Corn Cultivation Research Articles

Inventory of the entomofauna associated with the cultivation of sweet corn in Senegal: Report of the fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda

Inventory of the entomofauna associated with the cultivation of sweet corn in Senegal: Report of the fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda

Comparative Advantage of Productivity and Soil Properties on Corn-Soybean Intercropping to Monoculture System in Marginal Dry Land of Gunungkidul

Most of agricultural land in Gunungkidul Regency is in the form of dry land. The appropriate cropping pattern in term of optimizing land in secondary planting season is intercropping system. The aim of this study was to show the comparison between corn or soybean monoculture with corn-soybean intercropping of two different varieties on growth, yield, LER value and soil properties on dry land of Gunungkidul. This study was conducted on Kampung, Ngawen, Gunungkidul. Soybean seeds were planted 14 days before corn seeds to avoid hindering the irradiation of soybean plant. Soybean seeds were planted 5 rows between two rows of corn with a spacing 40 cm x 20 cm. The soybean varieties were used Dena-1 and Grobogan, while corn varieties used Pioneer 35 and Bisi-2. The planting distance of corn were used the legowo system, that was (65-50) cm x 30 cm. Results of the study was shown that the highest corn productivity was achieved by Pioneer 35 variety, which intercropped with Dena-1 variety, that yielded 6.73 ton. ha−1 dry corn and 1.65 ton.ha−1 soybean seeds.. This yield was lower 9.11% and 10.13%, respectively compare to monoculture system on the same corn or soybean cultivation. The advantage of intercropping corn-soybean system was added biomass of soybean, which can be used as animal feed. The chemical soil properties of corn-soybean intercropping increased on N total about 33.33%, P and K available increased 25.71% and 23.62%, respectively. Soil CEC increased about 19.53%, while soil pH did not significantly different compared to monoculture.

Enhancing the maize growth and production by applying the phosphorus and potassium nutrients in inceptisol of Langkat Regency

Inceptisol is one of the soil types covering the Langkat Regency. Unfortunately, the soil has low chemical fertility and is characterized by a small part of macronutrients. To support the maize growth in inceptisol, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium are the primary required nutrients. Hence, applying inorganic fertilizer is one of the strategies to solve this issue. This study was conducted at Sei Bingai District, Langkat Regency, from July to November 2021. This study aims to analyze the effect of phosphorus and potassium on the maize growth and production of inceptisol. This study was arranged by Non-Factorial Randomize Complete Block Design with seven treatments and four replications. These treatments are consist of: PK 0 (control), PK 1 (standard fertilization), PK 2 (50 % PK plus dose + 75 % standard fertilization), PK 3 (100 % PK plus dose + 75 % standard fertilization), PK 4 (150 % PK plus dose + 75% standard fertilization), PK 5 (100 % PK plus dose + 50 % standard fertilization), PK 6 (150 % PK plus dose + 50 % standard fertilization). The results show that the PK 5 and PK 6 treatments contribute to the highest maize production by 9.300 kg/ha and the highest Relative Agronomy Effectiveness (RAE) value, 147 %. Fertilization dose of 10 kg ha−1 PK Plus + 50 % standard fertilization is recommended for corn cultivation and is very economically feasible.

Land Optimization With Sweet Corn (Zea mays saccharata, Sturt) and Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) Overlapping Systems in Nagari Gadut, Tilatang Kamang District

Research conducted experiment using a completely randomized design with 6 treatments that is the time of planting eggplant as secondary crops to the cultivation of sweet corn (M) consisting of: M1 = planting at same time; M2 = time of planting eggplant 1 week after planting sweet corn; M3 = time of planting eggplant 2 weeks after planting sweet corn; M4 = time of planting eggplant 3 weeks after planting sweet corn; M5 = single planting sweet corn planting time = M1. M6 = single eggplant planting time = M1. The results planting showed that eggplant can be planted together with sweet corn planting time, up to three weeks after planting sweet corn. Results of sweet corn is not influenced by the timing of planting different eggplant. The M3 and M4 treatments resulted in relatively more profitable production based on the total relative yield (RYT) and land equivalent ratio (LER).

