Original Culture Research Articles

The Concept of “World” in Ancient Turkic World View

Abstract The relevance of this work is that modern society shows interest in and explores the issue of traditional values, which are the result of social transformations. The development of a national, traditional worldview in the study and cognition of the surrounding world is still being investigated today. The purpose of the study is to conduct a general analysis of the establishment and origin of the worldview of the ancient Turkic peoples and to show the essential aspects of the classical worldview of modern Turkic peoples. The following methods were used in this study: historical, dialectical, comparative, historical, and descriptive methods, analysis and synthesis, as well as deductive and inductive methods. The result of the study was the coverage of not only the question of the worldview of the ancient Turks but also the relevance of this topic in the modern world and the role of a person in society. The study reveals the attitude of the Turks toward society, beliefs, worldview, and understanding of the “World” by nomadic Turkic peoples and describes the main function of the world. The practical significance of this topic lies in the motivation of a person to learn about their origin, culture, and traditions. The study of the world, life, and death of the Turkic peoples will provide a deeper understanding of the traditional culture and worldview of the ancient Turks. The paper covers the topic of the origin of culture and civilization among the Turks. The heroic epic “Oguz Kagan” is considered, and the manifestation of divine faith in the work is analyzed. The idea of the “World” in the epic was clarified by the beliefs of the ancient Turks.

Immigrant Youth Adaptation and Risk Involvement: The Case of Immigrant Youth From France and the Former Soviet Union in Israel

Immigration is challenging for youth as it requires reorganization of their developmental system and can increase their vulnerability to risk factors. Adaptation processes may be affected further by the cultural context in which they take place. This study explored immigration and adaptation experiences among youth at risk, who had immigrated to Israel from France and from the Former Soviet Union (FSU), and the impact of these experiences on the youth’s involvement in risk behaviors. The 27 participants interviewed for this qualitative study were 11 immigrant youth from France, 10 from the FSU, and 6 practitioners who work with immigrant youth at risk. Data analysis indicates that immigration is a significant life event that affects all spheres of the youth’s lives: identity, relationships with parents and peers, and school integration. Based on the participants’ interviews, we conceptualized adaptation as a multilevel process, related to youth’s potential involvement in risk behaviors. Moreover, immigrant youth’s experiences on different levels are shaped by their culture of origin—a matrix in which their adaptation and risk behavior occur. The findings, derived from a comprehensive perspective of both the youth and the practitioners, have substantial implications for practice and policy to enhance immigrant youth’s constructive adaptation. Specifically, we emphasize the key role of pre- and post-migration preparation that targets immigrant youth and their parents, and Israeli education institutions that receive immigrants.

Development of rapid, efficient and cost effective screening technique for testing arecanut against Phytophthora meadii incitant of fruit rot disease

To accelerate identification of disease resistant arecanut germplasm or hybrids against Phytophthora, it is very much imperative to develop bioassays which could differentiate resistant and susceptible cultivars efficiently. Here, developed a cost effective and rapid technique called “Detached Leaf Assay” to identify resistant germplasm at the seedling stage itself. Standardized zoospore production in highly virulent Phytophthora meadii (P19) by incubating under 12 hours light and dark regime. Zoospore suspension adjusted to 105spores ml-1 in petri plates. Subsequently, surface sterilized arecanut leaves were floated in zoospore suspension and incubated at temperature of 24±1°C. Disease symptoms, including water-soaked lesions, were recorded three days after inoculation. Infection lesion increased from 1 to 7.3 cm2. The pathogen was re-isolated and confirmed with the original culture. The assay was successfully validated to screen arecanut accessions, wild types and hybrids against P. meadii. This technique is the first to be developed, and it is simple, cost-effective, and faster. It also provides consistent infection and could be effectively utilized to screen arecanut germplasm or hybrids against P. meadii in the seedling stage itself.• Developed a cost effective, efficient and rapid screening technique• The technique was validated to identify resistant genotypes against Phytophthora meadii at the seedling stage.

