Cup Height Research Articles

Effect and control of path parameters on thickness distribution of cylindrical cups formed via multi-pass conventional spinning

In this study, an artificial neural network (ANN) model was constructed to investigate the relationship between the roller path parameters to form a cylindrical cup in multi-pass conventional spinning and the thickness distribution throughout the height of a workpiece. Furthermore, the path parameters that simultaneously realize multiple target values of the workpiece dimensions were calculated instantly by the iterative solution based on the constructed model. A systematic design of the path parameters for a constant thickness distribution was established as follows. First, the roller path was expressed using 12 parameters. Second, the workpieces were spun under various experimental conditions, which were determined by partial randomization of the orthogonal array based on the Taguchi method. Third, an ANN model was trained by considering seven path parameters as inputs and five forming result values as outputs (cup height, wall thickness at 25%, 50%, and 75% of the cup height, and residual path length). Finally, the path parameters required for realizing a constant thickness were determined using an ANN model with an iterative solution. Although several samples of the training dataset exhibited non-uniform thickness distributions, the workpieces that were spun under the parameters obtained via iteration exhibited a constant thickness distribution. The parameters responsible for stretching the material in the radial direction significantly affected the thickness distribution. The most influential parameter was the increment in the axial start position for each curved pass.Graphical abstract

Immediate comfort perception of 3D-printed foot orthoses in individuals with unilateral heel pain.

Background:Custom-made foot orthoses (FOs) play an integral part in managing foot disorders. Traditional FO fabrication is time-consuming and labor intensive. Three-dimensional (3D) printed FOs save time and cost compared with the traditional manufacturing process. To date, the differences in dimensions and comfort perception of these orthoses have not been compared in a pathological population.Objective:Compare the dimensions between 3D-printed and traditionally made FOs and comfort perception between 3D-printed, traditionally made, and no FOs in individuals with flatfeet and unilateral heel pain.Study design:Within-subject single-blinded randomized crossover study design.Methods:Thirteen participants had custom-made FOs using 3D-printing and traditional processes. Orthotic lengths, widths, arch heights, and heel cup heights were compared. Participants performed walking trials under three conditions: (1) no orthoses, (2) 3D-printed orthoses, and (3) traditionally made orthoses. Comfort perception was recorded. Orthotic dimensions were compared using paired t tests, and comfort perception were compared using one-way multiple analysis of variance and Bonferroni post hoc tests.Results:Three-dimensional–printed orthoses were wider, have higher arch heights, and heel cup heights compared with traditionally made FOs (medium to large effect sizes). There was a difference in comfort perception between the three orthotic conditions, F(12,62) = 1.99, P = 0.04; Wilk Λ = 0.521, ηp2 = 0.279. Post hoc tests show that there is no difference in comfort perception between the 3D-printed and traditionally made FOs. Both FOs were significantly more comfortable than no orthoses.Conclusions:Three-dimensional printing seems to be a viable alternative orthotic fabrication option. Future studies should compare the biomechanical effects of 3D-printed and traditionally made FOs.

Predictive investigation on earring profiles of aluminum alloy sheet with a cylindrical-cup drawing test

In this work, two anisotropic yield models, namely, Hill’48 and Yld2004-18p, in combination with the Swift hardening law are proposed to predict anisotropic plastic deformation of sheet metals. Cup earring, widely known to occur in sheet material with great anisotropy, is employed as a model performance checker. As a result, cylindrical-cup drawing tests are carried out in this investigation. Meanwhile, highly-anisotropic aluminium alloys like AA2090-T3 and AA5052-H32 are introduced here to verify the model. The proposed models are implemented through a Fortran-based UMAT subroutine, run in the commercial finite element platform ABAQUS/IMPLICIT, on which all process simulations of cylindrical-cup drawing are executed. Two additional analytical models, one based on the anisotropy coefficients (R-values) and the other on the uniaxial yield stresses, are also included in this research to determine cup earring profiles for comparative study. Eventually, all computational results are experimentally validated. Among all calculation results, the Yld2004 18p-based simulation results agree the most with those from the experiments in terms of cup height and earring profiles especially for AA2090-T3. The other three models, in the meantime, return challenging results. In summary, the Yld2004 18p yield model in cooperation with the Swift hardening law is to a certain extent reliable for plasticity calculation of vastly-anisotropic sheet metal like AA2090-T3 but less dependable for AA5052-H32.

