Cane Cultivation Research Articles

MADEIRA AND THE BEGINNINGS OF NEW WORLD SUGAR CANE CULTIVATION AND PLANTATION SLAVERY: A STUDY IN INSTITUTION BUILDING*

Annals of the New York Academy of SciencesVolume 292, Issue 1 p. 536-552 MADEIRA AND THE BEGINNINGS OF NEW WORLD SUGAR CANE CULTIVATION AND PLANTATION SLAVERY: A STUDY IN INSTITUTION BUILDING* Sidney M. Greenfield, Sidney M. Greenfield Department of Anthropology The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201Search for more papers by this author Sidney M. Greenfield, Sidney M. Greenfield Department of Anthropology The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201Search for more papers by this author First published: June 1977 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1977.tb47771.xCitations: 5 * This research was supported financially by the National Science Foundation and by the Graduate School of the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume292, Issue1Comparative Perspectives on Slavery in New World Plantation SocietiesJune 1977Pages 536-552 RelatedInformation

Environment and disease in the land use and settlement of Apurimac Department, Peru

Narrow intermontane valleys of the Apurímac River system in south central Peru have a macrothermal climate that sharply contrasts with that of the adjacent uplands. The Spaniards, with their feudally-organized hacienda system, recognized the agronomic possibilities of these ribbons of warmth for sugar cane cultivation and of the market for sugar products above the canyon rims. Inadvertently they also introduced malaria and enhanced its endemicity by creating more breeding sites for mosquitoes through irrigation of the valley floors. Malaria had a devastating effect on the Indian population and certain human adjustments were made to cope with the insalubrity of the bottomlands: establishment of independent villages above and outside the malaria zone; seasonal migration of Indian laborers to reduce exposure; abandonment of the cane-growing areas that had the most serious occurrence of malignant malaria, and replacement of Indians by Negroes. Disease eradication has now blurred these adjustments concomitant with fundamental changes in the economic and social structure of the warm valleys.

Restauração do solo para a cultura de cana-de-açúcar: III - Período 1958-61 e considerações gerais

São apresentados novos resultados de um ensaio de restauração de solo para cultura de cana-de-açúcar iniciado em 1954 para avaliação dos efeitos da calagem e das adubações verde e mineral. Verificaram-se efeitos notáveis da calagem e da adubação potássica. A leguminosa Crotularia junceaL. e a adubação nitrogenada foram inócuas em presença da calagem e depressivas quando o corretivo foi omitido. A produtividade do solo elevou-se mais ainda, no período indicado, o que se atribui à melhoria da fertilidade. Análises químicas do solo revelaram efeitos sensíveis da calagem e da adubação mineral sôbre a acidez e sôbre o teor de Ca, Mg e PO4.

A Few Problems of Sugar Cane Cultivation in Oversea Land

A Few Problems of Sugar Cane Cultivation in Oversea Land

Histochemical Distribution of Acid Phosphatase in Healing Wounds

In the cultivation of sugar cane in Hawaii irrigation water is applied at very high rates. More than half of this water returns to the basalt aquifer by infiltrating through the highly permeable lateritic soils. The excessive rate of irrigation alters the composition of the ground water and accelerates the evolution of the low humic latosols to humic latosols.

Excessive Irrigation and the Soils and Ground Water of Oahu, Hawaii

In the cultivation of sugar cane in Hawaii irrigation water is applied at very high rates. More than half of this water returns to the basalt aquifer by infiltrating through the highly permeable lateritic soils. The excessive rate of irrigation alters the composition of the ground water and accelerates the evolution of the low humic latosols to humic latosols.

Excessive Irrigation and the Soils and Ground Water of Oahu, Hawaii

In the cultivation of sugar cane in Hawaii irrigation water is applied at very high rates. More than half of this water returns to the basalt aquifer by infiltrating through the highly permeable lateritic soils. The excessive rate of irrigation alters the composition of the ground water and accelerates the evolution of the low humic latosols to humic latosols.

