Cultural Hierarchies Research Articles

The effects of differential organizational culture types on firm and individual performance in Eastern and Western cultural countries including China and the United States: a meta-analysis

ABSTRACT To study the differences in the firm-level and individual-level performance in different organizational cultures, we employ meta-analysis methods to examine the differential impact of the clan, adhocracy, hierarchy, and market culture on firm and individual performance, basing on the Competing Values Framework (CVF) classification. This article includes 49 studies with 76,437 firm-level samples and 32 studies with 99,621 individual-level samples, we find that at both firm and individual level, the positive impact of adhocracy culture on performance is strongest, and hierarchy culture has the weakest impact, we also uncover that clan culture has the stronger impact on performance at the individual level; while adhocracy culture and market culture have the stronger impact on performance at the firm level. In addition, results also show how organizational cultures differ in the context of Eastern culture and Western culture.

Barriers and facilitators to implementation of outcome measures among physiotherapists in Nepal: A mixed-methods study

BackgroundStandardised outcome measures are essential to evidence-based practice but their implementation remains a significant challenge in low- and middle-income countries. The barriers and enablers for implementation of outcome measures are likely different in these settings. ObjectivesWe sought to understand barriers and facilitators to use of standardised outcome measures (e.g. patient-reported, performance-based, clinician-reported) in clinical practice among physiotherapists in Nepal. DesignExploratory sequential mixed-method study. MethodsWe conducted focus groups with physiotherapists in Nepal to understand factors contributing to standardised outcome measure use/non-use in depth and thematically analysed the data using Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR). To triangulate the findings, we used an online survey which was distributed to practicing physiotherapists in Nepal using social media. ResultsWe interviewed 26 physiotherapists for the qualitative phase and 125 physiotherapists responded to our online survey. The most endorsed facilitator was mandating outcome measure use through regulations at organisational or national level, for example, submission of patient-level outcome measures to an insurance system. Major barriers were lack of time, lack of outcome measures in local languages, inability to follow-up with patients and perceived inability of patients to understand outcome measures. Challenges that had not yet been identified in previous studies were inability to follow-up with patients and organisational culture (e.g., cultural hierarchy within an institution). ConclusionThe findings of our study provide an understanding of the contextual needs, and potential way forward for implementation of outcome measures in developing countries like Nepal. Future studies should focus on establishing consensus on which measures to use, the cross-cultural adaptation of these measures, and developing pathways for regulation.

Colonisation and Its Impacts on Melbourne: A Historical Perspective on Urban Development

Prior to the World Wars, European and American empires implemented a colonial model of urban planning in the colonies and concessions under their control. This approach to urban planning was characterised by an imperialist ideology that sought to impose Western standards and values on the territories they governed. This essay explores the manifestation and impact of colonisation on Melbourne, Australia, from its establishment as a British settlement in 1835 to the present day. The essay focuses on the citys colonial background, the manifestation of colonisation in urban development through urban planning and landmark buildings, and the impact of colonisation on living habits, social structures, and cultural traditions. Melbournes colonial history is marked by the displacement and subjugation of indigenous peoples and the exploitation of natural resources for British economic gain. The enduring influence of colonialism is evident in the urban planning, architectural landmarks, and cultural practices of Melbourne city, and has left an indelible mark on its urban, social, and economic development. The legacy of colonialism is reflected in the enduring patterns of power, inequality, and exclusion that are embedded in the citys physical and social landscape. This legacy has also contributed to the persistence of cultural and social hierarchies, which continue to shape the citys urban fabric and its social and economic relations. Furthermore, the effects of colonialism can be observed in the citys built environment, including its urban morphology, architectural styles, and land use patterns, all of which reflect the values and ideologies of the colonial era.

Unseen experiences of non-white third culture kids: Exploring cultural hierarchy and social consciousness in transnational spaces

