Cane Cultivation Research Articles

Spatial variation of soil carbon stability in sugarcane crops, central-south of Brazil

The decay constant (k) of soil organic carbon can be used in the decision making of soil management practices and it is an indicative of the spatial variability of soil carbon stability, which depends on the interactions of physical, chemical and biological factors within agroecossystem. The aim of this work was to determine the spatial variability structure of soil carbon losses, expressed by the factor k, and its relationship with the soil attributes in sugarcane crops, in the central-south region of Brazil. The experiments were carried out in areas of commercial sugarcane plantations, in the cities of Motuca (MOT), Guariba (GUA) and Pradópolis - SP (PAD), in the State of São Paulo, and Aparecida do Taboado (APT), in Mato Grosso do Sul. The measurements of soil CO2 emission (FCO2) were recorded in the areas of study by the LI-COR system (LI-8100). The multivariate approach indicated that the two principal components (PC1 and PC2) explained around 55% to 68% of the total variability contained in the dataset in the areas studied, respectively. The soil physical attributes showed discriminatory power within PC1 and indicated a contrast between air-filled pore space and soil water content. In PC2, the chemical attributes indicated a joint action of the cations exchange capacity and available phosphorous content. PAD and APT areas presented negative and significant spatial patterns between factor k and PC1. For the spatial patterns between k and PC2 in GUA and APT, values with negative and significant correlations occurred. The results indicate that the soil carbon accumulation potential presented high spatial variability on a small scale; thus, in the same area, there were changes in the spatial patterns of factor k, presenting regions with potential accumulations or sources of carbon in the system of cultivation of raw cane, being able to be carried out the specific management in the same productive area.

Lead Adsorption onto Clay Soil Treated with Sugarcane Organic Waste Biochar

This work aims to maximize the utilization of sugar cane cultivation and manufacture waste in Aswan Governorate, Egypt and turn it into biochar, which can be used to clean the environment from dangerous metals. Sugarcane organic wastes (filter cake, bagasse and sphere) biochars as waste bio-adsorbent materials were obtained using the pyrolysis at 350 and 700°C and 90 min residence time under limited oxygen conditions. Two batch trails were conducted to study the effects of biochar pH and shaking time on the adsorption of Pb ion from solution in precedence of soil and biochar. Models to study the kinetics of the adsorption process as pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models were used.The results showed that the absorbed or precipitated (at high suspension pH) amount of Pb decreased in the order: soil treated with biochar bagasse pyrolysis at 350°C (BB350) > soil treated with biochar sphere pyrolysis at 350°C (SB350) > soil treated with biochar filter cake pyrolysis at 350°C (FB350) > soil only. At pH 9 maximum amounts of Pb of 1.794, 1.706 and 1.688 mg/g were adsorbed or precipitated on the soil treated with BB350, SB350 and FB350 respectively. However, Pb was maximum adsorbed or precipitated (1.33 mg/g) on the soil only at pH 8. The highest removal efficiency of Pb2+ from the solution was85% with treated the soil with SB350 while the lowest one was 55.5% occurred with the soil that was not treated with biochar at a shaking time of 80 minutes. The adsorption of Pb2+ by the soil in presence or absence biochars different fitted the pseudo second order kinetic model for all tested treatments (R2 ranged from 0.9901 for the soil treated with BB350 to 0.9994 for that treated with SB350).

Water requirements and restrictions to sugarcane in cane plants and ratoon cane cycles in Southern Brazil

In a site with a Cfa-type climate in southern Brazil, the water requirements and restrictions for the cultivation of sugar cane (Saccharum spp.), in plant and soca (second cut) were characterized. Water availability was calculated based on the daily water balance and evapotranspiration was estimated using the Penman-Monteith method. The thermal and water requirements of sugarcane were calculated taking as reference the agroecological zoning in the state of Paraná, Brazil. Water requirement index did not show limiting factors for the development of the crop both in plant and soca. Water deficit was the most important agroclimatic risk factor. In Paranavaí-PR, Brazil, sugarcane is a safe crop, with possibilities of saving water in the development stage (phase II), with frequent additional irrigation needs of 508.8 mm/crop cycle for plant and 486.5 mm/sugarcane cycle for soca.