Entomological Notes from the Aloha State

With the agitation for statehood, affirmations and denials of worthiness and similar comments, there has been much soul-searching on the part of the Hawaiian electorate and probably some serious doubts of our fitness because of our polygenetic population. However we may think about it isn't it really amazing that in less than two centuries the Hawaiians have progressed from savagery to a high level of civilization and that the islands now constitute the fiftieth state? This transformation began with the arrival of Caucasians such as explorers, seamen, merchants and missionaries but would probably never have happened if the migration had not been to establish permanent settlements with a subsequent mixture of races and scrambling of genes. These thoughts have run through the writer's mind in an attempt to trace the history of entomology in Hawaii. It is believed that the initial studies of our insects were culturally motivated. Capt. Cook, in his two expeditions to the Pacific, is known to have had a naturalist in the ship's company. As a matter of fact, the oldest known insect specimen from Hawaii was collected on Kauai while Cook's ship lay at anchor off the mouth of the Waimea River and this specimen eventually got into the Banksian Collection in the British Museum. Also, for ten years in the eighties (1880–1889) Canon Thomas Blackburn, a clergyman of the Church of England, served the Church in Honolulu and employed his leisure moments in collecting insects in the forests behind Honolulu and at other places in the islands. These insects were for the most part sent to London for study and awakened the interest of the members of the Royal Soceity of London and the British Association for the Advancement of Science. Later this led to the organization of a project for the study of the fauna of the Hawaiian Islands co-sponsored by these institutions and the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum at Honolulu. Dr. R. C. L. Perkins, an Oxford graduate, was sent to the islands to conduct this survey and spent twenty years on the project which resulted in the publication in 1913 of the Fauna Hawaiiensis. At that time the British Empire was very extensive and the statement was current that “the sun never sets on the British flag.” It was equally true that it never set on British naturalists who were constantly busy promoting the national cultural aims. Some of these workers personally known to the writer are T. Bainbrigge Fletcher, Lepidopterist at the Pusa (Bihar) Hill Station in India, A. E. Wileman, another Lepidopterist, who was for many years British Consul in Formosa (Taiwan) and Henry Tryon, Government Entomologist, Queensland, Australia. But to get back to the history of entomology in Hawaii. While the initial motivation for the study of the fauna was cultural, there later came a time when it was more utilitarian. With the development of agriculture in the form of sugar cane, coffee and pineapple cultivation as well as the importation of plant materials, the occurrence of insect and disease outbreaks was a foregone conclusion. The first came in 1902 with the appearance of a strange leafhopper, which increased so rapidly that its effect was almost devastating to the sugar cane fields. At that time in addition to Dr. Perkins there were other entomologists in the islands, notably Albert Koebele, Jacob Kotinsky and D. L. Van Dine. To meet the leafhopper situation it was decided by the Sugar Planters’ Association that they required an experiment station under their own direction with a full staff. This was hastily assembled to study the problem and was named the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association Experiment Station. The engagement of O. H. Swezey, a student of the leafhoppers at the University of Ohio, George W. Kirkaldy, another student of Hemipetra, and Fred Terry, a preparator at the British Museum of Natural History and a student of Diptera, soon followed. These men along with Kotinsky and Van Dine and a few other interested persons were the founders of the Hawaiian Entomological Society in 1904. This society holds monthly meetings which have been mostly at the H.S.P.A. Experiment Station because of its central location. The Society has held over 640 meetings to date and has published 16 volumes of its proceedings. Membership has included all the working entomologists in the islands and has at times numbered more than one hundred. Its members include the entomologists at the Pineapple Experiment Station, the University of Hawaii, the Bishop Museum and a number of nonprofessionals. The main interests over the years have been Pacific exploration, biological control, ecolol!;y, virology and the classification and description of all the principal orders of insects.

Problems of Monoculture and Diversification in a Sugar Island: Mauritius

(1959). Problems of Monoculture and Diversification in a Sugar Island: Mauritius. Economic Geography: Vol. 35, No. 1, pp. 25-40.

