Triticale Cultivars Research Articles

Zinc biofortification of bread wheat, triticale, and durum wheat cultivars by foliar zinc fertilization

Poor zinc (Zn) nutrition of wheat is one of the main causes of poor human health in developing countries. A field experiment with no zinc and foliar zinc application (0.5% ZnSO4.7H2O) on bread wheat (8), durum wheat (3), and triticale (4) cultivars was conducted in a randomized block design with three replications in 2 years. The experimental soil texture was loamy sand with slightly alkalinity. The grain yields of bread wheat, triticale, and durum wheat cultivars increased from 43.6 to 56.4, 46.5 to 51.6, and 49.4 to 53.5 t ha−1, respectively, with foliar application of 0.5% ZnSO4.7H2O. The highest grain yield was recorded by PBW 550 (wheat), TL 2942 (triticale), and PDW 291 (durum), which was 5.22, 4.24, and 4.56% and significantly higher over no zinc. Foliar zinc application increased zinc in bread wheat, triticale, and durum wheat cultivars grains varying from 31.0 to 63.0, 29.3 to 61.8, and 30.2 to 62.4 mg kg−1, respectively. So, agronomic biofortification is the best way which enriching the wheat grains with zinc for human consumption.

Impact of triticale cultivar (× Triticosecale sp. Wittmack) and location on pretreatment requirements and fermentable sugars yield

Triticale, a man-made grain cereal developed by crossing wheat with rye and displaying high straw yield, has gained interest for second-generation fuel ethanol. This study aimed at assessing variability in straw properties from triticale cultivars grown in South Africa and their impact on straw processability for optimal yield of total fermentable sugars (TFS) from dilute acid pretreatment followed by enzymatic hydrolysis. Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to maximize the total fermentable sugars yield from dilute acid pretreatment–enzymatic hydrolysis. The optimum pretreatment conditions 182 °C—0.39% (w/w)—15.4 min maximized total sugar yield at 50.5 g/100 g for straw from cultivar 01T43 (1.2% ash), representing total sugars recovery of 80.4% of theoretical TFS (xylose + glucose) in the straws. Conditions of 189 °C—0.60%—18 min and 190 °C—0.53%—13 min maximized total sugar yield for cultivars 00T207 (5.8% ash) and BACCHUS (4.4% ash) at 46.7 and 44.9 g/100 g which represented total sugars recoveries of 77.8 and 68% of theoretical TFS (xylose + glucose) in the straws, respectively. Enhancement of sugar yield from triticale straw is possible by dilute acid pretreatment optimization, coupled with selection of cultivars with low ash content in straw for reduced pretreatment requirements.

The Selective-Genetic Value of Winter Triticale Cultivar Samples from the Collection for Cultural Breeding in the Central Nonblack Earth Region

The Selective-Genetic Value of Winter Triticale Cultivar Samples from the Collection for Cultural Breeding in the Central Nonblack Earth Region

Sowing date effects on dry matter remobilization and yield of triticale (Triticosecale wittmack) under late season drought stress

A 2-year field experiment using a randomized complete block design with the treatments arranged as split-split-plot with three replicates was conducted to investigate the effects of different sowing dates. Different irrigation regimes and different triticale cultivars were tested during 2014 and 2015 growing seasons. Under cutting off irrigation at the milk development stage, Sanabad with 46.2% had higher relative water content on December 3 sowing date. Assimilate remobilization in cutting off irrigation at dough development was more than that at milk development and Sanabad had the highest assimilate remobilization on 3 December sowing date in both years. In both years, Sanabad had the highest remobilization efficiency. The highest contribution of pre-anthesis assimilates to grain was obtained on 3 December sowing date in both years in Sanabad. Lower grain yield in Juanillo cultivar under cutting off irrigation, appeared to be due to reduction in remobilization efficiency, especially by cutting off irrigation at milk development stage in late sowing date. Overall, Sanabad was more tolerant to cutting off irrigation than Juanillo.

