins of several clades, including the Hawaiian endemic clade and the Iberian Lysimachia ephemerum are strongly supported.

Seeing language: Bulgarian linguistic maps in the second half of the twentieth century

This article analyses the formation, elaboration and dissemination of the concept of the unitary Bulgarian linguistic space. It postulates that the borders of Bulgarian dialects, as conceived by Bulgarian linguists, transcend current political divisions and reach deep into the territory of neighbouring states such as Macedonia, Yugoslavia (Serbia), Greece, Turkey and Romania. The changing representations of language have been traced through a series of linguistic maps and atlases produced by Bulgarian experts in dialectology during the second half of the twentieth century but especially after the 1960s. The cartographic products of Bulgarian linguists served as containers and expressions of a renascent nationalist ideology which was steadily taking shape in Bulgaria during the last four decades.

Plagues and peoples revisited. Basic and strategic research for ingectious disease control at the intergace in the life, health and social sciences.

Basic and strategic research for infectious disease control at the interface of the life, health and social sciences

INTENTIONS OF BURIAL: MOURNING, POLITICS, AND MEMORIALS FOLLOWING THE MASSACRE AT SREBRENICA

In the aftermath of tragedy, memorials and gravesites are frequently constructed. Research needs to pay attention to the goals of mourners for such places. The 1995 massacre at Srebrenica in Bosnia-Herzegovina left over 7,000 Muslim men missing and presumed dead. Five years later, families fought to bury the remains that had been collected. Qualitative interviews with 67 people, including survivors and key informants were completed over thesummer of 2000. This article examines the intentions of the burial from the perspective of two groups of family members who lost loved ones: survivors who remain politically isolated and those involved in advocacy or political organizations. For the politically isolated, burial was important in reshaping individual mourning after mass death and in the face of unidentified remains. For those involved in advocacy groups, burial was a means of recognizing the past massacre, understanding the massacre's impact on current political divisions, and shaping future directions. Both mourning and political functions are elaborated on in the setting of Bosnian culture and society.

Mitochondrial variation and genetic differentiation in honey bees (Apis cerana, A. koschevnikovi and A. dorsata) of Borneo

To clarify the present state of genetic differentiation among local honey bees (Apis cerana, A. koschevnikovi and A. dorsata) living in Borneo, we conducted phylogenetic analyses of specimens using the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (CO1) sequences. The results confirmed previous findings that genetic differentiation among local groups of A. koschevnikovi was much greater than among A. cerana and A. dorsata. Moreover, the phylogeographic analysis divided A. koschevnikovi into three distinct groups in the areas studied, which contrasts with the current biogeographic divisions of Borneo. In addition, a past colonization of A. cerana from Java to the southern part of Kalimantan was suggested.

The engineering description of chalk: its strength, hardness and density

The description of chalk for engineering purposes is reviewed and recommendations are made for a refined method for the field determination of chalk strength, hardness and density. The proposed method incorporates field descriptions, the current CIRIA intact dry density divisions and the strength terms of BS5930:1999. The recommendations arise from work on chalk tunnels where it was found that the previous methods of field assessment gave unreliable results. Specific fieldwork was carried out to develop the proposed system on a wide range of Middle and Upper white chalks in southern England.