The growing number of people in global transit are often families, which means that children are greatly impacted as their family moves. Many of these children are known as third culture kids (TCK), who have grown up in multiple countries. This term was coined by Ruth Useem in the 1950s but attracted more attention in the 1970s when David Pollock and Ruth Van Reken conducted seminars and workshops about TCK. They found that TCKs had similar issues such as rootlessness even though the countries they had been to were different. TCKs became a unique people group that breaks the normal boundaries of cultural and ethnic boxes. However, in recent years, children of expatriates from minority communities in the West or the Majority World have been raising concerns that their experiences growing up in global transit are different from the traditional TCK narratives due to classism and racism. This article seeks to examine the different experiences of non-white TCKs growing up and bringing voices to their untold stories as part of the larger set of TCK issues. TCKs are not a homogenous group. There is a need to have more voices from non-white TCKs to care for this growing trend of global mobile families from the Majority World/Global South. Non-white TCKs face different kinds of complexity in cultural identities as they move between countries. Race, ethnicity, nationality, language/accent, education system, family culture, moving portfolio, and socio-economic status are all factors affecting the TCK experience according to the cultural hierarchy in the locations they are in. International organizations should consider the unique stories of non-white TCKs to help their workers serve effectively in their overseas assignments and return to their countries with smooth re-entry.

Cultural Hierarchies, Leadership, and Employee Happiness

Cultural Hierarchies, Leadership, and Employee Happiness

E.E. Cummings's Shakespeare and the Modernist Middlebrow Sonnet

Abstract: As a popular experimental poet, E.E. Cummings embodied the intersection between "middlebrow" and "elite" cultural arenas as well as their competing claims to cultural institutions, such as the early-twentieth-century "Shakespeare industry" in the United States. Archival documents from Cummings's education at Harvard University and middlebrow studies together help to contextualize Cummings's conventional Shakespearean sonnets against middlebrow culture's emergence in the US. Cummings's Harvard notes show how the formal experimentation for which he is best known mirrors his readings in Shakespeare. These parallels signal the Shakespearean foundation of his own modernism and Cummings's participation in contemporary efforts to designate Shakespeare as an early modern modernist. Historicizing Cummings's conventional verse in this way also reveals how Cummings's Shakespeareanism, which blurs cultural hierarchy, has been obscured in the history of Cummings's reception as a middlebrow modernist by the mid-century "Battle of the Brows" and the cultural stratification it entailed.

The Impact of Organizational Culture on Non-Financial Performance: A Mediation Effect of Sustainability Balanced Scorecard Measurements

Purpose—This research aims to illuminate the non-financial performance level in the hotel industry in East Java cities in Indonesia. That is, it aims to analyze the impact of organizational culture on non-financial performance by investigating the effectiveness of using Sustainability Balanced Scorecard (SBSC) measurements in assessing the relation between organizational culture and non-financial performance. Design/methodology/approach — This exploratory research examines a sample of 65 hotels operating in different targeted markets. In order to have a better understanding and provide a clear discussion related to these relationships in sufficient depth, the theoretical framework of this research has been designed and developed based on a wide review of relevant research, theories, and findings. The developed research framework adopts the mixed form of the contingency of fit (selection and mediating-based interaction approaches) to investigate the contingency relationship. The survey questionnaire is distributed using an offline approach. Therefore, the collected data is analyzed by using the Partial Least Square Path Modelling (PLS-PM) method along with taking advantage of SmartPLS 3.0 Software. Findings — The findings indicated that organizational culture (Clan, Adhocracy, Market, and Hierarchy) has a positive and significant influence on the effective implementations and usage of Sustainability Balanced Scorecard Measurements, namely, financial, internal business process, customer, learning and growth, environmental, and community. These five perspectives of SBSC have a mediation-interaction relationship between the impact of organizational culture and the organizational non-financial performance levels. Therefore, SBSC measurements significantly and positively influence non-financial performance (product/ quality service level, customer satisfaction level, employee loyalty level, and social sustainability level). Practical implications—This research contributes empirically to the existing literature related to management accounting practices, and more particularly, evaluation and performance practices, by providing findings from developing countries and focusing on the SBSC’ measurements’ usage at hotel businesses operating in three cities in East Java. Originality/value — The multiple evaluations and performance measurements of BSCS proved to be innovative business measurements to enhance the decision-making process and improve a business organization's overall value and performance. Thus, this research paper adopts the contingency model to determine the main internal contingency factor that explains the extent of SBSC measurements’ usage and the effective influence of SBSC measurements on non-financial performance levels. Keywords — Organizational Culture, Non-Financial Performance, Sustainability Balanced Scorecard’s Measurements, Hotel Industry, East Java, Indonesia. Paper type — Exploratory Research

The relationship between environmental turbulence and organizational improvisation in hospitals: The moderator role of organizational culture