Extension needs of sugar cane farmers in Minya Governorate

The research aimed to identify the cognitive needs of the researched farmers related to the technical recommendations for the production and marketing of sugarcane crop.x research was determined by selecting the three largest administrative centers in the governorate of Minya in terms of the cultivated area of sugar cane crop. In order to determine the sample of the research, the Krejci and Morgan equation was used and the application of the equation to the comprehensive research shows that the required sample size is 346 respondents by 9.8% distributed over the following villages: Mohurs village Malawi center 154 farmers, Bani Haram village Derma was center 150 farmers sakitmose Abu Qurqas 42 farmers The farmers surveyed were randomly selected from the 2019 sugarcane crop inventories in agricultural cooperatives in the selected villages. The research data were collected by means of a questionnaire form by interviewing the researcher with the respondents. This was during the months of January and February 2019.Several statistical methods and tools were used: percentages, frequency, arithmetic, mean and standard deviation. The most important findings of the research were as follows:1_ It is clear from the results that about 94% of the respondents represented the category of cognitive needs medium and high, and this shows the need for the knowledge and information on the cultivation of sugar cane.2-_ It is clear from these results that the distribution of respondents according to their operational needs indicates that 94% of them represented the category of medium and high need.

Spore dimensional characteristics of Peronosclerospora sp. from corn leaves informer of sugar cane plantation

Corn and sugar cane are two types of plants that have the same host of the pathogen Peronosclerospora sp as cause of a seriously downy mildew disease. So that replacing sugar cane cultivation with corn plant is somewhat unfavourable. In Indonesia, downy mildew causes a yield loss of 50-100% on susceptible varieties. In this study, have been done a collection of spores from corn leaves infected with Peronosclerospora sp. from community corn cultivation who planted on PTPN2‘s former of-sugar cane field, namely Sei Mencirim Sunggal village and from corn plant who growth on community land non former of-sugar cane from Lau Bekri village, Pancur Batu village, and Tanjung Anom Deli Serdang village. The objective of this study was to find out the characteristics of the spores’ dimension of Peronosclerospora sp. which has infected corn leaves from different source area as mention above. The results computation of ratio length and width of the spore’s origin of Pancur Batu is 1.35 ± 0.19, Lau Bekri 1.24 ± 0.1, and Tanjung Anom 1.27 ± 0.14, these ratios shown that the dimensions of spores are subspherical, while the ratio spores origin from Sei Mencirim is 1.02 ± 0.05 or shown spherical dimension shape.

EVALUATION OF PROMISING AND COMMERCIAL SUGARCANE CLONES AT DIFFERENT LOCATIONS IN THAL AND SOUTHERN PUNJAB

Topographical areas better adapted for sugar cane cultivation must be identified and preserved, for this study Indus valley river delta in South Punjab represents promising features for prosperous sugarcane cultivation (lower water pumping costs due to higher water tables, sugarcane being flood resistant crop in Pakistan. Eight sugarcane varieties and eight promising clones were grown on different locations in Punjab at farmer’s field using RCBD with three replications. The objective of this study is to evaluate varieties under different ecological zones. These clones were tested for their proficiency at four different locations during 2018-19. The “Thal” and Southern Punjab viz; 142/TDA Lalazar Layyah, Indus Sugar mills Rajanpur, Ashraf Sugar Mills Bahawalpur and Adam Sugar Mills Chishtian. The data on germination %, tillers / plants, Number of mill able canes, canes yield tones/ ha and commercial cane sugar (CCS) were recorded during the course of study. It is obvious from pooled mean of four locations that cane yield of clone S2002-US-133 gave 84.13 % higher cane yield as compared the check variety CPF 248 as far as CCS% is concerned, sugarcane clones S200-US-633 and S200-US-133 gave the higher sugar recovery that is 15.31 % & 15.23 % respectively more than check variety. Whereas S200-US-658 and HSF240 have the lowest CCS% 1.22 & 1.14 % less than check.