The role of Ondofolo to maintain religious harmony: A study in a Christian perspective

Local wisdom refers to the cultural heritage of a community, which is derived from its cultural origins and includes a wide range of values, rituals and traditions. Ondofolo is the current paramount chief of the Sentani community in Papua province, a position that remains in effect at the moment. The local community holds Ondofolo’s leadership in high esteem and places substantial trust in it. The research aims to investigate the function of Ondofolo within religious congregations using a qualitative phenomenological design approach. Data were gathered via participatory observations, interviews with Ondofolo, leaders of prayer rooms and Islamic boarding schools and a review of literature and research conducted in the indigenous area of Sentani. The local knowledge of Sentani ‘Ondofolo’ plays a crucial role in fostering the religious community by embodying the fundamental qualities of leadership, peace, love and brotherhood found in the Bible. The preservation of wisdom in all its manifestations is imperative, as it represents an irreplaceable cultural legacy.Intradisciplinary and/or interdisciplinary implications: This study applies the interdisciplinary characteristics of contextual theology to Ondofolo’s leadership of the religious congregation in Papua, drawing on Christian wisdom. The findings positively impact the formation of religious communities in Sentani, Papua. They also present a viable leadership model specific to the local context and can be used as an option for guiding the faithful community in Indonesia.

Immigration restriction and the transfer of cultural norms over time and boundaries: the case of religiosity

Abstract We study the effect of an immigration ban on the self-selection of immigrants along cultural traits, and the transmission of these traits to the second generation. We show theoretically that restricting immigration incentivizes to settle abroad individuals with higher attachment to their origin culture, who, under free mobility, would rather choose circular migration. Once abroad, these individuals tend to convey their cultural traits to their children. As a consequence, restrictive immigration policies can foster the diffusion of cultural traits across boundaries and generations. We focus on religiosity, which is one of the most persistent and distinctive cultural traits, and exploit the 1973 immigration ban in West Germany (Anwerbestopp) as a natural experiment. Through a diff-in-diff analysis, we find that second generations born to parents treated by the Anwerbestopp show higher religiosity.

The impact of physiological state and environmental stress on bacterial load estimation methodologies for Mycobacterium tuberculosis

When processed in solid or liquid medium, tuberculosis patient samples yield different proportions of a heterogenous bacterial community over the duration of treatment. We aimed to derive a relationship between methodologies for bacterial load determination and assess the effect of the growth phase of the parent culture and its exposure to stress on the results. Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv was grown with and without antibiotic (isoniazid or rifampicin) and sampled on day 0, 3, 11 and 21 of growth in broth culture. The bacterial load was estimated by colony counts and the BD BACTEC MGIT system. Linear and nonlinear mixed-effects models were used to describe the relationship between time-to-positivity (TTP) and time-to-growth (TTG) versus colony forming units (CFU), and growth units (GU) versus incubation time in MGIT. For samples with the same CFU, antibiotic-treated and stationary phase cells had a shorter TTP than antibiotic-free controls and early-logarithmic phase cells, respectively. Similarly, stationary phase samples reached higher GUs and had shorter TTG than early-log phase ones. This suggests that there is a population of bacterial cells that can be differentially recovered in liquid medium, giving us insight into the physiological states of the original culture, aiding the interpretation of clinical trial outputs.

On the Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine Culture in Ideological and Political Education

Purpose: By analyzing the historical origin and value of Traditional Chinese medicine culture, the article studies the application of Traditional Chinese medicine culture in postgraduate students' ideological and political education, with a view to promoting the deeper inheritance and development of Traditional Chinese medicine culture. Methods: The article explains the importance and feasibility of Traditional Chinese medicine culture in postgraduate students' ideological and political education, and the difficulties in the application of ideological and political education, on the basis of which it proposes to improve the civic system of the course, improve the quality of professional teachers of Traditional Chinese medicine culture and civic teachers, and establish a collaborative educating mechanism with the help of the resource-sharing platform, so as to deepen the postgraduates' understanding of Traditional Chinese medicine culture in the ideological and political education course. Conclusion: Graduate students' ideological and political education courses provide a good platform for the dissemination and development of Traditional Chinese medicine culture, and the two are complementary to each other. By establishing classroom evaluation and incentive mechanisms, the substantive integration of both sides can be better promoted.