Comfort perception of 3D printed orthotics in individuals with symptomatic pes planus

Introduction: Custom-made foot orthoses are an integral part of managing of foot disorders in individuals with symptomatic pes planus (flat feet). Traditional orthotic fabrication is time-consuming and labour intensive. Technological advancement means that the orthotic design process can be automated, and manufacture could include the use of 3D printing. Purported benefits include reduced design and manufacturing time, ability to replicate subsequent orthotic devices, a reduction in waste production and improved fit and comfort. This study compared the structural dimensions of 3D printed and traditionally-made foot orthoses, and comfort perception in individuals with symptomatic pes planus. Methods: Thirteen flat-footed individuals with unilateral heel pain participated in this study. Participants’ feet were measured using a foot scanner and plaster casting. Foot scans and plaster casts were sent to a single orthotic laboratory which produced a 3D printed and a traditional foot orthotic device. Orthotic length, width, arch height and heel cup height were measured using callipers. Following fitment, participants performed three walking trials 1) no orthoses, 2) 3D printed orthoses and 3) traditionally-made orthoses. Comfort perception was recorded with a comfort survey on a scale of -50 (most uncomfortable) to +50 (most comfortable), with ‘zero’ being neither comfortable nor uncomfortable. Paired t-tests examined differences in orthotic dimensions and one-way ANOVA was used to analyse comfort perception. Statistical significance was accepted at p<0.05. Results: Traditionally-made orthoses were narrower (p<0.001), had lower arch heights at the sustentaculum tali (p=0.005) and navicular (p=0.003), and lower heel cup height (p<0.001) compared to 3D printed orthoses. There was no difference in orthoses length (p=0.286). A significant difference in comfort perception in overall experience (F(2,36) = 4.81, p =0.014), heel cushioning (F(2,36) = 6.20, p =0.005), forefoot cushioning (F(2,36) = 6.30, p =0.004), medio-lateral control (F(2,36) = 8.17, p =0.001), arch support (F2,36 = 11.16, p <0.001) and heel cup fit (F(2,36) = 12.45, p <0.001) was observed. Post hoc tests with Bonferroni correction revealed that 3D printed orthoses and traditionally made orthoses were both rated more comfortable than no orthoses. There was no difference in ratings between 3D printed orthoses and traditionally-made foot orthoses. Discussion: Traditionally-made orthoses are narrower, have lower arch heights, and have lower heel cup heights compared to 3D printed orthoses. These differences do not affect the comfort perception in wearers with symptomatic pes planus. 3D printing appears to be a viable alternative orthotic fabrication option but future studies comparing the biomechanical impact of 3D printed orthoses is needed. Conflict of interest statement: My co-authors and I acknowledge that we have no conflict of interest of relevance to the submission of this abstract.

On the Effect of Through-Thickness Integration for the Blank Thickness and Ear Formation in Cup Drawing FE Analysis

Various numerical parameters such as element size, mesh topology, element formulations effect the prediction accuracy of sheet metal forming simulations and wrong selection of these parameters can lead to inaccurate predictions. Therefore, selection of proper numerical parameters is crucial for obtaining of realistic results from finite element (FE) analyses. In the present work, influence of the number of through-thickness integration points from the numerical parameters was investigated on the cup drawing simulation. Highly anisotropic AA 2090-T3 aluminum alloy was selected as test material and the anisotropic behavior of the material was defined with Barlat 91 yield criterion. Firstly, cup drawing model was created with implicit code Marc and then FE analyses were performed with five, seven and nine layers to investigate the effect of number of through-thickness integration points. The computed earing profiles and thickness strain distributions were compared with measurements. Comparisons showed that it effects the maximum cup height and thickness strain distribution along the rolling direction.

Three-dimensional-printed custom-made hemipelvic endoprosthesis for the revision of the aseptic loosening and fracture of modular hemipelvic endoprosthesis: a pilot study