Oscheius myriophila (Nematoda: Rhabditida) isolated in sugar cane soils in Mexico with potential to be used as entomopathogenic nematode.

A survey of entomopathogenic nematodes was conducted in sugar cane crops in a total of 14 soils, and positive results were obtained for strain MC5-2014 in the municipality of Tepalcingo, Morelos, in soil with a sandy loam texture and a pH of 6.4. Species determination was performed via morphological and morphometric techniques by searching for a tubular stoma with a swollen cylindrical pharyngeal body and a metacorpus in the basal part. The range of body length (L) was 750 to 1200 μm in females and 720 to 910 μm in males, while the corresponding maximum widths (W) of the body were 30 to 60 μm and 20 to 30 μm, respectively. Males exhibited bursa with a 1 + 1 + 3 + 3 distribution of papillae, and females exhibited a vulva located at the mid-body. For molecular identification, the ITS region of ribosomal DNA was used. Virulence tests (LC50) were conducted with Galleria mellonella, and a value of 4.732 was obtained for infective juveniles (IJs). Taking taxonomic and molecular characteristics into account, the isolate was determined to be Oscheius myriophila. The isolation of this strain represents the first geographic report of O. myriophila in Mexico, and it should be noted that the cultivation of sugar cane occurs with constant application of insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, and fertilizers as well as harvesting activities such as burning of the crop for harvest. The O. myriophila isolate has the potential to be used in the future as a method of biological control in our country.

RELACIÓN ESPACIAL ENTRE PROPIEDADES DE SUELOS Y ESTRÉS HÍDRICO EN CAÑA DE AZÚCAR EN LA HACIENDA CHURIMAL-ROLDANILLO-VALLE DEL CAUCA, COLOMBIA

El cambio climático es un problema importante en la agricultura, y es necesario tomar medidas en diferentes aspectos para reducir sus efectos negativos (altas temperaturas, alto brillo solar, alta evaporación). Como consecuencia del cambio climático, la producción agrícola se verá afectada en un alto porcentaje, específicamente en la reducción del área disponible y en una menor productividad. En los últimos años, el estrés relacionado con el agua ha sido uno de los factores que ha influido negativamente en las actividades agrícolas en la finca Churimal, Roldanillo en el Departamento del Valle del Cauca en Colombia. La metodología consistió en: i) georreferenciación de los puntos ubicados en el área plantada 1, ii) análisis físico de las muestras de suelo en el laboratorio y, iii) la sistematización de los datos obtenidos en campo, mediante las herramientas de ArcGIS. Los métodos de interpolación espacial fueron utilizados en este estudio, apoyado por el software ArcGIS (Arcmap) y su herramienta de interpolación IDW, la cual es práctica, flexible y muestra como es la distribución espacial y la cuantificación de cada variable analizada en ambas capas de suelo y subsuelo. Además, se analizó la evolución histórica de la precipitación anual (2011 a 2016), junto con las propiedades físicas del suelo en el área de estudio. Con base en los requerimientos de agua del cultivo de caña de azúcar, se desarrolló un enfoque teórico de la aplicación de riego en el cultivo de la caña de azúcar.Se obtuvieron resultados que muestran las relaciones entre la planta, el clima y las características del suelo. Por lo tanto, se presentaron mapas que caracterizan las propiedades físicas del suelo en el área plantada. Se analizaron y graficaron los datos históricos de precipitación entre los años 2011 y 2016 y finalmente se determinaron las necesidades en agua del cultivo de caña de azúcar relacionado con el agua existente de la precipitación. Por lo anterior se concluyó que existe déficit hídrico en el cultivo de caña de azúcar en alto periodo de su fenología.

