Cultivated Seeds Research Articles

Diversity of Insects in Shallot (Allium ascalonicum L) Plantations at Various Altitudes

Recently the improvement of shallot seed quality using true shallot seed has been developed. This research was aimed to know diversity of insects and the role of insects on the cultivation of shallot seeds in various altitudes. This research was conducted in three different districts (Deli Serdang, Simalungun and Toba Samosir districts) in Plant Pests and Diseases Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, University of North Sumatra, Medan from July 2017 until January 2018. This research used four different insect traps (sweep net, pitfall trap, hand picking, and yellow trap), and repeated for six times. The results showed that insects caught on shallot farmings in Balige highland were 11 orders and 31 families with the highest relative density value was 22.5% and the lowest relative density was 0.35%. The value of insect diversity index of Shannon-Weiner (H') on shallot farming in Balige was 2.72 (moderate) and the value of insect evenness index (E) was 0.71 (high). The insects caught on shallot farming in Pematang Siantar middleland were 11 orders and 22 families with the highest relative density value was 28.7% and the lowest relative density was 0.35%. The value of insect diversity index of Shannon-Weiner (H') on shallot farming in Pematang Siantar 2.42 (moderate) and the value of insect evenness index (E) was 0.71 (high), and on shallot plantations at Lubuk Pakam lowland were 10 orders and 21 families with the highest relative density value was 24.7% and the lowest relative density 0.39%. The value of insect diversity index of Shannon-Weiner (H') was 2.32(moderate) and the value of insect evenness index (E) was 0.85 (high).

THE EFFECT OF SOIL HERBICIDES ON NODULE-FORMING ABILITY AND OTHER CONDITIONS FOR SOYBEAN YIELD

The effect of soil herbicides on nodule-forming ability and other conditions for soybean yield isgiven. It has been established that modern soil herbicides, especially Fabian and Prymekstra TZ 500Gold SC were inferior than herbicide Harnes by the efficiency of control of annual cereals and bilobatedshort-living weeds soybean crops. Harnes had a greater negative effect on the formation of the amountand weight of nitrogen-fixing nodules on soybean root than other herbicides. At the same time, the use ofHarnes produced the highest yield of soybeans. Morphological signs of plants and signs of soybeanproductivity depended on the effectiveness of soil herbicides and tolerance of culture to them. There wasno significant effect of soil herbicides on the quality of the cultivated soybean seeds.

Media composition affects seed dormancy, apical dominance and phenolic profile of Knautia sarajevensis (Dipsacaceae), Bosnian endemic

AbstractKnautia sarajevensisis an endemic plant of the Dinaric Alps and is mainly distributed on Bosnian Mountains. Due to the quite large flower heads and easy maintenance, this plant has a potential use as a substitute ornamental plant forK. arvensisin perennial beds. The current study evaluated the germination process in different treatments in an attempt to suppress dormancy and increase germination rate, and to develop a successful protocol for micropropagation. An over 60% germination rate was achieved through cultivation of seeds on MS basal medium with reduced mineral nutrient composition and the absence of sucrose. On the other hand, a below 10% germination rate was achieved with untreated seeds. Suppression of apical dominance was achieved through application of high concentrations of kinetin, apical shoot decapitation or cultivation of shoots in liquid media. Overall, liquid cultures were more successful as a micropropagation system for this plant. Shoots spontaneously developed roots on multiplication treatments and were successfully acclimatized. Moreover, phenolic compound profile was analysed in the light of the possible medicinal potential of this plant. Variable amounts of total phenolic compounds as well as individual phenolics were recorded, according to treatment and solidification of media. An increase in rosmarinic acid content was reported for kinetin treatments and acclimatized plants comparing to mother plants in natural habitat. The present study shows that choice of cytokinin concentration, explant type as well as culture type influences not only shoot proliferation and apical dominance suppression but alsoin vitroproduction of phenolics.

ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ПРИЕМЫ ПОЛУЧЕНИЯ УСТОЙЧИВЫХ УРОЖАЕВ СЕМЯН ЛЮЦЕРНЫ СОРТА САРГА

The introduction of advanced technologies for alfalfa seeds cultivation of Sarga variety ensures a stable yield of seeds within 360-380 kilogramm per hectare. The main elements of this technology are the use of grass for seeds for only one year, careful preparation of the soil before sowing, respect for the depth of seeding, proper organization of bee pollination, protection of crops from diseases and pests, and the organization of seed processing.

Water productivity for Egyptian clover as affected by different irrigation regimes and cultivation methods in the North Middle Nile Delta Region

A FIELD experiment was conducted in the two successive winter seasons ( 2016-17 and 2017-18) to investigate the impact of cultivation method; dry cultivation ( dry seed on dry soil) and traditional one (wet seed on wet soil) and irrigation regime; five different irrigation regimes as follows, irrigation till 5 cm above soil surface, (traditional, I1), using soil moisture depletion (I2), irrigation with 0.8 from pan evaporation (I3), irrigation with Hargreaves equation, 1981 (I4) and irrigation till 2.5 cm above soil surface (I5).The obtained results showed that decreasing amount of irrigation water from traditional method (I1) to 2.5 cm above soil surface (I5) reduced fresh yield by 5.49 and 6.75 ton fed.-1 with water saving ≈14.5% (≈ 336.0 m3fed.-1,) for dry seeds cultivation method, and the corresponding values 4.87 and 7.34 ton fed.-1 with water saving 10.75% (≈ 280.0 m3fed.-1,) for wet cultivation one in the overall seasons. Meaningfully, an average of ≈ 700-840 million m3 water could be saved at the national level (≈2.5 million fed.). Moreover, mean reduction in dry yield by 24.62 kg fed.-1, (6.35 %) and 13.00 kg fed-1 (3.51 %) could be resulted from dry cultivation method, and by 36.45 kg fed-1 (8.68 %) and 10.91 kg fed-1 (2.60 %) could be resulted from wet cultivation method in the first and second seasons respectively.The highest overall mean values of water consumptive use (CU) and consumptive use efficiency (Ecu, %) were recorded irrigation without any stress during the growing season (I1). Productivity of irrigation water (PIW kgm-3) and water productivity (WP kgm-3) for fresh yield was the highest values recorded under I5 (the lowest water consumed) for dry and wet cultivation methods.

ECONOMIC AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF FARMERS' ACTIVITY

Introduction. Improvement of the process of making managerial decisions and, accordingly, improvement of the quality of the decisions made is achieved through the use of scientific approach, models and methods of decision-making. Methods of economic and mathematical modeling allow to solve a number of issues related to the development of alternative areas of activity, optimization of the structure, production costs and sales of farm products. Therefore, it is expedient to use them for making managerial decisions at farms. Purpose. The article aims to carry out the economic and statistical analysis of the activity of the farm and the feasibility of applying economic and mathematical methods in the process of managing farms in modern conditions of farming. The application of economic and mathematical methods and models for making managerial decisions is considered on the example of the activity of the farm "Horizon" of the Veselinovsky district of the Mykolaiv region, which specializes in the cultivation of grain crops (except rice), legumes and seeds of oilseeds. Methods. In the course of the study, methods of system analysis, index method of factor estimation, and economic and mathematical modeling have been used. Results. On the basis of economic indicators of the activity of the farm "Horizon" during the reporting period, the economic and mathematical model of optimization of sown areas has been created. It contributes to the correction of managerial decisions for improving the efficiency of economic activity.