THE ROLE OF TEAMWORK IN CREATING A STRATEGY FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISES IN THE CONTEXT OF GLOBALIZATION CHANGES

This article explores the theoretical and practical aspects of the strategy for developing agricultural enterprises. It also determines the role of teamwork in the context of globalization, the destruction of traditional supply chains, and the socio-economic crisis caused by large-scale invasions. Developing a business activity strategy is an important tool for ensuring competitiveness in the market under conditions of uncertainty and competition. It is a complex of actions aimed at achieving goals, rational use of resources, and obtaining maximum profitability in the future. The state of the agricultural sector in Ukraine is considered, the main problems and ways of solving them in the context of globalization are characterized. The main problem for most enterprises in the industry is a lack of working capital and a collapse of international credit programs. Liquidity problems are caused by low sales volumes and an increase in logistics costs. Obtaining greater profits is possible by reorienting towards oil crops, spring barley, spring wheat, peas, oats, buckwheat, and reducing corn cultivation. As a result of analyzing the strategies of agro-industrial sector enterprises, it was determined that companies engaged in product processing have positive results. The article analyzes the practical experience of leading agro-industrial enterprises: Kernel, MHP, HarvEast, IMC, Astarta. This text discusses the strategies used by companies during war. It emphasizes the importance of teamwork in developing a strategy and highlights the effectiveness of long-term strategies during crises. As a result of the study, it was determined that the effectiveness of the work of an agricultural enterprise depends to a greater extent on a long-term strategy and a reserve of financial resources, and anti-crisis measures play a smaller role.

Іnfluence of crop pollution on development i maize productivity

Goal. To study the reserves of weed seeds in the soil and to determine the influence of weediness of crops on the development and productivity of corn.
 Methods. Informational and analytical (collection of materials and analysis of literary sources), field and laboratory research (setting up experiments, soil analysis, monitoring plant development, determination of biometric indicators, accounting for the number of weeds, collection and determination of crop structure), mathematical and statistical (processing of research results). The design of the field experiment included weeded and weed-protected plots.
 Results. In the forest-steppe zone of Ukraine, with intensive corn cultivation technology, the average number of weeds in the soil from emergence to row closure was at the level of 250—425 weeds/m2. Determining the number and species composition of segetal vegetation made it possible to establish that the corn crops are dominated by a mixed type of weediness with the dominance of annual dicotyledonous and grassy weeds. The number of dominant weeds at the beginning of the corn growing season in the experimental plots of NUBiP (Kyiv) was: Chenopodium album L. — 16 pcs./ m2, Amaranthus retroflexus L. — 23 pcs./m2, Portulaca oleracea L. — 78 pcs./ m2. In the fields of the agricultural station (Fastivskyi district), the dominant weeds were Polygonum convolvulus L., Setaria glauca L., Chenopodium album L., the number of which in the phase of 4—5 leaves was 32, 20 and 10 pcs./m2, respectively. Weeds significantly limited the growth of corn both in terms of plant height and development phases. In the phase of 9—10 leaves of corn in the weeded area, some types of weeds reached the height of the corn, accumulated a significant vegetative mass and began to form reproductive organs. The above-ground mass of weeds at the beginning of grain formation reached 995 g/m2. The pollution of the crops significantly affected the reduction of the corn yield and its structure.
 Conclusions. Significant reserves of weed seeds in corn crops cause the development of segetal vegetation during its growing season. The high competitiveness of weeds was manifested in the suppression of the growth and development of the culture and the formation of the crop. Weeds form a significant vegetative mass and reproductive organs at the beginning of the development of the corn grain. On weedy crops, the yield of corn decreased by an average of 32—35%.