An analytical study of agricultural price policies for the best important sugar crops in Egypt

The development of the agricultural sector is influenced by a range of economic policies, the most important of them is the agricultural price policies, whose objectives vary with different stages of economic development as well as the economic policies followed in the country. Sugar cane and sugar beet crops are sugar crops that are used not only in Egypt but in most countries of the world. The problem of the study was the inability of the local sugar production of 2196 thousand tons to cope with the increase in the requirements of increasing domestic consumption of about 3230 thousand tons in the light of the inability to expand the cultivation of sugar cane as a main crop in sugar production in Egypt, and the growing food gap. Sugar imports, which amounted to about 964 thousand tons, and then increase the import gap, which reflects negatively on the agricultural trade balance, which entails knowing the changes in the Egyptian agricultural policies and the changes that resulted in distortions in the markets. Therefore, the study aimed to estimate some economic transactions to identify the essence of the Egyptian agricultural policies followed by the state in the production of the crop to know the extent of deviation of market prices for sugar crops from economical prices to see the degree of non-employment of resources. The following conclusions were reached: The results of the analysis of the agricultural policy matrix of the crops under study showed that the nominal protection coefficient of production inputs was estimated at 0.74 and 0.69 for sugarcane and sugar beet crops, respectively, indicating that there is no support for production inputs. The nominal protection coefficient of production was estimated at 0.74 and 0.76 for sugarcane and sugar beet crops, respectively, indicating that the state imposes direct and indirect taxes on the product and provides subsidies to the consumer. The effective protection coefficient, estimated at 0.74 and 0.77, for sugarcane and sugar beet crops, respectively, indicates implicit taxes, which means that the value-added of these crops is low and therefore not protected during the study period. The comparative advantage coefficient was about 27% and 31%, indicating a comparative advantage for Egypt in the production of sugarcane and sugar beet crop during the study period respectively, where 0.27 and 0.31 local resources are needed to generate unit of foreign currency for sugar cane and sugar beet crops during Period of study, respectively.

Small Farmers, Their Association, and the Transformation of the Australian Sugar Industry

In the late nineteenth century in a tropical region of Australia, sugar plantations disappeared. This progression from plantation production to widespread sugar cane cultivation by independent small growers occurred nowhere else in the sugar-growing world. In north Queensland small sugar cane farmers provide an audacious example of rural agency. The Herbert River Farmers’ Association contributed to a significant and unprecedented change in production methods and demonstrated the potential for grass roots farmer organisation to overcome institutionalized planter dominance of politics, society, and economy of tropical sugar districts.

Wahania cykliczne na światowym rynku cukru

W historii gospodarczej świata cukier jest uznawany za jeden z pierwszych produktów globalnych, a sytuacja podażowo-popytowa na światowym rynku miała duży wpływ na rozwój rynków lokalnych. Polski sektor cukrowniczy od wielu lat pozostaje pod wpływem rynku światowego. Reforma systemu regulacji rynku cukru w UE spowodowała, że rynek unijny i krajowy w coraz większym stopniu są uzależnione od sytuacji na rynku światowym. Potencjał produkcyjny krajowego przemysłu cukrowniczego jest większy od zapotrzebowania na rynku wewnętrznym i nadwyżki podaży są kierowane na eksport. Światowy rynek charakteryzuje się wahaniami koniunkturalnymi, które są determinowane cyklicznością uprawy trzciny cukrowej. Długość cyklu koniunkturalnego skróciła się do 2-3 lat. Ceny rynku światowego wpływają na ceny zbytu i eksportowe w kraju i wyniki finansowe branży cukrowniczej.