BackgroundThe aims of this pilot study were (1) to assess the efficacy of 3D-printed custom-made hemipelvic endoprosthesis in restoring the natural location of acetabulum for normal bodyweight transmission; (2) to evaluate the short-term function of the revision with this endoprosthesis and (3) to identify short-term complications associated with the use of this endoprosthesis.MethodsBetween February 2017 and December 2017, seven patients received revision with 3D-printed custom-made hemipelvic endoprosthesis. The body weight moment arm (BWMA) and cup height discrepancy (CHD) after primary and revisional surgery were analyzed to assess acetabulum location with plain radiography. After a median follow-up duration of 29 months (range 24–34), the function was evaluated with the Musculoskeletal Tumor Society (MSTS-93) score and Harris hip score (HHS). Complications were recorded by chart review.ResultsThe acetabulum locations were deemed reasonable, as evaluated by median BWMA (primary vs. revision, 10 cm vs. 10 cm) and median CHD (primary vs. revision, 10 mm vs. 8 mm). The median MSTS-93 score and HHS score were 21 (range 18–23) and 78 (range 75–82) after the revision. No short or mid-term complication was observed in the follow-up of this series.ConclusionsRevision with 3D-printed custom-made hemipelvic endoprostheses benefited in reconstructing stable pelvic ring and natural bodyweight transmission for patients encountering the aseptic loosening and fracture of modular hemipelvic endoprosthesis. The revision surgery and appropriate rehabilitation program improved patients’ function to a median MSTS score of 22 and pain-free ambulation. The incidence of the complications was low via this individualized workflow.

On the effect of the ratio between the yield stresses in shear and in uniaxial tension on forming of isotropic materials

It is generally believed that the choice of the yield criterion used to describe the plastic behaviour of isotropic metallic materials does not affect much the accuracy of the predictions of forming operations. For this reason, the von Mises yield criterion is used for modelling the plastic behaviour. However, according to the von Mises yield criterion, irrespective of the material, the ratio between the yield stresses in simple shear and in uniaxial tension is the same. In this paper, it is presented a numerical study which reveals that even for one of the simplest deep drawing processes, namely the forming of a cylindrical cup, the yielding description influences the predictions of the plastic strains and the final profile of the part. For the description of yielding, an isotropic yield criterion which allows to differentiate between isotropic materials was used. Specifically, this yield criterion involves a parameter α which is expressible solely in terms of the ratio between the yield stresses in shear and in uniaxial tension; for α = 0 it reduces to the von Mises yield criterion. The results of the numerical study are revealing and are believed to provide a new point of view when considering material requirements for drawing performance and models to be used for prediction of the plastic behaviour in deep-drawing processes. From the analysis of the loading paths that the materials experience during the forming of the cup, it appears that the prevalent belief that the yielding properties in the tension-tension quadrant of the yield surface dictate the final profile should be reconsidered. Indeed, the simulations results indicate that for isotropic materials characterized by α > 0 (σT/τY>3), the cup height is greater than for a von Mises material (α = 0), which is higher than the one obtained for materials with α < 0 (σT/τY<3), i.e. lower values of the ratio between the yield stresses in shear and in uniaxial tension lead to greater cup heights. It is shown that this is mainly related to the plastic deformation of the material initially located in the flange region, which is dictated by the shape of the yield surface in the compression-tension quadrant (i.e. normal to the yield surface in the region between uniaxial compression and pure shear stress states).

Experimental determination of the Hosford yield function exponential parameter for metal plates

The Hosford yield function can be used to describe both the plastic yield and plastic deformation of metal plates very well when the value of its exponential parameter $$\eta$$ is known. The values of $$\eta$$ for BCC and FCC metals have been determined to be 6 and 8, respectively, based on the Taylor crystal plasticity model. However, an effective experimental method has not been developed to determine the value of $$\eta$$ for metal plates. This work addresses the above issue by developing an experimental method for determining the value of $$\eta$$ for metal plates based on a theoretical model. Deep drawing experiments are conducted with 0.8 mm thick 5052 aluminum alloy plates, and the experimental value of $$\eta$$ is determined according to the theoretical model based on the experimentally measured thickness anisotropy coefficient, the known drawing coefficient, and the radial elongation ratio of the drawing cup obtained during the deep drawing experiments. The experiments yield an $$\eta$$ value of 8.02 for the aluminum alloy plates. The experimental value is verified by applying it within deep drawing simulations using Dynaform software based on the finite element method. The simulated cup height is in good agreement with the experimentally derived cup height. The value of $$\eta$$ can be determined for metal plates through deep drawing experiments based on the proposed methodology.

Nonisothermal Warm Deep Drawing Behavior of Automotive Grade Aluminum Alloy Sheets

In this work, thermomechanical FE modeling of nonisothermal warm deep drawing of automotive grade AA5754 and AA6082 aluminum alloy sheets were performed. The deformable blanks were modeled using temperature dependent Cowper-Symonds constitutive equation along with Barlat-89 yield criterion. The predicted cup heights, earing, % thinning and surface strain distributions were successfully validated within acceptable error of 5%. The development of earing profile, cup thinning pattern and surface strains along 0°, 45° and 90° from rolling direction (RD) were plotted using the validated data. The ear profile developed in AA5754 cups was prominent compared to AA6082 due to relatively higher anisotropy at elevated temperatures. Thickening was more prominent along 45° to RD for AA5754, whereas thinning was higher in this direction for AA6082 material. The strain states developed at cup corner along plane strain condition was lower than the FLD0 values of materials. Thus there was uniform surface strains at cup corner indicating the improved ability of material to withstand more deformations. Comparatively, AA5754 exhibited relatively better formability compared to AA6082 material.