A study of land suitability for developing corn in West Sumatra: an approach of GIS-based multi-criteria and legacy soil data

In 2020 Indonesia imported 911,194 tons of corn. Therefore, each region needs to optimize their land-use. One of the potential areas for corn development is in West Sumatra. Therefore, this research was conducted with the objectives of a) assessing land suitability for corn and b) analyzing limiting factors and alternatives for land improvements. The geodatabase analysis used an approach of GIS-based multi-criteria and legacy soil data. Land suitability was analyzed using the Matching method with classes highly suitable (S1), moderately suitable (S2), marginally suitable (S3), and not suitable (N). The results showed that 33.9% of the land in West Sumatra was suitable for corn cultivation (1,210,592.9 ha). The suitability class consisted of an S1 of 169.5 ha, an S2 class of 143,761.2 ha, and an S3 class of 1,066,662.2 ha. As much as 66% of the land was not suitable for corn cultivation due to slope factors and rooting media. The S2 and S3 classes had main subclasses S2.tc.wa.eh widely distributed in Dharmasraya and Sijunjung, S3.wa.oa in Pesisir Selatan, and S3.wa in West Pasaman. The limiting factors of subclasses S2 and S3 of corn in West Sumatra were due to high rainfall, steep slopes, and poor drainage.

Natural enemies of Spodoptera frugiperda J.E Smith (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on corn plants in West Sumatera

One of the harmful pests that attack corn plants in Indonesia is Spodoptera frugiperda. This invasive insect was detected in the West Pasaman district in 2019. Outbreaks of S. frugiperda have spread to nearly every region of Indonesia. There have been no reports of natural enemies of S. frugiperda in West Sumatera. The study’s objectives were to count the number of S. frugiperda individuals in each location and to identify the natural enemies. The research was conducted in West Pasaman, Padang Pariaman, Tanah Datar, and Limapuluh Kota as centers of corn cultivation from March to August 2021. Sampling was done in four districts by selecting three sub-districts in each district, then two villages in the sub-district. Sampling was carried out by purposive random sampling, and larvae were taken only during the vegetative phase of corn plants. To get natural enemies, parasitoids, nematodes, and entomopathogens were obtained from larvae reared in the laboratory. For predators with direct observation if found preying on S. frugiperda. The results showed that S.frugiperda had a different number of individuals in West Sumatra. Coccinellidae predators, entomopathogenic fungi, nematode parasites, and parasitoids were found in the field. Microplitis sp. was a common parasitoid found in almost all districts, with a parasitization rate of 5.91%.

Public Willingness to Pay For Purple Corn Attributes

Sweet corn (Zea mays L. saccharata), also known as sugar corn or sweet maize, is a popular multi-purpose cereal crop of the family Poaceae (Muhumed et al., 2014). The crop is the second most important crop in Asia after rice. China remains as the largest producer with a production of 260 million MT in 2019. In Malaysia, the crop area is estimated 10 thousand ha with production yield of 73 thousand MT. Purple variety that rich with anthocyanin content is classified as sweet corn that relatively new in local market. The cultivation of purple corn is not encouraging as Malaysian Department of Agriculture (DOA) recorded only eight farmers throughout Malaysia with a total area of 17.7 ha. Considering this variety is new and less accessible, this study evaluates consumers’ Willingness to Pay (WTP) in Malaysia towards purple corn. Data was collected through online platforms using structured questionnaires. The total of 431 responses were received in one month. The discrete choice experiment (DCE) is used to measure consumer WTP and the results showed that anthocyanin content and sweetness of purple corn are positive and significant at the level of 1%. This indicated that the higher the anthocyanin content and corn sweetness, the higher the level of consumer utility would be. Consumers are willing to pay for higher prices than the lowest market price if the purple corn variety satisfies both value-added anthocyanin and sweetness attributes.

ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY ASSESSMENT OF INVESTMENTS IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION

The purpose of this study is to assess the economic benefits of agricultural production and provide guidance to manufacturers and investors interested in agriculture. This paper applies dynamic efficiency evaluation methods i.e. net present value, profitability index, and internal rate of return, together with the sensitivity analysis that is useful in cases of market turbulences. The presented investment is purchasing 10 hectares of arable land and cultivating two alternative crops: corn and soybeans. Research results and projections imply that both scenarios are acceptable and economically profitable with the preference for the cultivation of corn giving better economic efficiency. This study can provoke further investment evaluations with dynamic capital budgeting methods in other crops or implementation of mechanization in agricultural production.

