Process Of Cultural Production Research Articles

Da compra de produtos e serviços culturais ao direito de produzir cultura: análise de um paradigma emergente

Cultural activities are normally financed according to two classic paradigms: government funding and market financing. The former consists of direct state action or funding of civil society's cultural practices with state resources; the latter is anchored in the liberal or neoliberal tradition, the most recent expression of which involves the dominant currents of the creative economy. Based on a theoretical review and the analysis of two Brazilian policies - the Cultura Viva or Living Culture program and the Law for the Promotion of Theater in the city of Sao Paulo - we argue that these experiences constitute the genesis of a third paradigm that we identify and develop. This paradigm does not seek to finance cultural products per se, but the cultural production process, and thus aims to establish a social right, namely the right to produce culture.

City present in city past: Rafael Chirbes’ cartographic imaginary

Abstract This article examines Rafael Chirbes’ 1994 novel Los disparos del cazador in relationship to important transformations of Madrid’s built environment from the 1940s to the middle of the 1990s. Using as a point of departure the groundbreaking work of the geographer David Harvey on the relationships between cultural production and urban process, this article offers a model for analysis that bridges the gap between the humanities and social sciences and in so doing offers a reading that demonstrates how Chirbes’ text weaves a message of resistance into the fabric of his novel about urban change.

Legalizing the Occupation: The Teatro Valle as a Cultural Commons

This essay explores the legal and political dimensions of the occupation of the Teatro Valle in Rome and the transformation of the theater into a common goods foundation. The theater workers, acting together as a social movement for the protection of cultural commons, utilized the legal entity of the foundation to ensure its common as opposed to public or private ownership. The foundation serves not only to protect the theater from privatization but also structures its governance in such a way as to encourage and stimulate the collective process of cultural production.

“Parachute Artists” or “Tourists With Typewriters”: Creative and Cocreative Labor in Travel Guidebook Production

The aim of this article is to reexamine the processes of cultural production and consumption as reconfigured at the intersection of the print and digital eras. The article attempts to understand the complex interplay between audiences, labor relations, changing authorship patterns, technological shifts, and genre specificity in travel guide(book) publishing as a model and a particular case of digitization in creative/cultural/media industries. On the basis of qualitative research, it combines political economy with cultural and media studies and genre analysis with cultural economics. The goal is to grasp the implications and paradoxes of the convergence between the creative labor of professional travel writers and the cocreative labor of users-cum-aspiring-writers as taking place within a specific, locally and historically situated, genre culture.

The impact of aesthetics on the Celtic craft market

Drawing on data from the Celtic craft sector, this paper uses aesthetics as a critical lens in explaining how small firms develop particular styles of marketing in order to survive and grow. This approach has not previously been adopted in explaining small business marketing behaviour, although there is a growing history of its use in the wider management and organisational arena. Interpretation of qualitative data from the UK and the Republic of Ireland has enabled the construction of a typology of different styles of marketing by craft firm owner/managers which also confirms the heterogeneous nature of the small business sector. Aesthetic profiling helps explain why some craft firms follow market demand, while others pursue market creation activities. A key outcome is the need to acknowledge the impact of aesthetic processes on small business marketing decision making. Investigation of the Celtic aesthetic informs how these processes are shaped through the development of a particular type of marketing grounded in creativity, intuition and opportunity recognition. Wider consumption, markets and cultural implications are also evaluated in terms of decision and meaning making in the cultural production process; the connections between critical marketing and aesthetics as ways of challenging marketing concepts and practices; how aesthetics contributes to entrepreneurial marketing; and finally how craft and the Celtic lens uncover wider connections with cultural production.

The Construction of “Street Credibility” in Atlanta's Hip-Hop Music Scene: Analyzing the Role of Cultural Gatekeepers

This article aims to examine the role that on-the ground cultural gatekeepers play in the commodification of rap artists in Atlanta prior to the artists' global distribution. These gatekeepers—including strip club DJs, street teams, local radio hosts/program directors, and media managers—act as intermediaries between the corporations that produce and distribute the rap artists and a wider consumer market. Despite changes in the cultural industries and the availability of new technologies that allow an artist to gain wider distribution more immediately, cultural gatekeepers—particularly in Southern rap music—continue to facilitate a rapper's brand-building and credibility-making efforts within a specific geographic region. This is why conglomerates such as Universal, Warner Music Group, and Sony, which own most of the major recording labels, continue to invest resources in winning the approval of these local intermediaries. This study looks at how these dynamics influence the cultural production process and why they are important in understanding cultural industries, branding in hip-hop music, and the relationships between rappers and local consumers.