The formation of tea culture in British

When foreign people think of British culture nowadays, they can easily picture gentlemen and ladies elegantly dressed, surrounded by fine furniture and utensils, enjoying afternoon tea. The unique tea culture has already become a strong impression of Britain. This article explores the positioning of tea within the map of cultural differentiation, highlighting its status as a significant symbol of British culture, despite Britain not being its country of origin. The success of tea arose from the collision of Eastern and Western civilizations, with Chinese tea being introduced to Britain by Dutch merchant ships in the 17th century, marking its economic rise. The paper raises key questions about how tea transformed from an exotic product into a British cultural icon and whether the promotion of tea culture in Britain is mere imitation or rooted in local traditions. Additionally, it reviews research by Chinese and foreign scholars on British tea culture, focusing on the origins of tea culture in China, including the history of tea cultivation and consumption, and the evolution of tea culture in various dynasties. The second half describes in detail the thriving process of tea trade in Britain since the 17th century, the background of tea culture breaking the gender status and other restrictions in British society, and the different connotations and influences of tea culture in the British upper society and working class.

Risk of eating disorders and body image in adolescents in Belgium: is migration status a modifier?

Abstract Background The risk of eating disorders (ED) has been linked to body image (BI) dissatisfaction in adolescents. In addition, the origin and host country culture may influence BI dissatisfaction. Our objective was to assess the modifying effect of migratory status on the association between BI and risk of ED in Belgium, a setting characterized by a large proportion of migrant adolescents. Methods In the 2022 cross-sectional “Health Behaviour in School-aged Children” (HBSC) study in French-speaking schools, 7,267 adolescents aged 12 to 20 self-completed questionnaires. Risk of ED was determined by an Eating Attitude Test (EAT-7), score ≥5. BI was categorised into 3 groups: “too thin”, “about the right size” and “too fat”. Migratory status was divided into “native”, “2nd generation” and “1st generation” migrants. The association between BI and ED was estimated using logistic regressions adjusted for socioeconomic and psychosocial characteristics. After the inclusion of the “migration*BI” interaction term, migration-stratified logistic regressions were conducted. Results Overall, 13.0% of students were at risk of ED. Percentages of ED were 15.7% among those who perceived themselves as “too fat” (vs. “about the right size”: aOR=1.67 [95%CI: 1.34-2.08]) and 19.4% in the “too thin” group (aOR=3.36 [2.54-4.45]). Despite non-significant interaction terms, perceiving themselves as “too fat” (vs. “about the right size”) was not associated with the risk of ED in 1st generation migrants (aOR: 1.24 [0.67-2.29]). Compared with the overall estimation, it was lower in 2nd generation migrants (aOR: 1.43 [1.00-2.03]) while it was slightly higher in natives (aOR: 1.95 [1.45-2.62]). Conclusions These findings suggest complex interrelations between BI and risk of ED according to migratory status in adolescents with potential underlying mechanisms involving cultural norms. Promoting positive BI as a possible way for preventing the development of eating disorders need to be further investigated. Key messages • This study shows differences of body image dissatisfaction according to the migratory status in adolescents, inducing potential impacts on the risk of eating disorders. • Better understanding differences in body perception related to cultural background could help prevent risk of eating disorders in adolescents, by promoting positive body image for example.