Effect of heat stress during anthesis on the Summer Maize grain formation: Using integrated modelling and multi-criteria GIS-based method

Dealing with high temperatures during the anthesis stage is an important factor that can affect summer maize. Here, the possibility of heat stress injury (HSI) in the summer maize-grown fields of Golestan province was investigated. A multi-criteria weighted overlay procedure was used to determine the suitability of arable land for maize cultivation. Using the CERES-Maize model and long-term meteorological data, the map of the days with Tmax > 35 °C from three days before to seven days after anthesis was provided. The results showed that the irrigated corn fields in the study area have suitable degrees for corn cultivation and different conditions in the field of HSI experience around pollination. Although most of the fields were located in highly suitable areas, probable HSI (as described by PDT35) affected the final suitability. Also, more reliable sowing dates were introduced. The results revealed that on 18th of June, maize could be sown at all suitable areas except in some arable lands of Kalaleh where the PDT35 was more than 40%. The results showed that HSI should also be considered around the pollination stage to obtain reliable results from land suitability.

Enhancing assessment of corn growth performance using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and deep learning

The advancement of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) offers precise and accurate spectral and spatial information about crops and plays a pivotal role in precision agriculture. This study used UAVs, geographic information systems (GIS), and deep learning technology to monitor corn growth performance across different management practices. Two experimental corn fields were divided into four plots to evaluate the effects of varying corn management practices (i.e., seeding schedule, planting depth, and fertilization method) on corn growth performance. RGB and MicaSense multispectral cameras were mounted on UAVs to collect corn field images. YOLOv5 was investigated for counting corn plants. Plant height, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Difference Red-Edge Index (NDRE), plant density, and plant volume were mapped based on UAV images. Additionally, the Otsu thresholding method was evaluated as an automatic method for separating plant height, NDVI, and NDRE values from the background. YOLOv5 and Otsu thresholding were efficient and accurate for automatically counting corn plants and extracting corn plant heights as well as VIs, respectively. The emergence rates of corn seeds were 40%, 33%, 41%, and 62% in plots A, B, C, and D, respectively. Variations in corn field management practices significantly affected the emergence rate, with fertilizer application close to seeds emerging as the optimal practice for achieving higher emergence rates across experimental plots. This study used deep learning and UAV to provide precise information and valuable insights into corn field practices, which can help farmers optimize corn cultivation. The techniques applied in this study could be extrapolated to improve cultivation processes for other crops.

Using the GeoWEPP Model to Predict Water Erosion in Micro-Watersheds in the Brazilian Cerrado

The GeoWEPP model has estimated water and soil losses caused by erosion at the watershed level in different parts of the world. However, this model was developed and its parameters have been adjusted for temperate climates, which are different from tropical climates such as those found in Brazil. Our study evaluated the performance of the GeoWEPP model in estimating soil erosion in three micro-watersheds in the Cerrado (i.e., savannah) of southeastern Mato Grosso state, Brazil. Major land uses modeled were soybean and corn cultivation, traditional pasture, and native vegetation. Input parameters for the GeoWEPP model involved climate, soil, land use and management, and topography. GeoWEPP was calibrated with input parameters for soil erodibility specified as interrill and rill soil erosion, soil critical shear stress, and saturated hydraulic conductivity obtained experimentally and estimated by internal routine equations of the GeoWEPP model. Soil losses observed in micro-watersheds with agriculture, pasture, and native vegetation were 0.11, 0.06, and 0.10 metric tons per hectare per year, respectively. GeoWEPP best modeled soil erosion for native vegetation and pasture, while over-estimating that for crops. Surface runoff was best modeled for crops versus native vegetation and pasture. The GeoWEPP model performed better when using soil erodibility input parameters.