The Religification of Pakistani-American Youth

This article describes a cultural production process called religification, in which religious affiliation, rather than race or ethnicity, has become the core category of identity for working-class Pakistani-American youth in the United States. In this dialectical process, triggered by political changes following the September 11 terrorist attacks, the Muslim identity is both thrust upon Pakistani-American youth by those who question their citizenship and embraced by the youth themselves. Specifically, the article examines the ways in which schools are sites where citizenship is both constructed and contested and the roles that peers, school personnel, families, and the youth themselves play in this construction/contestation of citizenship.

Highly efficient, chemically defined and fully scalable biphasic production of vaccine viruses

Vectorial vaccines are predicted to yield novel therapeutic and protective approaches. They consist of recombinant live carriers that express antigen from an unrelated pathogen in the recipient. Promising viral carriers are host-restricted pox viruses that trigger a strong immune response without ability to replicate in the human organism. A block in replication is an important safety feature that allows application even in immunocompromized recipients. However, with this type of attenuation there is not even limited amplification of the vector at the site of infection and therefore very high numbers of infectious units have to be given per dose for full efficacy. Hence, if such vectors are to be used in global vaccine programs highly efficient production processes will be required. Furthermore, to combat diseases such as AIDS, hepatitis C, tuberculosis, or malaria with these vectors, millions of the concentrated vaccine units will have to be provided annually. Any production process therefore should also be scalable and preferrably transferrable to newly industrialized countries. Latter requirement demands a robust process independent of the complex logistics and uncertainties associated with primary chicken cells, the current industrial substrate for these pox viruses and certain other vectors. We believe that we have solved most of the upstream challenges with a chemically defined suspension culture production process for three disparate members of the highly attenuated poxviruses [1]: modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA), fowlpoxvirus (FPV) and canarypoxvirus ALVAC. The process is independent of primary material and based on the continuous duck suspension cell line AGE1.CR specifically created as a vaccine substrate [2]. In contrast to production of influenza virus that readily replicates in the cell proliferation medium [3], development of a production process for poxviruses was surprisingly complicated and involves media formulations matched to two distinct phases, cell proliferation and virus production. Our process was adjusted to the different kinetics and requirements of the three examined viruses, and was studied in Wave and disposable bioreactors up to 50 L scale. For MVA, titers in the crude lysate without any processing reliably exceed the critical threshold of 108 pfu/mL and often are in the range of 5 × 108 to 2 × 109 pfu/mL. One hallmark of the biphasic process described here is controlled formation of suspension cell aggregates at the transition from cell proliferation to virus production. Such aggregate formation was achieved with distinct chemically defined media harmonized such that a highly efficient, robust and industrial biphasic processes was obtained that does not require perfusion, medium replacement or microcarriers. In addition to poxviruses, this approach was successful in production of an unrelated RNA vector and also for this reason we believe that we have developed a more general principle for scalable production of viruses that may benefit from cell-to-cell contacts: In the background of the AGE1.CR cell lines, packaging cells were created for SIN/VEE-chimeric alphavirus replicons [4]. The packaging cells were transfected for stable trans-complementation of envelope and capsid proteins from separate expression cassettes. Production of replicons was efficient using adherent (serum-dependent) cultures but only moderately efficient with suspension cultures of the packaging cells. After transfer and optimization of the pox virus production process to replicon-induced packaging cell cultures (shown in figure ​figure1)1) we obtained yields beyond 108 pfu/mL. Figure 1 Biphasic process adapted to alphavirus replicons. Appearance of suspension packaging cells just prior to infection and at various time points during virus production is shown in (A). Note induction of aggregates in presence of virus production medium and cytopathic effect 24 h post induction. Yields of replicon is shown in (B) with peak titers 24 h to 48 h post induction. In summary, superior yields were obtained for unrelated viral vectors using separate chemically defined media for proliferation and virus production. The media are matched to allow highly efficient, robust and industrial biphasic processes that do not require perfusion or medium replacement.