Effect of different concentrations of corn starch and whey protein on the characteristics of biodegradable cup

An attempt was made to prepare a composite biodegradable cup using corn starch, whey protein, carboxymethyl cellulose and glycerol. For biodegradable cup formation, corn starch (5-7%), WPC-35 (1.5-3%), CMC (0.5-2%) and glycerol (2-4%) range was selected. To decide upon temperature at which the cup forming solution attains final viscosity, samples were tested under rapid visco analyser to conclude that layering was enabled at 50oC. Based on observations three best biodegradable cups combinations were selected Sample A (corn starch 7%, WPC-35 3%, Cellulose 2%, glycerol 2.5%); Sample B (corn starch 7%, WPC-35 2%, Cellulose 2%, glycerol 2.5%); Sample C (corn starch 7%, WPC-35 3%, Cellulose 2%, glycerol 4.0%). Properties like thickness, solubility, water vapour transmission rate, viscosity, moisture, lightness were studied for three samples to select the final cup. Based on observation, Sample C's final composition was selected as corn starch 7%, WPC-35 3%, cellulose 2%, glycerol 4.0%. The value for thickness, solubility, WVTR, moisture and lightness was observed as 0.5±0.025mm, 48.50±0.66%, 1.14±0.086g/m2/hr, 7.74±0.16%, 41.96±1.86 respectively. The lower diameter of the cup was observed as 5.5cm, upper diameter 7.5cm and height of cup was observed as 4.0 cm with the capacity of the final cup as 55.5ml/47.1gm.

Experimental and numerical studies on the influence of formability of AISI 316L tailor-welded blanks at different weld line orientations

The manufacturing industries are keen on understanding the effect of weld line orientation on the formability characteristics of tailor-welded blanks (TWBs) with sheets for the design and manufacture of structures with lightweight. The AISI 316L sheets of 2 mm and 1.6 mm were welded together by cold metal transfer (CMT) process using a welding current of 95 Amperes and a welding speed of 350 mm/min to fabricate TWBs. Two different TWBs were made with the welding line parallel to the rolling direction RD (WL||RD) and the weld line perpendicular to the RD (WL⊥RD). The quality of the TWBs was evaluated by microstructural examination, mechanical integrity by tensile, hardness and Erichsen cupping test with laboratory-scale specimens. The engineering stress–strain plot and formability characteristics of the TWBs were considerably influenced by the weld line orientation with respect to the RD. It was noticed that the formability of TWBs decreased slightly compared to the base metal (BM) and fracture appeared in the thinner region (1.6 mm side), away from the weld line. Finite element (FE) prediction of Erichsen cup height was performed with ABAQUS software considering the weld metal properties. FE analysis using Johnson–Cook damage criterion predicted a cupping height that showed good coherence with experimental measurements for BM and TWBs with an error percentage less than 5. The stress distribution was non-uniform in the deformed TWBs with more stretching, and the magnitude of deformation was higher in the thinner region.

Earing Reduction by Varying Blank Holding Force in Deep Drawing with Deep Neural Network

In the present study, we propose a novel method of varying blank holding force (BHF) with the segmental blank holder and investigated its influence on the earing reduction in the circular deep drawing process of an aluminum alloy sheet. Based on the analysis of cup height profile, the principle of varying BHF using segmental blank holder was presented and analyzed by analytical theory and numerical simulation. The optimal varying BHF was reasonably determined and compared by using the analytical model and deep neural network (DNN) model integrated with genetic algorithm (GA). The integrated DNN-GA model revealed an accurate prediction and optimization of varying BHF for the minimum earing height variation, which showed a superior result to the analytical model. The optimal varying BHF exhibited a significant influence on the earing formation, resulting in the noticeable decrease of earing height variation. For volume consistency, it was found that an increase in thickness at the cup wall region predicted with the optimal varying BHF was achieved in the transverse direction, which implies an improvement of deep-drawability. Such results indicate that the varying BHF is more reasonable and effective than the uniform BHF. Furthermore, the material properties of the blank sheet also affected the reduction of earing in the deep drawing with varying BHF. The present study revealed that the lower the material strength, the more significant the earing reduction in the deep drawing with varying BHF will be.

