Banknotes Research Articles

Application of Big Data in Digital Currency and Blockchain Finance

With the rise of emerging economic models, the cryptocurrency system, centered on the internet and electronization, is gradually returning to its core functions — storage, data processing, and related services. The deep value of massive data lies in rapid mining to uncover its inherent patterns, which is not only crucial for the operation, regulation, and monetary policy implementation of cryptocurrencies but also serves as an essential support for the transition from paper money to digital currencies. Given this, this research plans to conduct a detailed exploration of the application of big data in the field of cryptocurrency and blockchain finance, aiming to contribute to the continuous progress of China’s financial industry.

Денежные знаки Юга России при А.И. Деникине: историографический обзор

The aim of the study is to present a historiographical review and identify the peculiarities of the issue and circulation of Rostov paper money signs of A.I. Denikin. The article examines the issuance of various banknotes in Southern Russia during the Civil War years, predominantly focusing on the Don rubles and Denikin’s currency. It is emphasized that, in comparison with other regional currencies, these notes remained relatively stable due to both their higher quality and a stringent exchange rate tied to the German mark (up until early 1919). Furthermore, A.I. Denikin himself understood the significance of the financial issue and endeavored to address the financial difficulties through various measures. However, scientists cite a number of reasons why a full-fledged solution to this issue could not be found, and Denikin’s money quickly lost value because of the unsecured issue. Scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that there is currently no separate article addressing Denikin’s banknotes which also includes a historiographical overview on this subject.

Empowering Informed Life Insurance Decisions: The Impact of Financial Literacy on Framing Effects

This study investigates the impact of financial literacy on consumers’ intention to purchase life insurance policies with a framing effect. Although life insurance companies use framing to nudge consumers, this marketing tactic fails to foster long-term relationships and informed decisions. The study introduced a financial literacy education comparing the benefits of life insurance with traditional banking instruments. Using a rating-based conjoint analysis experiment, the effects of financial literacy on premium and benefit framing were tested and analyzed with three-way ANCOVA and Hayes Process. Results indicate that financial literacy significantly increases purchase intention for policies with monthly premiums and aggregate benefits.

Ш. М. ТАЛЕЙРАН И МОДЕРНИЗАЦИЯ ФИНАНСОВОЙ СИСТЕМЫ ФРАНЦИИ В 1789 - 1791ГГ.

The article examines the financial problems of France in the period 1789-1791. At the end of the Ancien Regime, the state faced very serious problems in the financial sector: a huge public debt and an ineffective fiscal system. These problems, which accumulated over many years of absolutism, became one of the causes of the revolution. It is not surprising that the Constituent Assembly tried to resolve these issues as a matter of priority. Among the measures taken by legislators, it is worth noting the introduction of paper money - an assignat to ensure the sale of national property and the development of new progressive taxes. Charles Maurice Talleyrand was one of the representatives of those reformers who made a significant contribution to the creation of the new financial system of the kingdom. Having previously held the post of general agent of the clergy, the Bishop of Autun was well acquainted with the problems in the current sphere, which allowed him to draw the correct conclusion about the current state of the state's economy. The study shows Talleyrand's role in eliminating the tax burden of the Old Regime and the reformer's point of view on the introduction of assignats.

Chartalism in Ancient China: A Retrospective of Monetary Thought

Abstract Chartalism is an influential and continuous tradition of monetary thought in ancient China. It dates back to the earliest Chinese text on monetary thought and continued into the Qing Dynasty. A vast body of related literature can be found across ancient Chinese dynasties. Chartalism in ancient China had the following main propositions. First, money originated as an invention of ancient monarchs and is a creature of the state. The second is the nominal theory of money: useless metal can function as money and become a tool of state intervention in the economy through state support. Third, the right to issue money should be monopolized by the state; otherwise, the state's monetary policy will be interfered with by other currencies. Fourth, an important monetary policy is the government's buying and selling of commodities countercyclically by issuing and receiving money, thus stabilizing prices. Fifth, the circulation process of sovereign money consists of two parts: the state's minting of coins (or issuing of paper money) and spending are the outflow of money, and levying monetary taxes (or selling goods) is the inflow of money. The state stabilizes the value of money by intervening in the circulation process.

On the Paper Currency of the Central Workers' Cooperative "Gornyak" in Baku

On the Paper Currency of the Central Workers' Cooperative "Gornyak" in Baku

Design of a Smart Donation Box Based on IoT

This research, entitled "IoT-based Intelligent Charity Box Design", aims to develop a charity box system that utilizes the Internet of Things (Iot) technology to enhance public participation in charity. In this context, the charity box not only serves as a container for storing donations, but is also equipped with features that can automatically monitor and calculate the amount of money inserted. The system uses the Wemos D1 Mini as a microcontroller connected to the Internet, allowing users to access data in real time through a website. In addition, this smart charity box is equipped with a PIR sensor that detects motion and triggers sound on the DFPlayer, as well as a TCS3200 color sensor that counts the paper money entered. Thus, the research not only offers technological solutions, but also seeks to remind the public of the importance of charity in a more interactive and efficient way. The results of this research are expected to benefit the management of charity funds and raise social awareness in the community.