Acculturation and self-management abilities of well-being among older Moroccans in the Netherlands

Abstract Background Migration involves a variety of stressors. Their accumulation over time may negatively impact migrants’ well-being. The extent that older migrants can integrate into a host society may determine their readiness to adopt behaviors such as self-management of well-being. Research regarding this relation among older Moroccans, one of the largest migrant groups in the Netherlands, has not been examined. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between acculturation and self-management abilities of well-being among older Moroccans and to examine differences in subgroups. Methods This cross-sectional study included 290 older Moroccans (≥ 65) living in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Linear regression was applied to explore associations between acculturation (attachment to Moroccan and Dutch cultures) and self-management abilities of well-being. Independent samples t-tests were used to test differences between subgroups. Results Older Moroccans who received low education were found to be less attached to the Dutch culture [3.24 (0.72) vs. 3.54 (0.73); p = 0.016]. They were also poorer self-managers of their well-being [2.60 (0.59) vs. 2.86 (0.58); p = 0.012], along with those with multi-morbidity [2.55 (0.60) vs. 2.77 (0.54); p = 0.006] and those lacking comprehension of Dutch [2.46 (0.56) vs. 2.69 (0.59); p = 0.011]. Self-management abilities of well-being had a negative association with multi-morbidity (β = −0.18, p = 0.007) and lack of Dutch comprehension (β = −0.16, p = 0.031), and a positive association with attachment to Moroccan (β = 0.17, p = 0.012) and Dutch (β = 0.18, p = 0.010) cultures. Conclusions Findings indicate that attachment to Moroccan and Dutch cultures is beneficial for older Moroccans’ self-management of well-being. Efforts need to support older migrants’ integration for them to adequately function and feel at home. Interventions promoting integration and self-management need to consider the characteristics of older migrant populations Key messages • Attachment to origin and host cultures benefits older migrants’ self-management of well-being. The cultural context of older migrants needs to be considered when promoting values of self-management. • Differences in acculturation and self-management of well-being existed between older migrant subgroups. Interventions promoting these values should account for the diversity that exists among migrants.

EXPLORING KAZAKH EFL TEACHERS’ PROFESSIONAL IDENTITY: A QUANTITATIVE STUDY

This study's extensive quantitative research design to investigate the professional identities of in-service EFL teachers in Kazakhstan and Turkistan makes it stand out. A comprehensive survey, unparalleled in scope and exhaustiveness, was distributed to 470 English instructors in 45 state schools, offering an extensive synopsis of how these educators see their professional identities. The survey findings provide insights into several professional identity factors, including the propensity to teach, act as role models, and establish productive learning settings. The results show that participants' professional identities were generally average, with major exceptions for knowledge-sharing and role modeling. Simultaneously, less emphasis was placed on recognizing students' original language culture and establishing a favorable classroom atmosphere. The study also looks at how different professional identities are within qualification categories, and it finds statistically significant variances that highlight how teachers' self-perception and professional growth are influenced by their educational background. These findings have implications for teacher education and professional development initiatives and a deeper knowledge of the elements influencing EFL instructors' professional identities in Kazakhstan.

Influence of Planning on Implementation of Inclusive Education in Regular Primary Schools in Samia Sub-County, Kenya

Inclusive schooling is defined as the practice of including everyone irrespective of talent, disability, socio – economic background or cultural origin in supportive regular schools, classrooms where all students’ needs are met (Stainback and Stainback, 2000). This study focuses attention on the influence of planning on implementation of inclusive education in the regular primary schools in Samia District. The researcher used descriptive research. The study utilized a sample of forty-nine (49) teachers who are in the four schools practicing inclusive education. The researcher used simple random sampling for sampling the population. Each and every member had an equal and independent opportunity in the selection, (Kombo and Tromp, 2006). The four schools practicing inclusive Education in the District were included. The schools shared similar socio-economic, political and cultural background. Pilot study was done in a school outside the district because of the fewer schools practicing inclusive education in the district. An interview schedule for the teachers in charge, questionnaires for the head-teachers, different questionnaire for the regular teacher population and another questionnaire for teachers in the units were administered. Observation schedule was also carried out. Findings in the study indicated that the regular teachers were not trained to handle learners with Special needs. The government has tried to provide teaching/learning resources to the regular learners but not provided for learners with special needs for example Braille. Schools were not constructed to favour learners with special needs since there were no facilities like adopted toilets, ramps and the like. Most children identified to these schools are intellectually challenged and a few from other categories. The research recommends that every regular teacher should be trained to handle children with special needs for proper accommodation in schools, availability of adequate facilities and all-round personnel to carter for the diversity such as medical personnel, community at large should be sensitized on the values of accommodation of the diversity. Finally, the research recommends that before implementation of inclusive education can be emphasized, there should be effective planning since it is a powerful weapon in any educational system