Hungaro Durum Rye—Breeding, Genome Composition and Amino Acid Content of the First Triticale Cultivar for Human Consumption

Hungaro Durum Rye—Breeding, Genome Composition and Amino Acid Content of the First Triticale Cultivar for Human Consumption

Обоснование применения биоактивированного зерна тритикале в спиртовом производстве

Triticale accounts for the biggest share in gross processing and state procurement of grain in Belarussian production of alcohol. The main difficulty in its processing is the formation of viscous technological fluids due to the presence of non-starch polysaccharides in its chemical composition. All measures taken to solve the problem come down to the selection of the efficient enzyme preparations, hydrolyzing grain polymers into low molecular weight compounds, which have the ability to be disposed by the yeast cells and form the ethyl alcohol. But grain own enzymes are not involved. It is possible to solve the problem by means of biological activation, which will activate grain enzyme systems and partially hydrolyze grain polymers into low molecular weight compounds. The article considers general and special technological parameters of six cultivars of triticale selected in the Republic of Belarus: Antos, Kastus, Dubrava, Run, Prometheus, Impulse. The authors determined that the most promising cultivars for bioactivation and food grade ethyl alcohol production are Antos and Dubrava. The authors explored the possibility of using hot soaking of triticale grain for the biological activation. They also showed the advantages of introduction of amaranth green mass in the amount of 8% during hot soaking for the reduction of grain microbiological contamination. They studied the changes in the technological properties of triticale cultivars Antos and Dubrava after the bioactivation with the green mass of amaranth. The authors determined that grain microbiological characteristics improved, the activity of grain enzymes increased, proportion of low molecular weight compounds in the chemical composition increased. They studied the processes taking place during wort and mash production from the bioactivated triticale grain. The authors showed that the processing of bioactivated triticale grain resulted in the production of wort with higher concentration of dry matter which allowed to increase the ethanol content in the mature mash produced from triticale cultivar Antos by 19.5% and from the triticale cultivar Dubrava by 29.3% and reduce the total quantity of the main impurities in distillates.

Changes in Number and Weight of Wheat and Triticale Grains to Manipulation in Source-Sink Relationship

The source-sink ratio experimental manipulation has helped to define whether a crop is limited by source or sink or co-limited by both. There is no evidence in triticale of source-sink manipulations effects on yield and yield components. Two experiments were accomplished during 2008 and 2009 growing seasons at the Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, México, and one in 2010 at the National Institute of Agricultural Technology in Pergamino, Argentina. Two triticale cultivars (line 4 and 7) and one wheat cultivar (Tollocan) were used. Source-sink relations were modified at anthesis by thinning, degraining, shading, and total defoliation procedures. Changes in the source-sink relation affected yields in both species differentially. The changes in yield due to cultivars and treatments were explained mainly by the number of grains rather than by their individual grain weight. The number of grains was affected by all treatments in both species, while the individual grain weight was increased by thinning and degraining mainly in triticale. A greater number of fertile florets in triticale were associated with their higher rate of abortion compared to wheat. These results could help to better understand crop management and genetic improvement.

Effect of different gamma radiation doses on the germination and seedling growth of wheat and triticale cultivars

Effect of different gamma radiation doses on the germination and seedling growth of wheat and triticale cultivars

Reaction of South African rye, triticale and barley forage cultivars to stem and leaf rust

Rusts are a significant threat to sustainable wheat production in South Africa. In addition to accurate genotyping, resistance breeding and surveillance, a better understanding of the epidemiology of rust pathogens will facilitate their control. This includes an improved understanding of over-summering and the occurrence of early-season inoculum on ancillary hosts. In the current study Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici and P. triticina, causing stem rust and leaf rust of wheat, respectively, were avirulent on rye entries planted as forage crops in South Africa. Isolates of P. graminis f. sp. secalis and P. recondita, the stem rust and leaf rust pathogens of rye, were avirulent on all triticale forage crop cultivars screened. Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici race PTKST, known for its broad virulence on wheat in South Africa, was avirulent on triticale cultivars when compared with race BPGSC. Similarly, P. triticina race CFPS proved to be more avirulent on the triticale cultivars than race SDDN. Results indicated that leaf and stem rust infections on rye and triticale forage cultivars do not pose a threat to commercial wheat production in South Africa. However, the field response of barley forage cultivars suggested that both ‘Mobey’ and ‘SKG9’ can serve as hosts for the wheat stem rust pathogen.

A new winter active crop to improve soil nitrogen uptake

Nutrient losses due to leaching are often greatest when soils are wet and draining, mainly during winter and often after summer crops are harvested or grazed in autumn and early-winter. Cover crops such as oats have been used as a management option to reduce nitrogen leaching, but the degree of benefit is largely dependent on management for achieving high crop yields. Triticale, due largely to its ryecorn parentage, has a deep root system resulting in an excellent nutrient scavenging ability. The breeding of a new and unique triticale cultivar, T100 (marketed under the brand name of ‘WinterMax’), with proven winter activity and early establishment vigour provides an improved option for nutrient ‘trapping’ compared with existing winter cover crops. Field trials were sown in autumn or winter after maize cropping or with differing levels of applied nitrogen, at two sites in Canterbury. The winter-active triticale removed 19, 21, 28, 35 and 45% more nitrogen from wet soils than another triticale, oats, ryecorn, wheat and annual ryegrass, respectively.