Australian Sugar Industry

Sugarcane was first grown in Australia in the year 1817 though the first commercial plantation commenced only in 1865 in New South Wales. As soil and climatic conditions in Queensland were more favourable for the successful cultivation of cane, the industry gradually extended northwards till at the present time 80% of the entire cane is produced in the tropical regions of Queensland. In 1953-54 the total area under cane in Australia was 481,602 acres. There are 34 mills, 14 of which are co-operatively owned by the growers and the rest proprietory.

Slave Names in Colonial South Carolina

AN INADEQUATE use by scholars and compilers of dictionaries of at least one colonial newspaper, the South Carolina Gazette published at Charleston from 1732 to 1775, has left relatively untouched an important source of Southern contributions to American English. It is quite probable that a more careful examination of the Gazette would yield a number of citations of Americanisms earlier than have been noted previously and perhaps would establish the American origin of a limited number of vocabulary items as well. This would be true, of course, of almost any colonial newspaper of a comparable period and state of preservation which has not been examined thoroughly; the unique opportunity presented by the Gazette lies in the materials it contains concerning the vocabulary associated with the slave system, concerning African influences on the dialect of the sea island, and concerning patterns in the nomenclature of slaves. An example of an earlier unrecorded usage from the Gazette is the word driver in the sense of a Negro slave appointed to the position of overseer. The earliest citation of this word in the NED is dated 1796, and the earliest DAE citation is 1772. The first citation in the DA is from James Grainger's Sugar-Cane, a didactic poem on the cultivation of sugar cane in the British West Indies, written at St. Kitts in the Leeward Islands and published in London in 1764. Driver in the sense of a Negro overseer, was used in the South Carolina Gazette of May io, 1760. Another example, both an earlier usage and an Africanism, is the word signifying the Negroes of coastal South Carolina and their dialect. For their definition and etymology of the NED, DAE, and DA rely upon a monograph by Reed Smith published in 1926,1 and the first instance of its use which they cite is a reference found by Smith in an official publication relating to the Denmark Vesey slave uprising of 1822. This reference mentions the part played in the insurrection by 'Gullah Jack and his company of Gullah or Angola Negroes.'2 A similar reference to occurs in an advertisement in the Gazette of May 12, 1739, for a runaway slave described as 'a short well set Negro, named

Influência do cloro, sôbre a composição do caldo da cana de açúcar Co 290, aplicado no solo, na forma de cloreto de sódio

Considering the economic importance of the sugar industry among ourselves, the authors carried out a field experiment (Latin square) with Co 290 sugar cane, on a white sandy soil of Piracicaba, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil, applying NaCl in increasing rates (from 6.8 to 54.5 grams per plant), in order to study the effects of chlorides, on productivity and on the composition of juice. No toxic or stimulating effect was found, and there was no change in yield, in degree of purity of the juice, in general aspect of plants or in colour of leaves and culms. No difference was observed between potassium sulphate or chloride, as source of potash for sugar cane culture. Data collected and the literature cited suggest: (a) that the use of the variety Co 290 is indicated for soils rich in chlorine, such as the saline soils of the North-east and Atlantic Coast of Brazil; (b) that it is necessary to extend studies in Research Institutes and Agricultural Experiment Stations of the country to verify the behaviour of other varieties of sugar cane in the types of soils mentioned, especially with respect their yielding capacity. The authors are already planning such investigations.

Título en español

Resumen en español

Performance of Canes under Restricted Conditions of Manuring and Irrigation

In sugarcane culture it is well known that about 50% of the cost of cultivation is accounted by two items viz., irrigation and manuring. If an effective economy in either of the two or preferably both could be made without sacrifice of yield or crop quality it will be an achievement of far-reaching economic importance to the cane grower on one hand and the factory owner on the other. To this end experimental work on this crop was started at the Agricultural Research Station, Anakapalli. During the early part of such work the varieties of cane under cultivation were such that they did not lend themselves to any degree of restriction in either manuring or irrigation, to make cane culture a cheap proposition. Later, during the course of testing, at Anakapalli, of the seedling canes bred at the Imperial Sugarcane Breeding Station, Coimbatore, a differential degree of resistance to restriction in these two treatments was exhibited by a few of the cane varieties. Since then it was considered desirable to try the seedling canes under two sets of treatments designated as the "Normal" and "Restricted" for a study of their performance with special reference to growth and quality of juice. The results of such a study are presented in this paper.