Developing an Innovation Culture Measurement Construct for Healthcare Organizations

Objective: To develop an innovation culture measurement model specific to healthcare, by amending the original scale items of the Dobni innovation culture construct and model developed in 2008. Design: The project performed exploratory factor analysis from data collected on surveys, using redesigned scale items from the original Dobni innovation culture measurement. Setting: Managers and administrators from a Provincial Health Services Authority in Canada. Results: An exploratory factor analysis was performed on the 43 scale items used in the survey. The scale items were reduced to 31 and loaded on to new factors creating an Innovation Culture Measurement Model specific to healthcare. Conclusion: Although exploratory, the new model and scale items provide a foundation for researchers to advance innovation culture measurement in healthcare. Academically, measuring innovation culture has created a rich research stream, but to date has not exclusively focused on healthcare. Pragmatically, measuring innovation culture provides healthcare leaders and policy setters a benchmark to assess internally over a period of time or towards other entities.

KELOMPOK MUSIK CV. BINTANG GRUP: MEDIA MERAWAT IDENTITAS ADAT BATAK MELALUI MUSIK DI SOLO RAYA

Migration is an activity that has become a tradition for the Batak people. The migration destinations extend beyond the island, one of which is in the Solo Raya area. The identity of the Batak community remains preserved during migration because their original customs and culture continue to be an integral part of their daily lives. The purpose of this journal is to explore the cultural life of the Batak community and the steps they have taken to preserve their traditional identity through music, specifically through CV. Bintang Group. The research method used in this journal is qualitative, collecting data through observation, interviews, literature studies, and several other methods. The findings indicate that the Batak community, represented by CV. Bintang Group, has successfully preserved their traditional identity through various means. These include teaching Batak music to their children, participat ing in cultural events outside of traditional Batak ceremonies, possessing a complete set of traditional Batak instruments, and being active on social media. The conclusion of this research is that the Batakcommunity has successfully maintained their traditional identity even while living in distant lands.

Influence of Translation Techniques on the Accuracy of Interpretation of Little Women by Louisa May Alcott

This study analyzes the influence of translation techniques on the accuracy of the interpretation of Louisa May Alcott's novel "Little Women". The three translation techniques analyzed are literal translation, idiomatic translation, and dynamic equivalence. This study uses a qualitative method with a content analysis approach from the novel “Little Women”. This method was chosen to explore in depth how translation techniques affect the accuracy of interpretation in the translated novel. These findings emphasize the importance of choosing the right translation technique to maintain the integrity of literary interpretation. This study also highlights the importance of considering cultural and social contexts in the process of translating literary texts. It was found that a deep understanding of the author's original culture is essential to produce an accurate and meaningful translation. In addition, this study recommends that translators have strong linguistic and literary skills to be able to transfer the nuances and meanings contained in the original text into their translations. The findings of this study can be a valuable guide for translators and researchers in understanding the complexity of translation techniques and their impact on the interpretation of literary texts.