Social and technological dimensions; and constraint analysis in sugarcane cultivation of Theni district of Tamil Nadu, India

Bridging the yield gap in any crop cultivation should be the prime objective of any research efforts. By following the recommended production-cum-protection technologies, farmers can bridge the yield gap in any crop. As per sugarcane is concerned, the average cane yield in Tamil Nadu is 101 t/ha, which is lower than the potential yield of 203.7 t/ha resulting in yield gap of 50.42%. With this in mind, a study has been initiated to explore the social and technology dimensions and constraints involved in cane cultivation to addressing the issue of yield gap. Six blocks from Theni district under Rajshree Sugars & Chemicals Ltd were selected as study area. Information collected from sixty sugarcane farmers with semi structured interview schedule. The study revealed that majority (91.7%) of the respondents had more than 5 years of experience in sugarcane cultivation. Further, it revealed that the technologies, seed rate (83.3%), planting season (75.00%), primary tillage with mould board / disc plough (67%), gap filling, two split application of N and K (58.3%) and Organic fertilizer application (58.3%), stubble shaving, off baring (50.0%) had adoption rate of more than 50 percentage. Major constraints faced by cent per cent of the respondents were; non availability of labour and high labour cost, prolonged drought and water scarcity, low procuring cost per by sugar factory, yield reduction due to continuous cultivation of sugarcane. The novelty and importance of the study is that it mainly analysis all the sugarcane production and protection technologies from seed rate to harvest in three point continuum viz., fully adopted, partially adopted and not adopted.

Companion Cropping of Vegetables with Ratoon Sugarcane: A Case Study

This study was laid out during the years of 2015–2016 and 2016–2017 at the village Niyamatpur Thakuran, Farrukhabad, India. The soil of the experiment site was sandy loam which is conducive for cane cultivation. The six treatment combinations, i.e. ratoon cane alone, cane ratoon + vegetable pea, cane ratoon + cauliflower, cane ratoon + cabbage, cane ratoon + radish and cane ratoon + onion, were tested on farmers’ fields. Sugarcane planted in the spring season was harvested from the end of October to mid-November for juice and other purposes, and autumn ratoon was allowed. The row-to-row distance of cane ratoon was 90 cm; therefore, two rows of cauliflower and cabbage, three rows of radish and vegetable pea and four rows of onion were planted between two rows of autumn cane ratoon for fetching market value. The companion crops gave additional yield to the extent of 221 q/ha cauliflower, 319 q/ha cabbage, 224 q/ha radish, 118 q/ha green pods of vegetable pea and 298 q/ha bulbs of onion without any adverse effect on autumn ratoon. The highest stalk yield was weighed by 641 q/ha under companion cropping of cane ratoon + vegetable pea followed by cane ratoon + onion (639 q/ha). The lowest yield of cane ratoon was noticed in cane ratoon alone by 561 q/ha in comparison with all other companion cropping systems. The highest net return was computed under cane ratoon + onion cropping system (Rs. 38,794/ha) followed by cane ratoon + radish (Rs. 324,869/ha) and cane ratoon + vegetable pea for green pods (Rs. 32,236/ha). The similar trend was noted under benefit–cost ratio.

Life Cycle Assessment of Cane-sugar in Indonesian Sugar Mill: Energy Use and GHG Emissions

This paper presents the life cycle assessment (LCA) of sugar cane production at PG Ngadirejo, that is consist of sugar cane cultivation, transportation and sugar processing. The objective of the study was to identify and review the critical areas of potential Global Warning Potential (GWP) environmental impacts in sugarcane life cycle on PG Ngadirejo. Energy consumption in the sugarcane life cycle is 116.562.52 MJ/ton sugar where the largest consumption in coal energy usage 87%. The relative contribution of CO2 emission contributor, sugar processing contributes the biggest GHG emission of 96.4% (10.728 ton CO2/ton of sugar) with the use of fossil fuels reaching 9,344 ton CO2/ton sugar (87%). In sugarcane cultivation, fertilizer manufacture contributed the largest environmental impact of 0.29 tons CO2/ton of sugar 73.48%, pesticide manufacture 22.5%, and mechanization 4%. The emission reduction from bagasse that replaces fossil fuels in sugar production is 2.43 tons CO2-eq/ton of sugar, reaching 25% of total CO2/ton sugar emissions. Some options for the environmental performance improvement of sugarcane including the optimal use of fertilizers and pesticides, the concentration of sugar mills, co-generation project implementation.