Wheat as a dual crop for biorefining: Straw quality parameters and their interactions with nitrogen supply in modern elite cultivars

AbstractAgricultural residues, such as straw, offer an opportunity to produce biofuels and chemicals in biorefineries without compromising food production. The ideal “dual‐purpose cultivar” would have high yield of grain and straw. In addition, the straw should be easy to process in a biorefinery: It should have good degradability, high concentration of carbohydrates, and low concentration of ash. Nitrogen (N) is an essential nutrient important for plant growth, crop yield and grain quality. However, N production and application comes with a high cost and high environmental footprint. The N application should consequently be based on an economical optimum. Limited knowledge exists on how N application affects the potential of straw for biorefining, for example, straw yield and quality. This study, conducted over three cropping seasons, investigated the effect of N supply on the biorefining potential and included 14 wheat cultivars and one triticale cultivar. The N supply directly affected the yield of straw and grain. In addition, the protein concentration in grain and straw increased, but the composition of the straw with respect to carbohydrates and lignin was largely unaffected by N supply. The only significant change was a lower silicon concentration at increasing N application rate, which could be beneficial for lignin valorization in biorefineries. Likely due to the negligible changes in cell wall composition, the effect of N application rate on straw degradability was not significant. N application should therefore primarily be optimized with respect to grain quality and overall yield of grain and straw. Differences between cultivars were also minor with respect to their performance in a biorefinery process. From a breeding and agronomic perspective, focus should therefore be put on maximizing the biomass output from the field, that is, selecting the cultivar with highest grain and straw yield and optimizing the application of fertilizer to get optimum N use efficiency.

Weed suppression by Canadian spring cereals: relative contribution of competition for resources and allelopathy

Integrated and more sustainable weed management practices are in great demand all around the globe. The adoption of more weed-suppressive cereal cultivars could be part of an integrated weed management strategy. Recently, a study was published analysing the relative contribution of above-ground competition and allelopathy to weed suppression of Scandinavian winter cereals at the field level. The present study used the same approach with Canadian spring wheat and triticale cultivars, and confirmed the results of the previous study. The competitive traits such as leaf area index, crop height and early vigour, and the allelochemicals belonging to the chemical group of benzoxazinoids measured in the root zone were of equal importance to explain the variance of weed biomass at the field level. In addition, a dendogram showed large genetic variability for competitive and allelopathic traits in the Canadian spring cereals, providing the genetic basis for the initiation of breeding programmes for more weed-suppressive cultivars.

Diverse Grain‐Filling Dynamics Affect Harvest Management of Forage Barley and Triticale Cultivars

Core Ideas Decision‐making criteria are needed to optimize silage production in barley and triticale.The critical factors, yield, forage quality, and dry matter interact in the grain‐filling period.Optimization of factors is required and the indicator for harvest may differ between species.Comparison on a growing degree day scale during grain filling provided an assessment of dynamics.Triticale needed more degree days than barley to optimize yield and dry matter shown by dough stage. Harvest time for small‐grain forage is impacted by changes in yield, dry matter concentration (DMC) and forage quality during grain‐filling. Little information exists for hulless and two‐rowed barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) grown in Alberta. Two barley and two triticale cultivars were grown at three planting dates and two locations over 2 yr at Lacombe, AB, Canada. Forage was harvested five times after boot stage at 7‐ and 10‐d intervals for barley and triticale, respectively. Relationships were developed by regressing variables with growing degree days (GDD) after the boot stage for triticale cultivars, combined, and each barley cultivar (‘Falcon’ and ‘Gadsby’). Comparisons were made at GDD positions. Triticale out‐yielded and dried slower than barley and had higher DMC for 560 GDD after the boot stage; Gadsby out‐yielded Falcon. The soft dough stage (DS 85) indicated optimum yield, 93% of relative dry matter yield (RDMY) at less than 400 g kg−1 DMC for barley and triticale, but occurred at 400 and 500 GDD after the boot stage, respectively. Triticale had lower in vitro true digestibility (IVTD) and higher fiber levels than barley at boot stage; but triticale IVTD decreased slower than barley and Falcon declined faster than Gadsby. Starch accumulated more rapidly for Gadsby than Falcon, while triticale increased slowly initially, then rapidly later in the grain filling period. Delaying harvest by 100 GDD for triticale compared to barley (both at DS 85) resulted in the higher triticale yield, while allowing more starch to accumulate.