НАПРЯМИ ОПТИМІЗАЦІЇ ТЕХНОЛОГІЙ ВИРОЩУВАННЯ НАСІННЯ КУКУРУДЗИ ЗА УМОВ ЗМІН КЛІМАТУ

НАПРЯМИ ОПТИМІЗАЦІЇ ТЕХНОЛОГІЙ ВИРОЩУВАННЯ НАСІННЯ КУКУРУДЗИ ЗА УМОВ ЗМІН КЛІМАТУ

The Large Seed Size of Domesticated Lima Beans Mitigates Intraspecific Competition among Seed Beetle Larvae

The domestication of beans has selected for larger seeds in cultivated plants compared to their wild relatives. This has not only resulted in an enhanced resource for humans, but also for the insects that feed on these seeds. Seed beetles that attack wild and cultivated seeds often lay several eggs on a single seed. We hypothesized that the larger seed size of domesticated beans will mitigate the competition among the larvae that hatch from these eggs, with important implications for their growth and survival. To test this we examined how seed size of wild and cultivated Phaseolus lunatus (lima bean) affect the performance of the Mexican bean weevil Zabrotes subfasciatus, an important pest of beans in Mexico. A negative correlation was found between the initial number of eggs on a seed and the weight of female beetles that emerged, but only for the much smaller wild seeds. Similarly, beetle survival was found to be negatively correlated with competition intensity only on wild seeds. Our results imply that by selecting for larger seeds, domestication of Phaseolus lunatus has reduced the intensity of intraspecific larval competition of Z. subfasciatus.

Flavan-3-ols and procyanidins in grape seeds: biodiversity and relationships among wild and cultivated vines

Flavan-3-ol monomers and polymers composition of seeds from wild (17) and autochthonous (8) Vitis vinifera grapes growing in northern Tunisia were evaluated. Wild grape seeds were spherical with a small beak and relatively a high seed/berry ratio (~ 18.1%w/w). Local cultivars developed pyriform-shaped seeds with a well-developed beak representing on average 2.2% of total weight of the berry. Flavanol concentrations ranged between 40.9 and 67.5 mg/g FW in seeds from wild accessions and between 48.9 and 96.7 mg/g FW in seeds from cultivated grapes. Differences between accessions were highly significant (p (−)-epicatechin (Ec) > (−)-epicatechin-3-O-gallate (EcG). The Cat/Ec ratio was approximately 1.7 for wild grapes while it was about 2.5 for cultivated grapes. Procyanidins in wild seeds differed from cultivated ones by a lower mDP and higher proportions of galloylated derivatives, likely to affect fruit bitterness and astringency. (−)-epicatechin was the main extension subunit in grape seed procyanidins, reaching on average 52% in wild and 58% in cultivated seeds. Hierarchical cluster analysis based on seeds morphometry and procyanidin profile indicated close proximity between some wild and cultivated grapes suggesting that some cultivars derived from ancestral events of local domestication or cross hybridization with native wild plants.

Priming with smoke-derived karrikinolide enhances germination and transplant quality of immature and mature pepper seed lots

The aim of this study was to test the effect of the smoke-derived compound, karrikinolide (KAR1), and hydropriming treatments on the seed germination of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). The effect of priming treatments on seedling emergence percentages and rates, seedling fresh and dry mass, catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity of immature and mature seed lots for four pepper cultivars (Kandil D., Surmeli, Yaglık and Corbacı) harvested in 2015 and 2016 were evaluated. Priming with 10−7M KAR1 enhanced seed germination and seedling emergence for seeds from both harvest periods, and was more influential on immature seeds than mature seeds. Specifically, priming with KAR1 improved germination by more than 20% in immature seeds, compared to around 10% in the mature seeds. The differences in seedling emergence were 18% and 22% in 2015, and 21% and 22% in 2016, respectively. Priming with KAR1 increased catalase activity, but reduced APX and SOD activity in both seed lots for cultivar Corbacı. Thus, results indicate that priming with KAR1 can be used as an enhancing treatment in the cultivation of pepper seeds, and that the benefit is greater in immature seeds than in mature seeds, regardless of the cultivar or year of harvest.