Aim: In today's business environment, dynamism, uncertainty, and environmental turbulence are quite high. Organizational improvisation is seen as an effective mechanism for organizations operating in these environments to respond to demands from the environment. This study aims to examine the relationship between environmental turbulence and organizational improvisation, and also the moderator role of organizational culture (adhocracy, clan, hierarchy, and market culture). 
 Methods: The study used a descriptive cross-sectional design. The data were collected from 487 lower, middle, and upper-level managers working in private hospitals in Istanbul. The disproportionate stratification method was used since hospitals are not homogeneous regarding technological and financial structure, size, and human resource quality. The data was analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences 23 program through PROCESS macro. 
 Results: The results show a positive relationship between environmental turbulence and organizational improvisation. Also, adhocracy, clan, and market cultures moderate the environmental turbulence and organizational improvisation relationship. As these three organizational cultures increase, the effect of environmental turbulence on organizational improvisation weakens. 
 Conclusion: This study indicates that environmental turbulence is an effective factor in hospitals' organizational improvisation capability. Furthermore, the moderation analysis suggests that organizational culture may be an important mechanism underlying environmental turbulence and organizational improvisation relationship.

Confucian education, cultural responsibility, and Chinese identity: why do Chinese immigrant parents engage their children in learning Confucian classics?

ABSTRACT This study takes an empirical approach to explore Chinese immigrants’ engagement in Confucian classics-reading (dujing) education and its implications for the relationship between Confucianism and citizen-making in a cross-cultural context. It offers two main findings. First, the theory of classics-reading education involves a pedagogical universalism that suggests a cultural hierarchy and is associated with the image of Confucian cosmopolitan citizens. These elements generate a sense of cultural responsibility among Chinese immigrant parents and encourage them to become involved in classics-reading education. Second, examining these parents’ motivations for participating in classics-reading education reveals two orientations: the linguistic and the moral, both of which empower them to take action to engage their children in studying Confucian classics, and which shape their awareness of ethnic identity. These findings contribute to our understanding of how Confucianism is combined with citizen-making in terms of globalization.

<i>Squid Game</i>: The Hall of Screens in the Age of Platform Cosmopolitanism

The nine-episode Korean-language series Squid Game became a global sensation immediately upon its premiere on Netflix in September 2021. The show’s popularity and critical acclaim in the anglophone world had been unprecedented for a non-English series. This review provides a symptomatic reading of Squid Game’s global success and a short analysis of its visual appeal. It also explores the tension between Squid Game’s smooth and flat aesthetics that enables the show to travel and the culturally specific contexts it references. Some argue that the aesthetics lead to an ahistorical and superficial cultural understanding that overlooks the complexities of Korea’s history and US imperialism. Others argue that they challenge cultural hierarchies and democratize interactions. This reflects a broader challenge of balancing global accessibility with cultural specificity faced by East Asian serial dramas in the era of global streaming services. This review concludes by highlighting the role of platform cosmopolitanism in bridging cultural and linguistic barriers in meaningful ways.

About transformational socio-cultural processes in society

The existing conceptual approaches to the globalization of culture proceed from the fact that the more the world becomes one, the greater the cultural differences. Global cultural studies, which studies these processes, understands the world not as a single system, but as a multitude of systems, focusing on the decentralized nature of the world system, recognizes heterogeneity and hybridization as the natural state of the culture of the world. The article shows that the most important principle that allows preserving the unity of diversity is the principle of equality, which means that there is no scale of evaluation of culture or hierarchy of cultures in cultural development. This is also important from the point of view of real equality in the relationship of cultures. Approaching a particular culture from the point of view of equality, careful attitude to its uniqueness, it should be noted that the development of any culture depends on the availability of necessary resources, since lack of resources causes the danger of deformation during intensive intercultural interactions. The equality of cultures can be considered as the realization of a universal principle, which in its meaning coincides with the principle of sovereignty. It serves as the basis for the State to conduct its policy and assumes, if necessary, the protection of its rights. Globalization is a process whose scale is relative. This can happen both within and between civilizations. The current stage of globalization is a process that covers the whole world, which was prepared for this at previous stages.

Иерархии власти: политический стиль в современной России

In this article, the author shows how the hierarchies of power are arranged in modern Russia, and what motives are associated with political subordination. From the author's point of view, hierarchies of power are not only hierarchies of specific positions and positions representing power. It is also a hierarchy of goods and material culture, access to which opens up as you move up. The author illustrates this relationship by referring to the experience accumulated by Russian and Soviet culture, as well as his own observations of regional and municipal political processes. According to the author, the increase in the number of institutions in modern Russia responding to the complexity of public life leads to an increase in the number of bureaucracy and hierarchies of power.