Franks, locals and sugar cane: a case study of cultural interaction in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem

ABSTRACTThis study examines influences and cultural interactions between Frankish settlers and the local populations in the Latin kingdom of Jerusalem through the prism of sugar cane, a local food crop unfamiliar to many crusaders and Latin settlers. Combining textual and archaeological evidence for sugar cane cultivation, production and consumption, the article explores the extent to which the Latin population – a numerical minority and the ruling elite – was influenced by and influenced their new environment and the local inhabitants. It focuses on sites near Acre for which there is historical and archaeological evidence of sugar production from before the arrival of the crusaders, and during Frankish period (twelfth and thirteenth centuries). After acquainting themselves with the new land and its products, the Franks became largely involved in the production of sugar, one of the kingdom’s most lucrative cash-crops, which brought significant technological developments and changes in the lives of local inhabitants.

Agricultural potentials of floodplain soils with contrasting parent material in Cross River State, Nigeria

This paper reports the soil properties and agricultural potential of floodplain soil in Obufa Esuk Orok, Calabar and Awi, Akamkpa, Cross River State and characterized the soils to develop a baseline for soil improvement and increased agricultural productivity. Floodplain soil developed on coastal plain sand and basement complex soils were examined with regards to their physical and chemical properties. The results showed that both soils were coarse-textured with a high content of sand exceeding 70 %, giving dominant textural classes of loamy sand and sandy loam. The soils were strongly to slightly acid in reaction with mean surface pH values of 5.54 and 5.43 for soil developed on coastal plain sand and basement complex. The surface soil developed in coastal plain sand within Obufa Esuk Orok, Calabar contains moderate amount of exchangeable Mg (0.8-2.2 cmol/kg), available P (10.0 -11.83 mg/kg), total N (0.20-0.25 %) and organic carbon (2.51-3.05 %) and was high in base saturation (93.11-95.50 %) and low in exchangeable acidity. Conversely, the floodplain soil developed on basement complex in Awi, Akamkpa was rated low in key fertility indicators. Hence, floodplain soil under this study notably, those developed on coastal plain soil can be exploited for the cultivation of rice, oil palm, coconut, plantain, pineapple, pepper, fluted pumpkin and sugar cane with judicious application of lime, and N and K fertilizer.Keywords: Floodplain Soil, Soil Fertility, Coastal Plain Soil, Basement Complex

Two mathematical approaches to study the phosphorus eutrophication of a wetland in Puerto Rico

Introduction: Laguna Cartagena (LC), a wetland in Lajas, Puerto Rico, has been negatively impacted by nutrients, mainly phosphorus run-off from agricultural activities until the end of sugar cane cultivation in the late 1900s. This led to P concentration remain high at hypereutrophic state that was irremediable even after a 5-fold reduction in source water nutrient concentration.
 Objective: The main goal of this research paper is to apply two different mathematical approaches to assess the eutrophication level of a wetland in Puerto Rico.
 Method: Grey Cluster Method (GCM) was used to classify LC’s eutrophic state by applying the International and Chinese trophic standards and two parameters, total phosphorous (TP) and total nitrogen (TN). Mean TP and TN from LC consolidated bottom substrate and flocculence samples were used to classify LC. To address whether LC can recover, soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) and TP from LC inlet, outlet and center water samples were used to model (differential equation) the input and loss of phosphorus in LC and determine whether an equilibrium point exists. GCM analysis classified LC as a eutrophic wetland using the International standard and hypereutrophic using the Chinese standard.
 Results: Trophic state classification did not vary with use of consolidated bottom substrate versus flocculence samples. The differential equation model showed that SRP and TP levels within LC were higher than levels of SRP and TP entering LC, which could be caused by a nutrient recycling process within LC that may predict failure of remediation efforts. An equilibrium point was found at the eutrophic level, which means that even if there is a reduction in phosphorus input, there will not be a change in LC’s eutrophic state.
 Conclusions: Chinese trophic standard indicated LC was in a hypertrophic state. Similar results were found using the international standard. The differential equation model showed that LC is irreversible.