Influence of operating parameters of a settling-based perfusion process on expansion of VERO cells attached on microcarriers

Background The growing demand for biologicals produced by animal cells motivates the development of more efficient and reliable culture production processes. In the particular case of the industrial production of viral vaccines by Vero cells adhered on microcarriers, the cell propagation phases are mainly devoted to reach high cell density in less time while maintaining a good cell physiological state. Several papers have reported the optimization of culture conditions for microcarrier cultures [1-4]. Otherwise, perfusion bioreactors, based on continuous medium renewal and cell retention, can be a good alternative to batch systems. Among the various technologies for cell retention, gravitational settler is a promising device for large-scale perfusion culture process. This simple device takes advantage of the difference between the cell settling rate and the medium harvesting flow rate. Moreover, in the particular case of cells attached on microcarriers, it is more suitable than in the case of single suspended cells. So, the aim of this work was to evaluate the performances of adherent Vero cell cultures performed inside a perfused bioreactor using a gravitational settler as cell retention device. The study focused on the influence of two operating parameters, such as microcarrier concentration (MCs) and initial cell density (C0), on the cell growth.

Kinetic characterization of the group II helicoverpa armigera nucleopolyhedrovirus propagated in suspension cell cultures: Implications for development of a biopesticides production process

Large-scale commercialization of baculovirus biopesticides for the control of insect pests requires a cell culture production process, and knowledge of the infection kinetics is a vital prerequisite for process optimization. Well-characterized kinetic parameters have so far only been reported for the commercially established recombinant Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV), a Group I NPV. In this work, key infection kinetic parameters of the Group II NPV Helicoverpa armigera nucleopolyhedrovirus (HaSNPV), and its Few Polyhedra (FP) mutant, were well characterized for the first time, in suspension HzAM1 insect cell cultures, to facilitate the scale-up of an HaSNPV-based biopesticide. The FP mutant had a selective advantage over wild-type HaSNPV in cell cultures, and the kinetic analysis showed that this was due to a superior budding rate, rather than a faster binding rate (BR) or longer budding duration. Another finding was that wild-type HaSNPV had very poor infection kinetics when compared with AcMNPV, exhibiting an 18-fold lower BR, a more than 50-fold lower budding rate, and a 60-fold lower extracellular/total progeny virus ratio. Such poor infection kinetics have serious implications during scale-up of an HaSNPV biopesticide production process, including the requirement for large volumes of virus inocula and the difficulty of achieving synchronous infections. Groups I and II NPVs may have very different infection kinetics because of their different envelope fusion proteins. This study is the first to compare the two groups of NPVs in terms of well-characterized cell-specific infection kinetics, and the findings may indicate a phylogenetic basis for kinetic differences.

BRIAN RICHARDSON, Manuscript Culture in Renaissance Italy.

AS early as 1977, in his introduction to the Italian translation of Lucien Febvre and Henri-Jean Martin’s L’apparition du livre,1 Armando Petrucci underlined how, contrary to accepted opinion, the arrival of printing did not by any means spell an end to manuscript production. On the contrary, ‘up to the beginning of the sixteenth century, manuscripts and printed books should not be seen as two distinct phenomena but rather as two aspects of the same process of cultural production and distribution, to be differentiated not so much by their technical means of manufacture as by the type of text they reproduced and therefore by the type of readership they wanted their products to reach’. In recent decades this subject has been tackled on several occasions: new and more wide-ranging research has shown that the transition between the two systems of production was a slow process, undermining the simplistic view that the printing revolution managed over the course of a few years to sweep away centuries of a consolidated tradition of manuscript transmission. Working also from the point of view of the new material object itself, the printed book, it has been shown how much this owed to manuscript antecedents and how slowly and hesitantly its own formal autonomy as a product developed.2

Crossing Boundaries, Breaking Rules: Continuity and Social Transformation in Trickster Tales from Central Asia