Paratexts as Portals

In an understudied cluster of films from the 1920s in Spain that feature the tumultuous lives of female music-hall entertainers, posters, postcards, and magazines not only mirror the shape of windows, doors and thresholds, but also direct the flow of circulating images of women. These portable, paper media immobilize or propel women’s bodies into motion, constituting portals that enable or disrupt fame, security and “happiness.” Rectangular artifacts both don the walls, windows, and cabinets in these films' mise-en-scène, and drive the story, character development, and the production of gender and racial identity. These films show characters interacting with posters, postcards, and magazines in a way that becomes as determining as the gripping plots, enabling women to pivot between stark, atavistic, or impoverished rurality and electrifying urban spaces. In this article, I examine the governing status of paratexts and the female star image in early Spanish film culture by tracing the history of La gitana blanca, a film directed by Ricardo de Baños initially released in 1919 and then reedited and redistributed internationally in 1923. In its opening moments, La gitana blanca offers us a view into how paratexts not only saturated the media ecology of the 1920s but also were “responsible for popular culture’s encounters with countless story worlds.” In the context of Spanish film historiography’s master narratives, in which cultural hierarchies remain tightly enmeshed with gendered and racialized logics, a cross-media perspective proves instrumental in revealing the extent to which film culture mediated the real and fictive lives of women.

The Genealogy of the Subaltern Representation beyond Theory

The term subaltern is often understood in the light of history. Subaltern is an old term that designated the workingclass people but subaltern as a theory came into light with the introduction of collective project by a group of South Asian scholars. It is a trend of writing history that emerged in India around 1980s. Subaltern study is about the history of ignored history; history of socio-cultural development and the history of nation as well as about the process of globalization. Subaltern Study concerns the participation of the masses that were subsided and marginalized from a larger discourse and often misrepresented in general discussion due to socio-economic and ideological grounds. Otherwise stated, it is about the history of silenced and neglect. In South Asian context, it is more often seen as a benefaction of colonialism, while in western context it designates affairs of social and cultural hierarchy. The term deals with oblivious absence of the people and the undermining of their consciousness, aspirations and cultural values from the larger structure of history writing. The paper explores the historical representations of Subaltern mass and tries to comprehend the process by which the subalterns are being produced at the first place.

ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE AT UNIVERSITIES: COMPARATIVE STUDY OF INTERNATIONAL PRACTICES

Organizational culture for effective functioning of universities is one of the main prerequisites for ensuring a good environment. Although organizational culture is informal in nature, it can serve as a crucial factor in managerial decision-making and quality enhancement of processes. The current article explores four main types of organizational culture (clan, adhocracy, hierarchy and market cultures) [4] at international higher education institutions (HEIs). By comparing and analyzing the professional literature, it becomes evident that at international HEIs clan organizational culture is more vivid. Even if other types of organizational culture are mostly adopted by universities, they still strive to have a clan organizational culture. Clan culture fosters a sense of cohesiveness and connectedness among members, and, respectively, enhances their ownership and organizational commitment. In a clan culture, everyone collaborates for the betterment of the organization, making it easier to make collective decisions that are best for the group.

Dancing Polish Romanticism: Bronisława Niżyńska’s Chopin Concerto and the Balet Polski

This article analyses Bronisława Niżyńska’s leadership of the Balet Polski Reprezentacyjny’s (Polish Ballet Representative’s) inaugural 1937-1938 season as a study of the Second Polish Republic’s assertion of national identity. I analyse the ballet, Chopin Concerto, as a choreographic representation of Polish culture for the company’s international debut at the 1937 Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne in Paris, as well as how audiences in London and Paris perceived the choreographic representations of Poland. I preface the Balet Polski’s debut with analysis of the cultural geo-hierarchy that pervaded Europe’s post-imperial system in the interwar years. To do so, I foreground Europe’s cultural cartography with Larry Wolff’s conception of Europe as a continent divided between East and West, while also incorporating Pascale Casanova’s literary mapping of centre and periphery. Concurrently, I adopt choreographic analysis of Chopin Concerto to question canon and cultural hierarchies. The research framework delineates the difficulty Poland, as a new nation in the post-imperial system, faced in asserting its cultural presence.