Exploring self-care and self-development practices among refugee adolescents through photos: An art-based participatory qualitative study

Introduction Photovoice and photo-elicitation are art-based participatory methods aiming to enable community members to create powerful visual representations to highlight the community issues/manners. This paper attempted to investigate self-care/self-development (SC/SD) practices among refugee adolescents in Germany, as part of a needs assessment based on triangulation (including three qualitative datasets from in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, and photographic data). Methods Sixteen male and female refugee adolescents (aged 14–19) from 4 countries participated in the study. Before research implementation, a briefing session was held to explain the details of the project. Participants were asked to take their photos within 6 weeks and send them to the research team along with the answers to 5 questions, following a modified version of PHOTO protocol. For the photo-elicitation study, the participants were invited to join a group discussion session. Results From the collected data including 41 photos and their related statements, four major themes of: “I adapt to the new situation”, “I start to learn again”, “I find new opportunities”, and “I love myself” emerged, illustrating how the refugee adolescents visualized their perspective and practices toward SC/SD. In the group discussion session, the participants mainly emphasized the importance of keeping the good aspects of the original culture in their SC/SD practices. Conclusions The results of this study improve the understanding about SC/SD practices among refugee adolescents and provide a support to the existing literatures for using art-based methods as an effective participatory tool to communicate with adolescents, especially in hard-to-reach populations. The findings also reveal the capacity of refugee adolescents to be involved in youth-based program planning, which can be a significant potential in health care services for this population.

Of robots and ancient mysteries: Representations of Jōmon figurines as cultural heritage and popular culture

Final Jōmon ceramic figurines known as shakōki dogū have been incorporated into popular culture for decades in Japan, but few studies have examined how these sources represent shakōki dogū or how they contribute to public meaning making about the past. Using perspectives from archaeological representation studies, this paper explores trends in when, where, and how shakōki dogū appear in Japanese media, such as anime, manga, and games. In didactic sources, shakōki dogū are predominantly characterized as female figurines connected to Jōmon ritual and Japanese cultural origins. While the dogū observed here were often depicted as ancient and magical, they were more likely to be masculine, antagonistic, and generic symbols of a distant past, rather than references to the Jōmon or Japanese heritage. This departure from a divine feminine interpretation is discussed in relation to the video game industry, science fiction and fantasy genres, and Arahabaki in the popular mind.

Genetická charakterizace tisu červeného (Taxus baccata L.) v širší oblasti Podyjí/Thayatal a na Svitavsku s vazbou na ochranářský management

The aim of the work is to determine the genetic diversity, genetic differentiation and genetic structure of subpopulations of the specially protected common yew in the area of South Moravian Podyjí (Czech Republic), Thayatal (Austria) and in the Svitavy region (Czech Republic) using DNA analyses (nSSR-nuclear Simple Sequence Repeats). The subjects of the analyses were yews of 1) natural occurrences in the territory of the Podyjí National Park (NP), 2) cultural origin in the Podyjí NP, 3) natural occurrences in the Thayatal NP (Austria), 4) natural occurrences outside the Podyjí NP, and 5) cultural origin in the Podyjí region outside the NP. For the comparison and better interpretation of results there also were analysed geographically more distant subpopulations, 6) natural occurrences in the Hřebečský ridge (NW Moravia), 7) cultural yew occurrences in the Svitavy region (NE Bohemia & NW Moravia), 8) natural occurrences in the Jílovské yews (N Bohemia), and 9) natural occurrences in the Moravian Karst (S Moravia). We observed higher level of genetic diversity (Ho = 0.54; He = 0.77), the FST with ENA correction ranged from 0.007 to 0.123. According to a STRUCTURE analysis, high genetic similarity was observed between samples from the Podyjí NP and Hřebečský ridge. The impact of the analysis results on the conservation management of tested populations was outlined.