Hukum Penyediaan Jasa Uang Kertas Peribadatan Perspektif Fatwa DSN-MUI Nomor 112/DSN-MUI/IX/2017 Tentang Akad Ijarah

Mu`amalah al-ijarah transactions are permitted because they have many benefits for humanity, both in the form of objects (al-ijarah `ala al-a`yan) and in the form of services (al-ijarah `ala al-a`mal). The Tanjung Gusta Medan community carried out al-ijarah transactions in providing services for making paper money for Buddhist worship, even though it was clear that the matter was closely related to the faith and could violate Islamic law. This type of research is qualitative, the primary data sources are the results of observations and interviews, as well as DSN-MUI Fatwa Number 112/DSN-MUI/IX/2017 concerning the Ijarah Agreement. The research results showed that the motivation of the people of Tanjung Gusta Medan in providing services was due to several reasons, including because there was no work, there were no definite prohibitions, for reasons of tolerance. The concept of al-Ijarah states that the practice of mu`amalah in order to gain benefits from the presence of `iwadh (substitute), is permissible, and it is ensured that the object of the transaction is not something haram. The law on providing services for making banknotes for Buddhist worship from the perspective of DSN-MUI Fatwa Number 112/DSN-MUI/IX/2017 is haram, while the transaction practices carried out are void, because they violate Islamic law.

Desire at play: Tourism, credit cards and the American Express Money Card travel board game

This article analyses the American Express travel board game Money Card (1972) as it highlights the intertwinement between the rise of a distinctive form of tourism as a modern mass industry and the expansion of the capitalist market, the primacy of the dollar, and U.S. hegemony. In a period marked by a shift from paper money to credit cards and global credit markets, American Express was the most powerful and easily identifiable symbol of the new post-war international economic order dominated by U.S. economic and political power. Placing the American Express Money Card board game within the shift from the post-war economy of reconstruction to credit expansion and neoliberalism, brings to the forefront the ways in which the game presented tourism as a ritual in celebration of capitalism. As a form of armchair travel, the board game sold tourism as a re-enchantment of the world. The article explores how the board game framed the American Express Card as fetish object, portrayed Europe as up for sale, and created a desire for the services of American Express and consumerism more generally. It shows how players were trained to use credit cards, be good consumers, and participate in the economy of the tourist industry. By advancing a capitalist tourist dreamworld, Money Card shaped perceptions of travel to Europe and created a religious illusion, offering a re-enchantment of the world through tourism and credit cards.

The Power of Caricature, Caricatures of Power

Abstract This review article assesses three new books on the “Golden Age” of caricature in Britain and the United States: Tim Clayton’s James Gillray: A Revolution in Satire (2022), Amanda Lahikainen’s Money and Materiality in the Golden Age of Graphic Satire (2022), and Alison M. Stagg’s Prints of a New Kind: Political Caricature in the United States, 1789-1828 (2023). The article considers how satirical cartoons simultaneously educated and entertained the public about important issues, such as political corruption, nation building, and the perils of a credit economy based on paper money.

Manifestations of Infringement on the Public Authority's General Jurisdiction in Currency Issuance and Management from an Islamic Perspective

Objectives: This study aims to identify and analyse the forms of infringement on the sovereign right of public authority in the issuance and management of currency, particularly in the context of the fractional reserve banking system and the technological advancements facilitated by globalisation, which have enabled the creation and promotion of virtual currencies. Methodology: The study adopts a composite method that combines historical induction and logical reasoning to explore the forms of infringement on the general jurisdiction of the authority associated with both traditional and emerging forms of currency. Findings: The study concludes that safeguarding public authority's exclusive and disinterested right in currency issuance and management is a priority in Islamic legal policy. Such necessitates caution against forms of infringement that violate this right due to their impact on the fairness and efficiency of the monetary system. Originality: This research's originality lies in its characterisation of the generation of credit money and the issuance or mining of virtual currencies as contemporary forms of infringement on the authority's general jurisdiction, akin to the counterfeiting of paper money.