MOTIVASI PETANI MENERAPKAN KEARIFAN LOKAL DALAM BUDIDAYA JAGUNG DI KELURAHAN WASOLANGKA KECAMATAN PARIGI KABUPATEN MUNA

The application of local wisdom in corn cultivation is one of the traditions carried out by farmers from generation to generation until now. The application of this local wisdom is not done just like that, but is based on the farmers' motivation in carrying out this tradition in order to meet their needs. This study aims to determine the motivation of farmers to apply local wisdom in corn cultivation in Wasolangka Village, Parigi District, Muna Regency. Determination of informant s in this study were four corn farmers using the snowball technique. The data collection process was carried out by in-depth interviews, documentation and literature study. Data analysis in this study used a qualitative descriptive analysis. The results of the study show that the motivation of farmers to apply local wisdom in corn cultivation in the Wasolangka Village is still being carried out today, where this motivation can meet the needs of farmers consisting of motivational physiological needs, the need for a sense of security, social needs, the need for appreciation and the need for actualization self. While the stages of corn cultivation in local wisdom consist of location determination (deghondo tampa), land clearing (detambori), burning (desula), re-burning (derangka), fencing (deghala), rituals before planting (kaago-ago), planting (detisa ), maintenance (derawati kahitela), young corn (detumbu) and harvesting (detongka).

Урожайность и экономическая оценка выращивания кукурузы при различной густоте стояния и использовании удобрений

Corn (Zea mays L.) has gained wide popularity in the Russian regions and is widely cultivated in our country. The soil and climatic conditions of the Lower Volga region are quite favorable for the cultivation of corn, which makes it possible to expand the acreage to fulfill the tasks of the Food Security Doctrine of the Russian Federation, the creation of productive and disease-resistant corn hybrids. The article presents the results of the creation and production of corn hybrids using various cultivation technologies, including the use of fertilizers. An economic assessment of the results of scientific research is given. Keywords: CORN, HYBRID POPULATION, FERTILIZER, YIELD, PLANT DENSITY, CULTIVATION TECHNOLOGY, ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY

“Wetra”: Kearifan Lokal dalam Budidaya Tanaman Jagung di Desa Yaltubung Kecamatan Pulau-Pulau Babar

Wetra: Local Wisdom in corn cultivation in Yaltubung Village, Pulau-Pulau Babar District, Southwest Maluku Regency. Supervised by A.E. Pattiselano and D.J. Siwalette. Yaltubung Village is one of the villages in the Babar Islands sub-district, Southwest Maluku Regency which has wisdom in managing its local food. One of the local wisdoms of Yaltubung Village is called Wetra, namely corn. This study aims to identify the process of local wisdom in Wetra, to know the values of local craftsmanship in Wetra, to analyze the role of Wetra for the food availability of the people of Yaltubung Village, this study uses a qualitative descriptive analysis method. The results of this study indicate that Wetra as Local Wisdom is very good, Wetra as the staple food for the people of Yaltubung Village and to meet the food needs of the community.

Changes in biological activity and toxicity of soil in sweet corn crops

The number of soil microorganisms affect the fertility of the soil and the processes occurring in the soil microflora. An urgent research problem is the rationale for the use of intensive technologies for the cultivation of sweet corn using progressive methods for obtaining a highly productive crop based on the principles of resource conservation, biologization and ecologization. The purpose of the research is to study the toxicity and biological activity of the soil after sowing sweet corn. The tasks are to determine the biological activity and toxicity of the soil, and comparative impact of agricultural practices in the study of soil toxicity. Two-factor experiment in quadruple repetition. The experiments were carried out on the farm enterprise of Popov S.A., the Chernoyarsky district of the Astrakhan region. The research period was 2009…2015. Determination of biological activity and toxicity was carried out at the beginning of the research in 2009 and 2015. According to the assessment of the intensity of the destruction of cellulose on O.E. Pryazhnikova’s scale biological activity was characterized as strong. A close correlation dependence on experience factors was noted, the relationship between the signs was high and direct. When determining the toxicity of the soil, we came to the conclusion that at the beginning of the research favorable conditions for the development of the studied crop were formed on soils cultivated by moldboard cultivation. According to zero tillage, an increase in soil toxicity was observed, which was expressed in a decrease in seed germination, the mass of seedlings. Revisited in 2015. Soil toxicity after zero tillage decreased in all variants, seed germination increased, on average, by 5...8%. As a result of the accumulation of plant residues on the soil surface, an upper humus layer was formed, leading to a constant penetration of ai r into the soil.