The Captaincy of the Second Portuguese Voyage to Brazil, 1501–1502

On the 8th of March, 1500, a fleet of thirteen ships and caravels departed from Lisbon under the command of Pedro Alvares Cabral. Two of the caravels were destined for East Africa and the others for Calicut, on the Malabar coast of India, where they were sent to obtain cargoes of spices and other Eastern commodities, to establish friendly relations with its ruler, and to leave a factory for future trade. Vasco da Gama with his fleet had preceded; Cabral followed to reap the reward. The route was carefully selected to secure the safest and best passage to the Cape of Good Hope. The ships of the fleet were clumsy so that the course must be taken with the most favorable winds. They sailed somewhat to the west of south from the Cape Verde Islands and the coast of Brazil was reached, probably for the first time. After remaining here for about a week taking on supplies of water and wood, the main fleet continued to India. Before doing so, possession of this discovery was taken for the Crown, though it was not then known whether it was mainland or an island. A small supply ship was sent back to Lisbon carrying letters for the King, among them one by Pedro Vaz de Caminha telling of the sojourn and describing the natives, and another by the king’s astrologer, Master John. Both of these letters still exist. The date of the arrival of the supply ship in Portugal is not known but it was probably early in July, 1500. The news of the discovery was of great interest to the King and to the Portuguese people, but their chief concern was with the success of the India fleet, and Caminha’s letter reported that little of value was found in the new land during Cabral’s stay. The discovery made by Cabral was considered of sufficient importance, however, to warrant sending a second fleet for further investigation. The King and the cosmographers wished to know whether it was mainland, as they undoubtedly suspected, and if so its extent. If such were the case, they desired to claim the land for Portugal under the Bull of May 4, 1493 and the Treaty of Tordesillas, signed June 4, 1494. If it were an island, the Spice Islands farther to the west might be reached as Columbus had claimed. The merchants were interested in its commercial value particularly for obtaining pearls and dye wood and in its possibilities for the cultivation of sugar cane. In the latter of these Bartolomeo Marchioni, a wealthy Florentine, who had long resided in Lisbon and operated sugar plantations in Madeira and elsewhere, could anticipate profits, if the land were fertile and native labor adequate. The New Christians or converted Jews evidently also saw in this new land the possibility of escape from persecution in Portugal and a chance for wealth from the products which might be found there.