Zakat on paper currencies in Islamic jurisprudence

يعرض البحث بيان مفهوم الزكاة في اللغة والاصطلاح ثم الادلة المعتمدة في وجوب زكاة النقدين والشرائط المعتبرة في تعلق الزكاة بالنقدين، ثم اقوال الفقهاء في حكم تعلق الزكاة في العملات الورقية والرأي الراجح من عدم تعلق الزكاة في العملات الورقية الا على القول بالولاية العامة للفقيه

Pricing strategy based on a stochastic problem with barter exchange under variable promotional effort for a retail channel

Barter exchange platform gains popularity as an effective trade exchange strategy to minimize the vast use of paper money. In retail management, the application of the barter platform is growing because of cashless trade. It allows a retail enterprise to trade unused products in exchange for other assets purchased by reducing the actual purchase of assets. In this context, the study analyzes a stochastic model of a barter exchange problem under a retail channel. It investigates the barter exchange policy in three different models: conventional newsvendor model without barter exchange, with barter exchange, and with barter exchange with promotional effort and emissions level. The market demand for products is considered random and random with deterministic variables for three types of models. Stochastic models are solved in two different ways: with and without probability distribution functions of the random market demand. For maximization of the retailer's profit, the proposed framework obtains optimal decisions on ordered quantity, retail price, promotional effort, and emissions level. Five examples are tested and numerical results show that the barter exchange policy is more profitable than a traditional newsvendor model. A combination of stochastic and deterministic variable demand provides 34.31% more profit than a stochastic demand. Sensitivity analysis, discussions, and managerial insights are provided in detail on optimal decisions.

Nanoelectrode Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry.

A small ionization needle with an ultrasharp, ultrafine tip is introduced. It is lab-fabricated from tungsten wire and serves as a corona discharge emitter in nanoelectrode atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (nAPCI-MS). Tip radii ranged from 8 to 44 nm, up to 44× smaller than the sharpest previously reported corona needle. Because of this, nAPCI was able to operate at +1.0 kV with no auxiliary counter electrode. Alternatively, at +1.2 kV, nAPCI could be enclosed in a small plastic assembly for headspace analysis with a sampling tube attachment as long as 15 m. No added heat or gas flow was necessary. The efficacy of nAPCI-MS was demonstrated through needle durability studies and direct analysis of vapors from real-world samples. Provisional identifications include ibuprofen from a pharmaceutical tablet, albuterol aerosol sprayed from a medical inhaler, cocaine from paper currency, caffeine from a fingertip, and bisphenol E from a paper receipt.

Understanding the Decline of the US Dollar: Key Factors and Implications

This paper mainly focuses on the declining dominance of US dollar especially in the recent century and the role of different factors in this phenomenon. Recently decline is seen in the power of US dollar. The global dollar reserves faced so much pressure in recent times. Within two decades a sharp decline is seen in US dollar share of global currency reserves. This paper starts with the review on the factors that are causing the decline of US dollar. Many internal and external factors are causing this decline in dollar’s hegemony. These factors include external factors like de-dollarization, rise of other currencies like renminbi, euro, rise of China as a global power, rise of digital currencies, geopolitical risks, US sanctions on the Russia etc. and many internal factors like monetary policy given by US central bank, rising prices or inflation, demand for currency, economic growth, export prices, increasing federal debt etc. Countries mainly BRICS countries are moving towards de dollarization by proceeding their trade in their local currencies or currencies other than dollar, similarly rise of China as a big economic power also fastening this process as China increasing the scope of its renminbi, digital currencies also replacing paper currency effecting dollar’s hegemony, US sanctions on countries like Russia, Iran etc. also forcing states to move towards other banking systems. Likewise, US internal factors like inflation is on 40 years peak and federal debt rise up to 110% of GDP, economic growth is declining. These internal and external factors speeding up this process. As major world trade is still happening in dollar so decline in its dominance has a major impact on the global financial system. So, to study about its declining phenomenon is very important and this research mainly analyze on this declining trend of US dollar. The paper also looked at the short history of dollar that how it became the paper currency and how it emerged as main currency of the world. At the last of paper, I also talked about whether the decline of dollar is imminent? which is an important question asked by different economists and political analysts. These observations hint how the dollar’s hegemony is under threat.