Regulation of NPA and ACC on H2O2-Induced Pea Primary Horizontal Bending Root

Existing reports have described a notable fact that 1-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA) coupled with 1-aminocylopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), a precursor of ethylene, can regulate gravitropism of pea primary root by altering the volume of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and gibberellin A3 (GA3) in the root. However, the mechanism behind this is not quite clear. In this study, various concentration setups of NPA and ACC were used during cultivation of pea seeds (exposed to H2O2) to study the effect of NPA and ethylene on contents of IAA and GA3 in curving pea primary roots. Results showed that generally the horizontal bending of pea primary roots induced by H2O2 could be alleviated by NPA and ACC. Alpha-amylase activity in pea primary roots declined gradually with the rise of NPA and ACC concentrations, consequently boosting the content of starch while reducing the content of soluble sugar. ACC instigated the ethylene triple response. In addition, IAA content in primary roots declined gradually with the rise of NPA concentration, but GA3 content did not show any consistent fluctuation. The inhibition of NPA on IAA polar transport in pea was only effective in primary roots, with no effect on the IAA transport from bud to other parts.

Emission characteristics of biodiesel obtained from jatropha seeds and fish wastes in a diesel engine

The concept of waste recycling and energy recovery plays a vital role for the development of any economy. The reuse of fish waste and use of wasteland for cultivation of jatropha seeds have led to resource conservation and their use as blend with diesel as an alternative fuel to diesel engines has contributed to pollution reduction. In this work, the results of using blends of biodiesel obtained from jatropha seeds, fish wastes and diesel in constant speed diesel engines are presented. The experimental results show that both the blends can be used as fuels for diesel engine without any major modification in the engines. It is also seen that the carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbons and soot emissions are reduced at all loads for both the blends compared to diesel fuel while NOx emissions are observed to be slightly higher.

水稲早生品種「ほっかりん」の乾田直播栽培

水稲早生品種「ほっかりん」の乾田直播栽培

OPTMIZING THE PERFORMANCE OF PLOT SEEDER MACHINE TO SUIT WHEAT SEED PRODUCTION

The plot seeders have a variety of distribution systems makes it possible to distribute the seed for a plot over multiple rows and many options allows you to customize the machine for many different applications. So when used a plot seeder to suitable for cultivation of wheat seeds must adjustment transmission mechanism and a feed cartridges diameter, as well as seeding shaft and distributor cone rotates. This study carried out to improve the performance of plot seeder and minimize the total damage during wheat seed production processes. The treatments under this study were at four diameters of feed cartridges (10, 15, 20 and 25 mm O), two kinds of distributor plat (distributor plat with and without partition)and three groups of sowing transmission. The variation coefficient of seeds and seeds damage were measured. The seeds damage generally increased with the decrease of feed cartridge from 15.6% at feed cartridge diameter (10 mm O) to 2.4% at feed cartridge diameter (25 mm O). Also seeds damage increased with distributor plat with partition. That was 15.6% with distributor plat with partition and 14.6% without partition. The variation coefficient of seeds decreases at diameter of feed cartridge (20 mm O) with distributor plat without partition and the first group of sowing transmission.

Impact of Grain Priming and Silicon Spraying on the Response of Barley to After Anthesis Drought Stress

Two field experiments were carried out in the experimental farm of Faculty of Desert and Environmental Agriculture, Fuka, Matrouh Branch, Alexandria University, Egypt, during two successive seasons 2012/2013 and 2013/2014 to study the effect of seed priming with Ascorbic and Salicylic Acids and spraying with silicon on drought tolerance of two barley cultivars, Giza 126 and Giza 2000. Six treatment were used as follows: Seed priming with Ascorbic acid (AA) and irrigation till heading (T1), seed priming with Salicylic acid (SA) and irrigation till heading (T2), seed priming with distilled water and irrigation till heading (T3), spraying with silicon and irrigation till heading (T4), dry seeds cultivation and irrigation till heading (T5) and dry seeds cultivation and all season irrigation (T6). The results indicated that post anthesis stress decreased grain yield by 17.1 % and 100-grain weight by 11.96 %, as an average of the two seasons. Hydropriming and osmopriming with salicylic acid, in addition to spraying with silicon, decreased the effect of drought and barley plants gave comparable grain yield to that of non-stress conditions. Barley cultivar Giza 126 was more tolerant to late drought compared to Giza 2000 cultivar with S values of 0.58 and 1.42, as an average of the two seasons, respectively.

ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ И ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ОСНОВЫ СЕМЕНОВОДСТВА СОРТОВЫХ И ГИБРИДНЫХ СЕМЯН КУКУРУЗЫ В БОГАРНЫХ УСЛОВИЯХ КБР

ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ И ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ОСНОВЫ СЕМЕНОВОДСТВА СОРТОВЫХ И ГИБРИДНЫХ СЕМЯН КУКУРУЗЫ В БОГАРНЫХ УСЛОВИЯХ КБР

Evaluation of the Effects of Irradiation of Peanut Grain by a Gamma-Ray Beam on Culture

The problems of agriculture in Senegal result in a low yield per hectare and poor seed quality contributing strongly to the decline in productivity. Mutagenesis by X- or Y-ray irradiation makes it possible to obtain genetic mutants necessary to improve production. It is in this context that we undertook this study to evaluate the effects induced on the cultivation of peanut seeds irradiated by X-rays at low doses applied in radiotherapy. X-ray irradiation of four (2, 3, 4, 5) lots of peanuts are performed with respectively 0.5, 1.5, 2 and 4 Gray using the cobalt 60 therapy device (Alcyon II). The seeding of the seeds and then the following-up of the crops during 35 days allowed us to study the parameters of germination, growth and yield. The results obtained after monitoring revealed that the irradiation did not have any significant impact on germination and would appear to temporarily inhibit the growth rate compared to the control batch. However, the decrease in weight of the harvested seeds can be explained by the absence of fertilizer during the cultivation.

The Extension and Technical Development of Direct Seeding Cultivation of Paddy Rice in Yamagata Prefecture

The Extension and Technical Development of Direct Seeding Cultivation of Paddy Rice in Yamagata Prefecture

近畿地方の晩期乾田直播に適した非構造性炭水化物の茎部高蓄積特性および耐倒伏性を有するホールクロップサイレージ用飼料イネ品種

日本の食料自給率向上のために，ホールクロップサイレージ（WCS）用飼料イネの栽培による飼料増産が期待されている．そこで，土地利用率や収益を向上し，生産コストや作業の競合を低減させるために，水稲−麦類の二毛作体系において，WCS用飼料イネの晩期直播栽培の導入が有効と考えられる．WCS用飼料イネは，籾のみならず茎および葉鞘（茎部）に多くの非構造性炭水化物（NSC）を蓄積することが消化性の向上のためにも重要であり，直播栽培においては耐倒伏性も重要となる．そこで，WCS用飼料イネの実用品種を含む8品種の栽培試験を2年間行い，晩期乾田直播条件下での，収量，NSC蓄積，耐倒伏性の品種特性を調査した．地上部乾物重に占める穂重の割合が小さい品種では，黄熟期には子実への同化産物の蓄積が停滞するため，高濃度のNSCを茎部に蓄積すると考えられた．一方，そのような品種は，在圃期間が長いため，冬作である麦類の作期と競合する可能性がある．しかし，品種によっては，糊熟期に収穫することにより，在圃期間が短くとも，茎部に高濃度のNSCを蓄積する可能性があると考えられた．さらに，糊熟期では, 地上部乾物重に占める穂重の割合が小さいことからも，黄熟期に比べて倒伏が起きる危険性は低くなると考えられた．

Characteristics of Seedbed Preparation Work Using a Chisel Plow and Power Harrow and Rice Plant Growth on Non-Puddling Direct Rice Seeding Cultivation in Flooded Paddy Field Soil

Characteristics of Seedbed Preparation Work Using a Chisel Plow and Power Harrow and Rice Plant Growth on Non-Puddling Direct Rice Seeding Cultivation in Flooded Paddy Field Soil