The varied ability of grains to synthesize and catabolize ABA is one of the factors affecting dormancy and its release by after-ripening in imbibed triticale grains of cultivars with different pre-harvest sprouting susceptibilities

Abscisic acid (ABA) is a phytohormone involved in the acquisition of primary dormancy during seeds maturation as well as dormancy maintenance in imbibed seeds. After imbibition, the ABA content decreased to a much lower level in embryos of freshly harvested triticale grains of the Leontino cultivar, which is more susceptible to pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) than embryos of the Fredro cultivar. Lower ABA content in the Leontino cultivar resulted from increased expression of TsABA8′OH1 and TsABA8′OH2, which encode ABA 8′-hydroxylase and are involved in ABA catabolism. Higher ABA content and maintenance of dormancy in Fredro grains were correlated with intensified ABA biosynthesis, which resulted from higher expression of TsNCED1, which encodes 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase. These results suggest that grains of triticale cultivars with different resistance to PHS vary in their ability to metabolize ABA after imbibition.After-ripening did not affect the ABA content in embryos of dry grains of either triticale cultivar. However, after-ripening caused dormancy release in Fredro grains and significantly affected the ABA content and the rate of its metabolism after imbibition. A more rapid decline in ABA content in imbibed Fredro grains was accompanied by decreased transcript levels of TsNCED1 as well as increased expression of TsABA8′OH1 and TsABA8′OH2. Thus, after-ripening may affect dormancy of grains through reduction of the ABA biosynthesis rate and intensified ABA catabolism.Overexpression of TsNCED1 in tobacco increases ABA content and delays germination, while overexpression of TsABA8′OH2 decreases ABA content, accelerates germination, and reduces the sensitivity to ABA of transgenic seeds compared to seeds of wild-type plants. Therefore, these genes might play an important role in the regulation of triticale grain dormancy, thus affecting susceptibility to PHS.

Populations of doubled haploids for genetic mapping in hexaploid winter triticale

To create a framework for genetic dissection of hexaploid triticale, six populations of doubled haploid (DH) lines were developed from pairwise hybrids of high-yielding winter triticale cultivars. The six populations comprise between 97 and 231 genotyped DH lines each, totaling 957 DH lines. A consensus genetic map spans 4593.9 cM is composed of 1576 unique DArT markers. The maps reveal several structural rearrangements in triticale genomes. In preliminary tests of the populations and maps, markers specific to wheat segments of the engineered rye chromosome 1R (RM1B) were identified. Example QTL mapping of days to heading in cv. Krakowiak revealed loci on chromosomes 2BL and 2R responsible for extended vernalization requirement, and candidate genes were identified. The material is available to all parties interested in triticale genetics.

Simultaneous Transfer of Leaf Rust and Powdery Mildew Resistance Genes from Hexaploid Triticale Cultivar Sorento into Bread Wheat.

Wheat powdery mildew, caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici, and wheat leaf rust, caused by Puccinia triticina Eriks, are two important diseases that severely threaten wheat production. Sorento, a hexaploid triticale cultivar from Poland, shows high resistance to the wheat powdery mildew isolate E09 and the leaf rust isolate PHT in Beijing, China. To introduce resistance genes into common wheat, Sorento was crossed with wheat line Xuezao, which is susceptible to both diseases, and the F1 hybrids were then backcrossed with Xuezao as the recurrent male parent. By marker analysis, we demonstrate that the long arm of the 2R (2RL) chromosome confers resistance to both the leaf rust and powdery mildew isolates at adult-plant and seedling stages, while the long arm of 4R (4RL) confers resistance only to powdery mildew at both stages. The chromosomal composition of BC2F3 plants containing 2R or 2RL and 4R or 4RL in the form of substitution and translocation were confirmed by GISH (genomic in situ hybridization) and FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization). Monosomic and disomic substitutions of a wheat chromosome with chromosome 2R or 4R, as well as one 4RS-4DL/4DS-4RL reciprocal translocation homozigote and one 2RL-1DL translocation hemizigote, were recovered. Such germplasms are of great value in wheat improvement.