Transgender Women in India: Neocolonialism, Stigmatization and Discrimination

ABSTRACT Stigmatization is a widespread social process that is sustained via the use of social, cultural, economic, and political power, and it has negative outcomes such as discrimination and exclusion. In India, transgender people have historically been called Hijra, Aravanis, and Kothis, and they have struggled since British colonialism against cisgender and heteronormative conventions that label them as outsiders despite their deep pre-colonial cultural origins. This research uses Bronfenbrenner’s socio-ecological model t explore the independence and vulnerability of 45 transgender women living in Sambalpur City, Western Odisha, India. Semi-structured interviews were used to gather information from the group through the snowball sampling method. The research findings show that transgender women in India confront multiple forms of prejudice and stigma that diminish their agency and leave them more susceptible to harm. By underscoring the significance of historical, social, and cultural aspects, the socio-ecological model provides a holistic lens through which to comprehend these difficulties. Despite progress in legal recognition, transgender women continue to face significant barriers, necessitating ongoing socio-cultural, legal, and political efforts to reduce stigma and discrimination and enhance the agency, social inclusion, and wellbeing of transgender women.

First report of Trichoderma roseum causing tea leaf rot in China.

Tea (Camellia sinensis) is consumed worldwide for its numerous benefits and China lead the world production. In March 2023, leaf spots were observed on approximately 10% of tea plants in a 50-ha commercial tea plantation in Menghai (21°46'13"N, 100°30'6"E), Yunnan, China. Initial symptoms appeared as small spots, which progressively expanded and spread over the entire leaf surface. Subsequently, pale pink mold layers developed from the lesions (Fig. S1). To isolate the pathogen, small leaf pieces (3 × 3 mm) were cut from the margins of the lesions, sterilized with 75% ethanol for 30 sec and 0.5% NaClO for another 30 sec, and rinsed three times with sterile water. The pieces were placed on acidified potato dextrose agar (PDA) plates and incubated in darkness at 28°C. A total of 15 fungal isolates with identical morphologies were collected. The colonies appeared pale pink with white mycelia initially then turned orange-pink at the center and light white at the edges. After 10-15 days, exhibiting a powdery texture and concentric rings with uniform edges. Conidia were found at the apex peduncle and were inverted pear-shaped or oval, either non-septate (15.3 ± 2 × 7.8 ± 1.8 μm in size, n = 60) or septate, with a slightly constricted spore base featuring papillary projecvtions (14.8 ± 1.5 × 7.4 ± 0.7 μm in size, n = 60). The morphology closely resembled Trichoderma roseum (Oh et al. 2014). To confirm the species, the strain CYB5 was selected for identification by sequencing the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and large subunit (LSU) genes using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (White et al.1990). The ITS (GenBank accession OR889657) and LSU (PQ270526) gene sequences exhibited 98% similarity with the Trichoderma roseum sequence KP317992 from NCBI database. A phylogenetic tree was constructed using MEGA 11 (Felsenstein 1981) based on the concatenated sequences (ITS and LSU) of the strain CYB5 and reference strains (Fig. S2). The analysis confirmed that CYB5 is T. roseum (Inácio et al. 2011). Pathogenicity tests were conducted on detached healthy tea leaves placed on wet filter paper in petri dishes. Micro-wounds were made on leaves using a sterilized needle, followed by inoculation with a 6-mm plug of CYB5. Control leaves were inoculates with fungus-free agar disks. The dishes were incubated at 25°C in the dark for 7 days. The leaves inoculated with CYB5 developed reddish brown to dark brown lesions around the inoculated sites, while control leaves remained asymptomatic. The fungus was reisolated from the lesion, and the isolates were morphologically identical to the original cultures. A second pathogenicity test was conducted on potted tea plants of the cultivar 'Yunkang No. 10.' Three plants scratched with a needle and three non-wounded plants were inoculated by spraying 20 ml of a spore suspension (105 spores/ml) of CYB5. Plants sprayed with sterile water served as controls. All plants were maintained in a growth chamber at 28°C, and 70% relative humidity. The lesions developed three days post-inoculation, and typical symptoms appeared after 10 days on spore-inoculated plants only. T. roseum was reisolated and reidentified based on the morphology and molecular analyses, thus fulfilling Koch's postulates. To our best knowledge, this is the first report of T. roseum causing tea leaf rot in China.