Crossing Boundaries, Breaking Rules:Continuity and Social Transformation in Trickster Tales from Central Asia1 Ildikó Bellér-Hann (bio) and Raushan Sharshenova (bio) Introduction The Arguments Although oral literature has conventionally been considered a field of study for folklorists, anthropologists started taking an interest in the subject very early on, conceptualizing such materials as socially embedded communicative strategies.2 The present paper investigates a body of texts that emerged in the Kyrgyz3 speech community in what is today northern Kyrgyzstan over the course of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. In an effort to implement Soviet nationality policies, Soviet folklorists in the 1960s identified and collected a sizeable body of Kuyruchuk stories and published them in Russian (Bektenov 1964).4 Since Kyrgyzstan's declaration of independence in 1991, two new books have been published, one containing some of the figure's adventures and the other summarizing and analyzing stories about him, this time in Kyrgyz (Öskönalï uulu 1997, Kenchiev and Abdïrazakov 2002). The stories are generally simple and evoke the style of folktales; under socialism a number of such stories were published in journals aimed at a young readership (e.g. Zhash Leninchi, Kirgizskie pioneri), and Kuyruchuk is also mentioned in shorter publications (e.g. Bektenov 1959, 1978, 1981; Toygonbaeva 1987; Naymanbay 1990). The paper is organized along two axes. First, it identifies a classic "Trickster" figure set in modern Kyrgyz history, ranging from the period of the last decades of Russian rule to early Soviet times. It will be shown how in the wake of major social upheavals, Central Asian oral tradition mobilizes the figure of the Trickster to demonstrate the ambiguities of everyday life at times of rapid political and social transformation. Second, the materials presented illuminate more general processes of cultural production and entextualization in socialist and postsocialist Central Asia. It will be argued that the Soviet and the Kyrgyz states at times deploy very similar strategies to pursue overlapping goals of identity-building. Shifting strategies aimed at supporting different state projects can be recognized in the meta-folklore of a text corpus taken from Kyrgyz oral tradition. Since the text corpus is available as printed materials, we see it as being situated at the interface of oral and written realms (Goody 1993). The stories in question were published in Russian and Kyrgyz during the Soviet and post-Soviet eras, and we have no detailed reliable information concerning performative and receptive aspects, yet they are clearly rooted within the established genre of Central Asian oral tradition. Given the lack of extratextual evidence, the lines of argument mentioned above will be elaborated on the basis of evidence provided by the stories themselves.5 In view of these two central concerns, the classification of the stories poses a dilemma. Several possibilities presented themselves. Of these we considered two in particular: one was to follow the historical setting of the stories, starting with Kuyruchuk's adventures in the Russian Empire and continuing with those set in the young Soviet Union. The other was to concentrate on the major historical periods in which the stories were published: the Soviet Union in the early 1960s and the early years of independence in the mid-1990s. These two competing organizational possibilities underline the complex nature of the concept of "context," ranging from the geographical/spatial to the broader social and historical.6 The latter option initially seemed more attractive, since it offered a suitable structure to elaborate on shifts in ideological strategies concerning important themes such as the unequal distribution of resources, the need for social justice, attitudes toward religion, the force of local tradition in constituting ethnic identity, inter-ethnic relations, and the like in the Soviet and post-Soviet periods. After seriously considering this possibility, we have decided not to follow this path for several reasons.7 It must be emphasized that at no time has a systematic analysis of all the stories included in these volumes been carried out, and the same holds true for those stories that have been published separately in various journals over the course of the socialist and postsocialist decades. A full comparison of the stories published in Soviet and post...

Demonstrating β‐glucan and yeast peptide clearance in biopharmaceutical downstream processes

The use of yeast- and plant-derived hydrolysates in cell culture production processes has sparked concerns over the potential immunogenicity risk posed by β-glucans and yeast peptides contained in these raw materials. This article utilizes a combination of in-process testing from large-scale manufacturing and scale-down spiking studies to demonstrate the clearance of β-glucans and yeast peptides through chromatographic steps in the downstream purification process for a monoclonal antibody. β-Glucans were found to flow through most all three modes of chromatography (Protein A, cation and anion exchange) without binding to the resins or the product. Protein A affinity chromatography was found to provide the best clearance factor. The efficacy of the resin sanitization and storage procedures to prevent carryover from one run to the next was also demonstrated. Yeast peptides were found to be metabolized during the cell culture process and were undetectable after the Protein A purification step. The data presented here serve to allay concerns about the use of hydrolysates in cell culture production. The methodology presented here provides a template to demonstrate clearance of β-glucans and yeast peptides through chromatographic steps in downstream processing.