Prediction of Earing of Hot-Rolled Al Sheets from Pole Figures

The formation of uneven cup heights during deep drawing is called earing. This phenomenon is caused by the planar anisotropy of formability in sheets, which is the result of crystallographic texture. In addition to analytical and finite element methods, a simple and quick method was developed recently to predict the earing profile of Al sheets solely from the data of {200} pole figures. So far, the method was applied on final state sheets cold rolled to 0.3–3 mm thickness and subsequently annealed. Within this manuscript, the earing prediction method is applied on 3003 type Al sheets with the thickness of ~6 mm, being in the hot-rolled state. Texture examinations were performed at different depths, from which earing profiles were calculated. For comparison, earing profiles were calculated from Lankford values that were determined by tensile tests. It is shown that in the case of hot-rolled Al sheets, if the grain structure is uniform across the thickness of the sheet, the earing profile can be appropriately calculated from the full {200} pole figure obtained from surface X-ray Diffraction (XRD) texture measurements.

Minimizing the Use of Polyethene inside Paper Coffee Cups

Although made of paper, most coffee cups are not recycled because of the polyethene covering their internal surface area (1, 2). Instead, they are sent to landfills where they break down into microplastics and negatively impact organisms after entering the food chain (2, 3). This is an especially alarming issue due to the extensive usage of paper coffee cups around the world. As a result, many global companies have been searching for an eco-friendly cup that eliminates the use of polyethene, a challenge that remains unresolved to this day (9). While the search continues, many businesses have relied on temporary strategies to reduce polyethene production until a design that eliminates its use is developed (9, 10, 11, 12). Two major methods include public awareness and promotion of reusable cups (2). However, these approaches have only resulted in minor changes due to their reliance on customer cooperation (2). To guarantee polyethene reduction, this report proposes a strategy that is independent of customer cooperation. This method determines the dimensions (i.e., height and bottom radius) that minimize the amount of polyethene needed to coat the internal surface area of a cup, while keeping the cup’s volume and lid size (i.e., top radius) the same. The resulting equation gives the surface area of the cup while the root to the first derivate of this equation corresponds to the optimal bottom radius. Using a derived equation for height, the optimal cup height is determined as well. To highlight its proper implementation, this strategy is applied to a Starbucks Grande coffee cup as a model for other companies to follow.

Prediction of Earing of Aluminium Sheets from {111} Pole Figures

Crystallographic texture causes anisotropic formability of metal sheets, which results in the formation of uneven cup heights during deep drawing, called earing. Over the past decades, several methods had been developed to predict the earing behaviour of aluminium alloys. These methods are rather complex and can only be applied within strict sheet thickness ranges. Recently, a simple method has been presented and successfully applied on different sheet thicknesses. The method relies solely on {h00} type pole figure data. However, it is desired to be able to predict earing from other reflections as well. In this manuscript, a method which predicts the type and magnitude of earing only from the data of {111} pole figure measurements, is presented. The method was applied on a series of 0.3 and 3 mm thick cold rolled and annealed aluminium sheets, exhibiting rolling and recrystallization textures and the combination of these. It is shown that the proposed method gave similar results to those of deep drawing tests. It is concluded that using the presented method, the earing of aluminium sheets can be characterized solely from {111} pole figure measurement data.

Experimental and numerical analyses of carbon steel sheet metal forming process using strain rate dependent friction model

Abstract The main objective of this study is to test experimentally and model numerically the forming process of a carbon steel cylinder including deep drawing, walls ironing, and annealing steps. The experimental tests were conducted using two drawing and ironing rings separated by a spacer ring. The geometric modeling of various stages of formation was conducted by applying the finite element method (FEM). The results obtained from the finite element model were compared and verified with the experimental tests. The output results showed a good agreement with the experimental tests. In addition, the effects of the forming parameters such as drawing speed on residual stresses and drawing force and cup height were investigated through FEM in two friction modes: strain rate-dependent coefficient of friction model and constant coefficient of friction. The results show that the coefficient of friction has a major effect on the drawing force and the wall thickness reduction.