The Captaincy of the Second Portuguese Voyage to Brazil, 1501–1502

On the 8th of March, 1500, a fleet of thirteen ships and caravels departed from Lisbon under the command of Pedro Alvares Cabral. Two of the caravels were destined for East Africa and the others for Calicut, on the Malabar coast of India, where they were sent to obtain cargoes of spices and other Eastern commodities, to establish friendly relations with its ruler, and to leave a factory for future trade. Vasco da Gama with his fleet had preceded; Cabral followed to reap the reward. The route was carefully selected to secure the safest and best passage to the Cape of Good Hope. The ships of the fleet were clumsy so that the course must be taken with the most favorable winds. They sailed somewhat to the west of south from the Cape Verde Islands and the coast of Brazil was reached, probably for the first time. After remaining here for about a week taking on supplies of water and wood, the main fleet continued to India. Before doing so, possession of this discovery was taken for the Crown, though it was not then known whether it was mainland or an island. A small supply ship was sent back to Lisbon carrying letters for the King, among them one by Pedro Vaz de Caminha telling of the sojourn and describing the natives, and another by the king’s astrologer, Master John. Both of these letters still exist. The date of the arrival of the supply ship in Portugal is not known but it was probably early in July, 1500. The news of the discovery was of great interest to the King and to the Portuguese people, but their chief concern was with the success of the India fleet, and Caminha’s letter reported that little of value was found in the new land during Cabral’s stay. The discovery made by Cabral was considered of sufficient importance, however, to warrant sending a second fleet for further investigation. The King and the cosmographers wished to know whether it was mainland, as they undoubtedly suspected, and if so its extent. If such were the case, they desired to claim the land for Portugal under the Bull of May 4, 1493 and the Treaty of Tordesillas, signed June 4, 1494. If it were an island, the Spice Islands farther to the west might be reached as Columbus had claimed. The merchants were interested in its commercial value particularly for obtaining pearls and dye wood and in its possibilities for the cultivation of sugar cane. In the latter of these Bartolomeo Marchioni, a wealthy Florentine, who had long resided in Lisbon and operated sugar plantations in Madeira and elsewhere, could anticipate profits, if the land were fertile and native labor adequate. The New Christians or converted Jews evidently also saw in this new land the possibility of escape from persecution in Portugal and a chance for wealth from the products which might be found there.

The Grasses of Mauritius and Rodriguez

MAURITIUS and Rodriguez, alas, so far as their native vegetation is concerned, afford sad examples of the results of human activity in developing a country for its economic possibilities. Sugar cane cultivation and plantations of other exotics have changed the face of the islands with the result that, in place of the original forests of indigenous trees, scrubs and thickets now occupy much of the ground not devoted to plantations. In this change the native grasses have naturally suffered, and many exotic ones have been introduced, and, as is so often the case, have tended to oust the native species, so that, except by studying carefully the habitat of a particular species and its distribution in the island, it is by no means easy to say whether a particular genus or species is a native or not. Seven endemic species are known, but they may not now all exist. Interesting particulars of the indigenous grasses are given in the introduction, and full descriptions, with useful figures of some of them, form the bulk of this useful volume. Excellent keys to the tribes and genera precede the descriptions, and notes are given on the economic uses of the native grasses. There is also an account of the structure and classification of grasses with good text-figures, which should enable anyone to become familiar with the structure of the grass flower and the points used in describing and classifying the genera and species. The Grasses of Mauritius and Rodriguez By C. E. Hubbard Dr. R. E. Vaughan. Pp. 128. (Mauritius: Director of Agriculture; London: The Crown Agents for the Colonies, 1940). 4s. 6d.; 3 rupees.

Population Adjustments in Our Virgin Islands

T a tHE Virgin Islands of the United States, three small rugged isles, located near the northeast corner of the Caribbean Sea, show marked adjustments to physical and economic factors in the distribution, composition, and decline of their population. Relationships are found between population distribution and topography, climate, soils, cane culture, subsistence farming, grazing, and trade. The early agricultural development of the islands, based largely upon their location in the tropics, has influenced racial composition. And finally, a paucity of natural resources, together with world changes in commerce and industry, has been responsible for the consistent emigration of the last

The cultivation of the sugar cane in java. An elementary treatise on the agriculture of the sugar cane in java and more especially on its cultivation on the krian sugar estate. By R. A. Quintus. Pp. xi+164. London: Norman Rodger, 1923. Price 12s

Journal of the Society of Chemical IndustryVolume 42, Issue 50 p. 1218-1218 Reviews The cultivation of the sugar cane in java. An elementary treatise on the agriculture of the sugar cane in java and more especially on its cultivation on the krian sugar estate. By R. A. Quintus. Pp. xi+164. London: Norman Rodger, 1923. Price 12s Lewis Eynon, Lewis EynonSearch for more papers by this author Lewis Eynon, Lewis EynonSearch for more papers by this author First published: 14 December 1923 https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.5000425011Citations: 1AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume42, Issue5014 December 1923Pages 1218-1218 RelatedInformation

The Cultivation of the Sugar Cane in Southern Spain

The Cultivation of the Sugar Cane in Southern Spain