Foresta e perturbazione antropica. 122 L’agroecosistema della Milpa come esempio di co-abitazione

What can be a model of urban development congenial to the human, plant and animal population? Is it possible to implement a model that is useful in our time?The article focuses on the critical analysis of an agroecosystem dating back to the Maya population and aims to obtain useful information on the relationships between human settlements and natural habitats. Starting from the agroecosystem of corn cultivation used in Mesoamerica, we intend to investigate the symbiotic relationship between indigenous agricultural communities and the ecosystem in which they are located. The investigation of the relationship between forest, settlements and agricultural production of a pre-Columbian civilization is the starting point for a broader reflection on the issue of co-habitation in the expanding city towards complex ecosystems, rich in natural biodiversity.The work here presented is the result of what emerged during a field work carried out in 2018 in the Mexican peninsula of Yucatan, the story of encounters that shows the negotiation between different beings: plants, men and even spirits, result in a complex ecosystem.

Importance of snowmelt on soil nitrate leaching to groundwater – A model study

The movement of nitrate to surface water bodies during snow accumulation and melting has been extensively studied, but there are only limited studies on the influence of snow processes on nitrate leaching to groundwater. The present study investigated the impact of snow processes on nitrate leaching to groundwater based on a simulation modeling approach using HYDRUS-1D. HYDRUS-1D model has a temperature threshold-based snow model in addition to water, solute, and heat simulation components. The snow component in HYDRUS-1D was previously not applied to snow simulation studies since the method does not consider a detailed physical and process-based representation of snow accumulation and melting. In the present study, HYDRUS-1D was used to simulate snow accumulation and melting over 30 years for a location in Waverly, Lancaster County, Nebraska, USA. From the simulations, it was observed that the calibrated temperature threshold based snow module in HYDRUS-1D is effective in simulating snow accumulation and melting, as shown by the index of agreement and root mean squared error of 0.74 and 2.70 cm for calibration (15 years) and 0.88 and 2.70 cm for validation (15 years), respectively. The impact of snow melt on nitrate leaching was studied based on a study area with corn cultivation (Waverly, Nebraska, USA). A long-term (60 years) analysis was carried out for irrigated and non-irrigated agriculture with and without precipitation as snow. A higher nitrate leaching to groundwater was observed in the order of irrigated–with snow (54,038 kg/ha), irrigated-without snow (53,516 kg/ha), non-irrigated-with snow (7,431 kg/ha), and non-irrigated-without snow (7,090 kg/ha). This displays a 0.98% and 4.81% increase in nitrate leaching due to snow in irrigated and non-irrigated conditions, respectively. When extrapolated over the corn cultivated regions in Nebraska, this resulted in a difference of 1.2E+09 kg and 6.1E+08 kg of nitrate when considering snow in irrigated and non-irrigated areas over 60 years. This is the first study that has analyzed the long-term impact of snow on nitrate transport to groundwater based on a simulation modeling approach. The results show that snow accumulation and melting plays a vital role in the nitrate leaching into the groundwater and indicates the importance of considering snow components in similar studies.

Growing of sweet corn in different mulch materials

The purpose of the study is to determine the growth, development and yield quality of sweet corn varieties and hybrids when grown in different mulching materials in the soil-climatic conditions of Karakalpakstan.Methods. Selected sweet corn Zamin variety and Megaton F1 hybrids were grown in different mulching materials in the fallow season and evaluated for their growth, development and productivity in the conditions of Karakalpakstan in 2018-2020. Mulching materials were selected for growing varieties and hybrids. According to the results of the selection, the varieties and hybrids with a positive conclusion were recommended for use in the production of cultivation in mulching materials.Results. In 2018‒2020, the selected Zamin variety of sweet corn and the Megaton F1 hybrid, when grown on different mulching materials, yield varied from 10.8 t to 13.1 t per hectare. The highest productivity was recorded when mulching with manure and black membrane, it was 11.5-12.2 t per hectare in the Zamin variety, and 12.4-13.1 t in the Megaton F1 hybrid. Cultivation of sweet corn mulched with manure and black membrane has the highest net profit (19509.0 - 21890.8 thousand sums and 22120.5-24150.9 thousand sums) and the highest yield (123,8-138.6% and 134.7-146.8%).Conclusion. It was found that sweet corn varieties Zamin and Megaton F1 hybrids have high productivity indicators when mulched with black membrane and manure in the main term for the soil and climate conditions of Karakalpakstan, and it was recommended for large-scale planting in farms.