Optic Disk and Cup Segmentation Through Fuzzy Broad Learning System for Glaucoma Screening

Glaucoma is an ocular disease that causes permanent blindness if not cured at an early stage. Cup-to-disk ratio (CDR), obtained by dividing the height of optic cup (OC) with the height of optic disk (OD), is a widely adopted metric used for glaucoma screening. Therefore, accurately segmenting OD and OC is crucial for calculating a CDR. Most methods have employed deep learning methods for the segmentation of OD and OC. However, these methods are very time consuming. In this article, we present a new fuzzy broad learning system-based technique for OD and OC segmentation with glaucoma screening. We comprehensively integrated extracting a region of interest from RGB images, data augmentation, extracting red and green channel images, and inputting them to the two separate fuzzy broad learning system-based neural networks for segmenting the OD and OC, respectively, and then calculated CDR. Experiments show that our fuzzy broad learning system-based technique outperforms many state-of-the-art methods.

A novel deep drawing process for aluminum alloy sheets at cryogenic temperatures

Abstract To overcome the low drawability of aluminum alloy sheets at room temperature (RT), a novel deep drawing process at cryogenic temperatures is proposed. Uniaxial tensile tests were carried out at RT, −130 °C, −150 °C, −160 °C and −196 °C, respectively, and the desired temperature of cryogenic deep drawing was obtained. Based on a newly-designed cryogenic deep drawing system, deep drawing experiments of an Al-Cu-Mn alloy sheet were conducted at different cryogenic temperatures. The material flow, drawing ratio, drawing load, thickness distribution and Vickers microhardness of the drawn cups at both RT and cryogenic temperatures were discussed in detail. It was found that the deep drawability was significantly enhanced as the temperature decreased to −160 °C. The limiting drawing ratio at RT was 1.80, while that at −160 °C increased by 15.6% to 2.08. Similarly, the average cup height (89.5 mm) at −160 °C was found to be 50.2% higher than that at RT (59.6 mm). The cryogenically drawn cups exhibited slight localized thinning, uniform thickness distribution, and a large drawing height and drawing load. In addition, the enhancement of the deep drawability was illuminated via microstructural observations of the fracture morphology and dislocation evolution at cryogenic temperatures.

Evaluation of friction using double cup and spike forging test for dry-in-place coating and forming oils

The friction characteristics of lubricants were evaluated using the double cup and spike forging tests. Friction calibration curves, i.e., plots of cup height ratio vs. punch stroke and spike height vs. punch stroke, were established through finite element (FE) simulations considering various friction factor values. The friction factor of the lubricants was determined by matching the relationships of the cup height ratio and spike height with the punch stroke obtained from experiments to those obtained from the FE simulations. Under the lubricating condition of dry-in-place coating with forming oil, the results showed that different tribo-testing methods yielded different friction factors. The friction factor determined was applied in the FE simulation of a cold forging process of a claw pole.

Formability and fracture in deep drawing sheet metals: Extended studies for pre-strained anisotropic thin sheets

In this study, experimental and numerical investigations were conducted to predict the formability and fracture behavior of as-received and pre-strained sheet materials during deep drawing process. In this context, various laboratory scale experimental setups were developed to impart different types and amounts of pre-strain such as 5% and 10% equi-biaxial pre-strains (5% EBP and 10% EBP), 10% plane strain pre-strain (10% PSP), and 10% uni-axial pre-strain (10% UP) on the extra deep drawing (EDD) steel and aluminum alloy (AA5052) sheets of 1.2 mm thickness. Further, all the pre-strained sheet samples were deformed using a cylindrical deep drawing setup. The forming limit diagrams (FLDs) of as-received sheets were predicted by the Marciniak–Kuczyński (MK) model incorporating different anisotropic yield functions such as Hill48 models identified based on r-values (Hill48-r), and yield stresses (Hill48-σ), and the non-quadratic plane stress Yld2000-2d model. Also, the Bao–Wierzbicki (BW) fracture curve was calibrated using different anisotropic yield functions. Subsequently, the formability in terms of limiting drawing ratio (LDR) was predicted using the MK-FLD. The BW fracture curve was incorporated into the generalized incremental stress state dependent damage model (GISSMO) platform in LS-Dyna software and the fracture behavior was predicted in terms of failure location and cup height at the onset of fracture. It was also found that the incorporation of Barlat Yld2000-2d yield function into the FE simulation efficiently predicted the necking and fracture behavior of as-received sheets. Furthermore, the concept of path independent polar effective plastic strain (PEPS) based failure model was used to predict LDR, thinning profile and fracture cup height of all the different pre-strained sheets. Finally, the strain paths and experimental fracture strains were plotted in 3D fracture locus to get insight into the deformation behavior during the deep drawing experiments.