Analisis Penggunaan Alat Mesin Pertanian Berbasis Traktor Tangan pada Kegiatan Perawatan Budidaya Tebu

Java contributes 63.7% of national sugar production, in which 55.6% is produced by the farmer from 312,973 ha of sugarcane area (65.6% of Indonesia’s cane crop area). Farm labor in Java was very limited in the past two decades, so was needed mechanization. Howeveer, the size of agricultural machines were not accordance with the size of land, the limited of spares, and was not optimally managed. This research aimed to calculate operational cost of farm machinery (hand tractor) on the cane cultivation activities up to 6-month cane growth period. This study was carried out at Comal, Center of Java at alluvial land 8 mdpl and at Pasuruan, East Java at alluvial 10 mdpl. From each location, 2 plots of 0.1 ha were observed. The treatments were manual and machine cultivation with 3 replications. The observed agrotechnical parameters were the bud emergence, number of stalk, clump, stalk height and diameter, and operational cost of using machinery. The agrotechnical result using t-test (95% confidence rate) showed no significance among treatments. Other results revealed that using machinery for fertilizing, soil heaping up, and soil moving (gulud) in Pasuruan can substitute manual daily worker (HOK) for 6 HOK, 12 HOK and 20 HOK, respectively, using tractor by 7 hours/day. Meanwhile in Comal, using machinery for fertilizing, soil heaping up, and soil hilling up (gulud) can substitute manual daily worker (HOK) for 9 HOK, 16 HOK, and 20 HOK, respectively. The cost analysis indicated the 35.54% reduction of using machinery compared to the manual expense. This study revealed that the machinery could substitute the manual worker for cane cultivation.

The Diocese of Lafayette's Crusade to Save Catholicism: Nationalizing Creole Communities in Southwest Louisiana in the Interwar Period

Events between 1916 and 1926 disrupted the flow of Francophone clergy from Europe to Creole communities in Louisiana. New industries supplanting sugar cane cultivation prompted in-migration of Anglophones and out-migrations of Creoles. English-speakers established diverse Protestant denominations in Creole communities and hired Creoles to assist in their evangelization efforts. In the Diocese of Lafayette, many Creoles apostatized. In response Church officials launched a crusade to save Catholicism and the Church's authority in the region. Severed after World War I from sources of Church personnel in Francophone Europe, the Lafayette diocese looked to Anglophone Catholics with no commitment to local identity and traditions, to expand and bolster Catholicism in Creole communities.

Estimation of potential erosion under two sugarcane cutting systems using the universal soil loss equation

In order to compare soil losses in two cutting systems traditio-nally used in the cultivation of sugar cane for the production of panela, a study was carried out in which measurements were made in the field using a rainfall simulator and runoff plots in a vertisol of the municipality of Quebradanegra, Cun-dinamarca, where both types of cut are presented simulta-neously: the cut-off system, in which everything is harvested at once having a homogeneous maturity in the crop and the thinning cut system, in which have an inhomogeneous ma-turity so that only a percentage of the plants is cut at the same time. To estimate the potential soil losses associated with both cutting systems, the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) was used to obtain a mean C factor associated with the type of cut, using the data determined in the field and the erosivity of simulated rainfall intensities. Finally, the anual potential losses of soil was determined under the two cutting systems, where it was observed that the cut-off system has an annual potential erosion 2.2 times greater than the thin-ning cuy system. On the other hand, when comparing the potential losses of soil with a newly prepared and planted lot, without plant cover, the capacity of the sugarcane cane crop is demonstrated to offer a protection to the soil, presenting a potential erosion 9 times smaller, in the case of the cut-off system, with respect to a soil condition without plant cover.