Globalization and the production of city image in Guangzhou’s metro station advertisements

The process of globalization has already become one of the dominant contexts in which cities adjust and reshape their economic, social, political and cultural structures. Moreover, the influences of globalization operate not only upon urban economic restructuring but also upon the symbolic production of the city image. In line with globalization and urban entrepreneurialism, the meanings of cultural elements are produced and circulated to symbolically represent values and the identity of the city itself. In this paper, we discuss how the image of a “globalizing Guangzhou” is produced through the symbolic meanings of the metro station advertisements in Guangzhou, China. We argue that this special process of cultural production reflects the city’s intensifying involvement in the globalization process. The principal discovery of our research is that the globalization process has profoundly shaped the representational meanings of metro advertisements and has thus helped shape the image of a Chinese city that actively participates in globalization. To achieve this result, we performed a content analysis and qualitative interpretation of some of the most important meanings conveyed by the city’s advertisement designs.

Detection of microbial contaminants in mammalian cell cultures using a new fluorescence-based staining method

Microbial contamination of cell culture production processes is a current concern for biopharmaceutical industries. Traditional testing methods require several days to detect contamination and may advantageously be replaced by a rapid detection method. We developed a new method combining membrane filtration to microcolonies fluorescence staining method (MFSM) and compared it to epifluorescence microscopy. Both methods were used to detect bacteria in CHO cells cultures. The epifluorescence microscopy showed to be limited by filterability, media interference and nonrobustness issues, whereas MFSM enabled consistent detection of Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Propionibacterium acnes after, respectively, 8, 9 and 48 h of incubation. Thanks to the nondestructive feature of the MFSM, stained membranes could be reincubated on culture media to yield visible colonies used for identification. The new method described in this study showed its ability to detect microbial contaminants in cell culture samples with time-to-results from 2-5 times shorter than the traditional testing method. The MFSM can be used as monitoring tool for cell cultures to significantly shorten detection times of microbial contamination, while preserving the ability to identify the contaminants and their viability.

Mechanism of antibody reduction in cell culture production processes

We recently observed a significant disulfide reduction problem during the scale-up of a manufacturing process for a therapeutic antibody using a CHO expression system. Under certain conditions, extensive reduction of inter-chain disulfide bonds of an antibody produced by CHO cell culture may occur during the harvest operations and/or the protein A chromatography step, resulting in the observation of antibody fragments (light chain, heavy chain, and various combination of both) in the protein A pools. Although all conditions leading to disulfide reduction have not been completely identified, an excessive amount of mechanical cell lysis generated at the harvest step appears to be an important requirement for antibody reduction (Trexler-Schmidt et al., 2010). We have been able to determine the mechanism by which the antibody is reduced despite the fact that not all requirements for antibody reduction were identified. Here we present data strongly suggesting that the antibody reduction was caused by a thioredoxin system or other reducing enzymes with thioredoxin-like activity. The intracellular reducing enzymes and their substrates/cofactors apparently were released into the harvest cell culture fluid (HCCF) when cells were exposed to mechanical cell shear during harvest operations. Surprisingly, the reducing activity in the HCCF can last for a long period of time, causing the reduction of inter-chain disulfide bonds in an antibody. Our findings provide a basis for designing methods to prevent the antibody reduction during the manufacturing process.

DIMENSI SPIRITUAL KEBUDAYAAN: Di Tengah Relasi yang Timpang Antara Utara dan Selatan

Moslem society as a part of the population of the south world, culturally is in the influence of the hegemony of non-Moslem culture. Mainly, European, American, and Australian as parts of the north world population. Until the mid twentieth century, the hegemony existed in the form of military imperialism. Meanwhile, in post-mid twentieth century, the hegemony changed into cultural imperialism in many areas, such as, social, economic, and art. The countries of the south world have really done some efforts to face the neo-imperialism, but have not succeeded well. Therefore, more serious efforts should be done to face the neo-imperialism, that is, the creativity to make the European and American cultural products as materials that can be creatively rearranged and matched with the local culture. In the creative process, the spiritual dimension of culture should become the basis of cultural production process at present and in the future to create a fair relation. The use of spiritual dimension of culture can create new cultural products. In turn, the cultural products of the south world will exist, and finally they can be exchanged with the products of the north world. This is what China is doing with its developing economic power to balance out the domination of Europe and America. The same hopefully appears from the Islam world although it needs more serious cultural works. According to Faisal Ismail, the awakening of Islam and its culture depends on the Moslems themselves, depends on their cultural works they do.<br />