Financial Technology for the Sustainable Development

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are the critical goals for every country in the world. A stable global financial system is needed these days to satisfy its duty to boost private capital mobilization to achieve sustainable development and steady economic growth. However, several obstacles limiting such financial mobilization have been identified by scholars, practitioners, and standard setters. In recent times digital transformation and advancement, specifically in the finance sector, include a wide range of technological developments, and applications such as blockchain, the Internet of things, big data, and artificial intelligence are promised to enhance performance in the financial sector. The potential of digital applications in the finance sector to resolve critical obstacles in financing for inclusive and sustainable growth becomes evident. Financial inclusion is indisputably one of the most significant processes towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals and FinTech is one of the best methods for these goals to be accomplished. The Fintech industry in India is rapidly expanding and the purpose of this paper is to discuss issues such as fintech drivers, shortcomings of traditional financial services, and the role of technological advancement. The paper also addresses issues relating to fintech investment and disturbance. Financial technology faces challenges such as investment management, customer management, and regulation. The paper examines the evolution of fintech in the banking sector over time. But as we are aware a country like India lacks proper infrastructure and management and the objectives of banking can’t not be attained easily. All the issues and challenges faced by the government and financial institutions have been discussed in this paper along with the important and different strategies adopted by them. The study is based on secondary data and a literature review. India has surpassed the global fintech adoption rate to promote financial transactions with the help of technology. Demonetisation and implementation of the GST (goods and services tax) have also played a major role in the adoption of financial technologies among the masses. Also, the announcement made by the government in 2017 to decrease the amount of paper currency in circulation has elevated its awareness. Blockchain is another financial technology that is being used in the industry. Out of the total “fintech” technologies, blockchain was developed for finance which is directly connected to financial institutions. The main aim of Blockchain in financial services is decentralization where we do not trust a third party to execute transactions. It includes services such as transferring funds between banks and companies. While trading in capital markets, innovative electronic trading platforms facilitate online trade and real-time transfers. Trading networks allow investors to observe the trading behavior of their peers and expert traders and to follow their investment strategies on currency exchange and capital markets. These platforms require either very little or no knowledge about financial markets. An automated financial advisor provides financial advice or online investment management with moderate minimal human intervention.

О выпуске бумажных денежных знаков 1926-го года Управления Треста «Азнефть»

For the first time in the article, paper currency signs of the year 1926 of the “Azneft” Trust Department are involved in the study. A brief history of the period, the social and public situation, and a list of private issues in Azerbaijan are provided on the basis of factual material—paper money signs. Indicating the main meaning of this material, the authors have collected and analysed information about the features, varieties, and place of printing of this issue. Also, color images of denominations, which were not previously known and not published, are presented for the first time to the attention of readers, and a complete and systematic catalog has also been compiled. The article is of interest to bonists, historians, collectors, and other interested parties. The main results of this research are used in research projects.

INTESTINAL PARASITE CONTAMINATION OF CIRCULATING MONEY IN THE ADMINISTRATIVE REGION OF RIACHO FUNDO II, FEDERAL DISTRICT, BRAZIL

Introduction: Enteroparasitic infections are a serious public health problem and often represent a burden to the economy of low and middle-income countries. Transmission can occur directly, via personal contact, or indirectly, by means of inadequate handling of objects or poorly sanitized surfaces. Coin and paper money, widely used in commercial areas, constitute a potential vehicle for the transmission of pathogens. Objective: To find out if cash money circulating in the administrative region of Riacho Fundo II, Federal District (Brasília, Brazil), is contaminated with cysts, eggs, or larvae of intestinal parasites. Material and Methods: Banknotes and coins from snack bars, bakeries, grocery stores, restaurants, butchers, and street vendors were parasitologically investigated. Results: Parasitological contamination was detected in 53% of 1,546 coins and in 10.5% of 183 banknotes ​​analyzed. Protozoan cysts were the predominant forms, with different diagnosed species – Entamoeba coli, Entamoeba hartmanni, Endolimax nana and Entamoeba sp. An egg of Ascaris lumbricoides was found in a paper note. Markets presented the highest prevalence of parasitic contamination in the circulating cash. Conclusions: Our data confirm the perception that money is an important vehicle for the transmission of intestinal parasites. Preventive measures, such as educational guidelines on proper hand hygiene and the appropriate use of cash, can have a positive impact in tackling the spread of enteroparasites.

"El evangelio del papel moneda de Miguel Antonio Caro: Dinero y poder en la Colombia decimonónica"

ABSTRACT: Miguel Antonio Caro is known as one of the most lucid conservative thinkers of nineteenth-century Latin America. His antiliberal thinking came to define what it meant to be a Catholic man of letters in Colombia and beyond. Today, he is mostly remembered for his work on linguistics, Latin translations, and the 1886 Colombian Constitution. However, Caro was also the most recalcitrant defender of paper money of his time. In press articles, he developed what can be described as a Hispanic Catholic theory of monetary signs. While he is often portrayed as an anti-modern ideologist, the financial dimensions of his writings reveal a very different picture. Vindicating a Spanish tradition of currency debasement that went back to Alfonso the Wise, the Colombian ultramontane conciliated his traditionalism with capitalism's global accumulation drive by equating paper money with God's infinite gift: the divine grace. He hence proposed a Catholic view of capitalist modernity that rejected the "evils" of utilitarianism but embraced Colombia's agro-exporter economic model as part of God's providential design. In his political-religious project, money is thus imagined as a key tool of the Christian oikonomia , that is, God's government of earthly affairs.

Hidden facts about circulated paper currency and microorganism contamination

Hidden facts about circulated paper currency and microorganism contamination