South-South acculturation: Majority-group students’ relation to Sub-Saharan students in Moroccan universities

This paper explores the complexities of majority-group members’ acculturation in the changing culture-scape of Morocco within the larger framework of South-South acculturation and the mobilization of subalternity. Taking into account linguistic, cultural and epistemic hierarchies, this study explores the dynamics of majority groups’ acculturation and the manifestations that might confound, signal and/or deny acculturation among Moroccan university students towards Sub-Saharan students. In-depth interviews with Moroccan and Sub-Saharan university students and some auto-ethnographic accounts are used to account for the complexities in researching majority-group members’ acculturation and to understand participants’ subjectivities, ontologies and perspectives in greater nuance and depth. Findings revealed that Moroccan students’ discourses articulate strong support for the increasing presence of Sub-Saharan people on campuses, however, this positive rhetoric does not necessarily translate into ‘willingness’ to adopt their ontologies. While this could be mere hospitable recognition, the claims of majority group acculturation require a stronger foundation of the appeal of migrants from the Global South beyond the local society’s humanitarian hospitality. Implications of this study include developing the notion of ‘mobilization of subalternity’ which refers to the re-projection of the overlapping systems of privilege/subordination and the importance of sociopolitical framing that does not distance the geopolitical, racial and power-/image-laden from the very psychological factors that influence acculturation.

Linking Organizational Culture to Employee Creativity: Mediating Role of Psychological Well-Being

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether organizational culture is related to employee creativity and whether employees' psychological well-being has a mediating role in this relationship. In order to achieve this aim, data were collected from 310 employees working at the IHH Humanitarian Relief Foundation using the questionnaire technique. Hypotheses were tested with linear regression analysis. The findings showed that market, clan and adhocracy cultures were positively associated with employee creativity. However, it was seen that hierarchy culture had a negative relationship with employee creativity. In addition, it has been understood that psychological well-being mediates the relationship between market culture and employee creativity. It has been revealed that there is a negative relationship between market culture and psychological well-being in the mediation relationship, and a positive relationship between psychological well-being and employee creativity. As far as is known, these relationships have been examined in a single model for the first time. For this reason, it is believed that the findings have valuable insights in terms of practice and theory.

Nurses' motivations to leave the nursing profession: A qualitative meta-aggregation.

To systematically provide an overview of the qualitative evidence available on the motivations for nurses to leave the nursing profession. A qualitative systematic review using the meta-aggregation design of the Joanna Briggs Institute. Qualitative studies in English, dating from 2010 until January 2023, were obtained from CINAHL, PsycINFO and PubMed. Studies were selected using predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Quality assessment was done using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist for Qualitative Research. The assessment of confidence in the review findings was done according to the ConQual approach. Nine papers that investigated nurses' motivations to leave the profession were included. We developed four synthesized findings from 11 synthesized categories and 31 categories to reflect nurses' motivations to leave the profession, including (1) challenging work environment, (2) emotional distress, (3) disappointment about nursing reality, and (4) culture of hierarchy and discrimination. This review provides an in-depth and meaningful understanding of motivations for nurses to leave the profession. Among others, poor working conditions, a lack of opportunities for career development, a lack of support from managers, work-related stress, a discrepancy between nursing education and practice and bullying behaviour were motivations to leave the profession, which calls for targeted action to retain nurses in the profession. Findings of this study shine a light on reasons why nurses leave the profession, providing evidence to support nurse managers and policymakers to develop retention strategies to move out of current crisis into recovery of sustainable global healthcare. There was no direct patient or caregiver contribution to this study because this study originated from the process of a Master study. However, two of the authors are still involved in clinical nursing practice and provided the necessary link between research and practice.

Analysis Of Enhancement Of Employee's Performance Strategy Through Mapping Of Organizational Culture In KPKNL Sidoarjo

This study aims to analyze strategies to improve the performance of employees through mapping the organizational culture in the Office of State Assets and Auction (KPKNL) Sidoarjo. The method used in this research is descriptive method with quantitative approach. In this study the primary data were obtained from the questionnaire Organizational Culture Assessment Instrument (OCAI) developed by Cameron and Quinn. In OCAI, the cultural type of an organization will be mapped into 4 (four) quadrants: clan culture, ad- hocracy culture, market culture and hierarchy culture measured through 6 main dimensions. The results show the organizational culture in KPKNL Sidoarjo today and organizational culture is expected to require changes but not significant. The strategy needed to improve employee performance is to improve clan culture and ad- hocacy culture by doing more emphasis on intimacy and emotional bonding for sharing and teamwork as well as fostering enthusiasm for innovation.