High Density Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) Mapping and Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) Analysis in a Biparental Spring Triticale Population Localized Major and Minor Effect Fusarium Head Blight Resistance and Associated Traits QTL.

Triticale (xTriticosecale Wittmack) is an important feed crop which suffers severe yield, grade and end-use quality losses due to Fusarium head blight (FHB). Development of resistant triticale cultivars is hindered by lack of effective genetic resistance sources. To dissect FHB resistance, a doubled haploid spring triticale population produced from the cross TMP16315/AC Ultima using a microspore culture method, was phenotyped for FHB incidence, severity, visual rating index (VRI), deoxynivalenol (DON) and some associated traits (ergot, grain protein content, test weight, yield, plant height and lodging) followed by single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping. A high-density map consisting of 5274 SNPs, mapped on all 21 chromosomes with a map density of 0.48 cM/SNP, was constructed. Together, 17 major quantitative trait loci were identified for FHB on chromosomes 1A, 2B, 3A, 4A, 4R, 5A, 5R and 6B; two of incidence loci (on 2B and 5R) also co-located with loci for severity and VRI, and two other loci of VRI (on 1A and 4R) with DON accumulation. Major and minor loci were also identified for all other traits in addition to many epistasis loci. This study provides new insight into the genetic basis of FHB resistance and their association with other traits in triticale.

Prinos i komponente prinosa zrna tritikalea gajenog na zemljištu tipa pseudoglej

A field trial was conducted on an acid pseudogley soil during the 2011/12, 2012/13 and 2013/14 growing seasons to evaluate grain yield and its components in four triticale cultivars ('Favorit', 'Tango', 'Odisej' and 'KG-20'). The highest values of grain yield, 1,000-grain weight, number of grains per spike, spike length and plant height in all cultivars were obtained in the year characterised by moderate temperatures during grain filling and high amounts of rainfall in the second part of the growing season. 'Favorit' gave the highest grain yield, the largest number of grains per spike, the lowest 1,000-grain weight and the smallest plant height. The highest 1,000-grain weight and the lowest number of grains per spike were found in 'Tango'. 'KG-20' had the greatest plant height and the lowest average grain yield during the three experimental years, with the lowest grain yield achieved in the driest year, and the highest in the wettest year. 'Odisej' exhibited a high grain yield, fewer grains per spike, and the lowest grain weight per spike compared to the other cultivars.

BREEDING OF CEREAL CROPS AT DOBRUDZHA AGRICULTURAL INSTITUTE – GENERAL TOSHEVO, BULGARIA

The climate of Bulgaria is very diverse in spite of its small territory. The soil and climatic conditions in the region where Dobrudzha Agricultural Institute is situated are suitable for obtaining high and stable yields from all winter cereals. The breeding program of the institute is aimed at developing high-yielding cultivars of common and durum wheat, triticale, malting and feed barley adaptable to growing under variable soil and climatic conditions. The aim of this investigation is to present the major directions, problems and achievements of the breeding work on the winter cereals at Dobrudzha Agricultural Institute.The results were summarized on several levels:Evaluation of the risk factors for the development, the yield formation and the quality indices;Developing and study on a gene pool of the best world and Bulgarian accessions;Developing of own initial material by using the methods of intervarietal hybridization, experimental mutagenesis and other biotechnology approaches;Developing of a more efficient methodology for field and laboratory evaluation of the breeding materials;Testing of new varieties and production of certified planting material.The portfolio of the institute is quite variable. From the cultivars developed here, 36 genotypes of common wheat and 5 genotypes of durum wheat, 11 triticale cultivars and 6 winter barley varieties have been included in the National Vareital List of Bulgaria.

Weed suppressive traits of winter cereals: Allelopathy and competition

Weed suppressive potential of 33 winter wheat, 24 winter rye and 11 winter triticale cultivars recently introduced to the Scandinavian market was investigated. Competitive traits recorded were early vigor, leaf area index and crop height. Allelopathic potential was assessed by analyzing plant root and shoot material by LC-MS/MS for their content of 12 phytotoxic metabolites of the chemical group of benzoxazinoids (BX). Total BX content was highest in rye, followed by triticale and wheat. Benzoxazinoid composition varied between species with non-methoxy substituted BX dominating in rye and methoxy substituted BX dominating in wheat and triticale. Principal component analysis exhibited a clear relationship of allelopathic and competitive traits, together explaining 62% of the variance in the data set. This result underlines the need for further investigations of the relative contribution of allelopathy and competition to weed suppression in future studies.