Client perceived barriers to change of the construction process

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to identify client‐perceived barriers to a change towards increased client influence on the end result of the construction process. Additionally, the variables of size of clients' markets and the extent of external project management are investigated in order to see how they influence the perceptions concerning important barriers to change.Design/methodology/approachEmpirical data were collected through a survey responded to by 87 Swedish construction clients.FindingsIdentified barriers are divided into three types: attitudinal, industrial and institutional. Attitudinal barriers (adversarial attitudes, lack of ethics and morality, focus on projects instead of processes and a short‐term focus) and industrial barriers (traditional organization of the construction process, conservative industry culture, industry structure and traditional production processes) are perceived to be important, whereas institutional barriers (standard contracts, laws and traditional procurement procedures) are not perceived to be critical. Each different type of barrier is tested against the use of internal or external project management and the sphere of activity of the client. Attitudinal barriers are perceived as being more critical by clients using external project management. “Nearness” in terms of the sphere of activity (e.g. how large is the client's market?) also has an effect on how clients perceive the barriers. Locally, active clients do not consider attitudinal barriers to be as influential on the end result of the construction process as nationally active clients.Research limitations/implicationsSince the empirical results are based on data collected only from Swedish clients, international generalizations should be made with caution.Practical implicationsClients wishing to act as change agents need to be aware that their use of internal versus external project management affects their chances to influence the other construction actors and implement change and innovation. Large national and international client organizations, which due to their size have significant opportunities to influence the industry, rely heavily on external project management, which may hamper their change agent role. Hence, such clients should make careful and purposeful selections of project management companies. Another more influential alternative is to strengthen their organisation and rely less on external project management.Originality/valueThis paper presents a unique investigation of the connections between the use of internal/external project management and perceived barriers to change.

Arquitetura da Produção Rural: o Parque Agrário como uma possibilidade de valorização dos recursos patrimoniais para os Perímetros Irrigados do Nordeste do Brasil

Este estudo apresenta o caso em que o desenvolvimento socioeconômico de uma região modifica a paisagem sendo respaldado por processos sustentáveis que se assentam sobre adequado plano de gestão de recursos hídricos e avançada tecnologia de irrigação e produção agrícola. Trata-se de enxergar os Perímetros Irrigados brasileiros como agente resultante e ao mesmo tempo indutor dos processos e dos avanços técnico-científicos da engenharia e da arquitetura, gerando riqueza e importante patrimônio agroindustrial associados. Este trabalho faz uma abordagem dos processos culturais e dos processos produtivos dentro dos perímetros e, propõe a uma comparação com os Parques Agrários, principalmente no continente europeu, usados como ferramenta de ordenação territorial.

Characterization of a Monoclonal Antibody Cell Culture Production Process Using a Quality by Design Approach

The goal of quality by design (QbD) in cell culture manufacturing is to develop manufacturing processes which deliver products with consistent critical quality attributes (CQAs). QbD approaches can lead to better process understanding through the use of process parameter risk ranking and statistical design of experiments (DOE). The QbD process starts with an analysis of process parameter risk with respect to CQAs and key performance indicators (KPIs). Initial DOE study designs and their factor test ranges are based on the outcomes of the process parameter risk ranking exercises. Initial DOE studies screen factors for significant influences on CQAs as well as characterize responses for process KPIs. In the case study provided here, multifactor process characterization studies using a scale-down model resulted in significant variation in charge heterogeneity of a monoclonal antibody (MAb) as measured by ion-exchange chromatography (IEC). Iterative DOE studies, using both screening and response surface designs, were used to narrow the operating parameter ranges so that charge heterogeneity could be controlled to an acceptable level. The data from the DOE studies were used to predict worst-case conditions, which were then verified by testing at those conditions. Using the approach described here, multivariate process parameter ranges were identified that yield acceptable CQA levels and that still provide operational flexibility for manufacturing.