Green Gram Cultivars Research Articles

Evaluation of antinutrients in improved and local cultivars of green gram (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek)

Besides being an excellent source of high-quality nutrients, legumes are deposits of antinutritional factors (ANFs) that serve as natural defences against herbivory and pathogens. This investigation aimed to study the concentration of different ANFs in 13 green gram (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) cultivars and explore how varietal differences affect their levels. Ten improved, and three local cultivars of green gram were evaluated for antinutritional content using different spectrophotometric assays. Results revealed variability across cultivars with 0.45 to 1.14 g/100 g of phytic acid, 1.11 to 1.99 g/100 g of saponins, 0.91 to 1.78 mg CE/g of tannins, 17.17 to 25.55 mg GAE/g of total phenolic content, 4.41 to 10.44 TUI/mg of trypsin inhibitors, 0.15 to 0.28 g/100 g of raffinose, 0.14 to 0.36 g/100 g stachyose and 1.60 to 2.88 g/100 g of verbascose. These significant variations highlight the wide range of ANF composition found among green gram cultivars. Such data could aid in exploring the nutraceutical and pharmacological potential of these compounds.

Perception of farmers on varietal traits and constraints in

Greengram (Vigna radiata) is one of India’s most valuable pulse crops. Greengram is a native of India and CentralAsia and has grown in these regions since prehistoric times.India contributes more than 70% of world’s greengram production,while its cultivation has spread to Africa and America relatively in the recent times. The present study was confined toDharwad and Gadag districts of North Karnataka during the agriculture year 2021-22. The study aimed to assess theconstraints faced by greengram growers in adoption of improved varieties of greengram. A multistage random samplingprocedure was used for the selection of samples and data collected through a personal interview method using a pre-testedschedule. Collected data were analyzed by using suitable statistical tools like Garrett’s ranking technique and descriptivestatistics. The study revealed that the major production and constraints faced by the greengram growing farmers. Nonavailabilityof improved variety seeds and scarcity of labour during peak periods were the major production constraints,whereas, high price fluctuations andlack of storage facilities in villages were major marketing constraints faced by greengramgrowing farmers in study area. All the adopted farmers opined that improved variety (DGGV-2) is ideal for mechanicalharvesting and gave more grain yield than the existing varieties of greengram hence it plays amajor role in increasing the farmincome of the greengram cultivars.

​Cross Genera Marker Transferability and Genetic Diversity Analysis in Elite Cultivars of Mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek

Backgrounds: To increase the accessibility of molecular markers for germplasm evaluation, genetic analysis and new cultivar development in mung bean, cross genera transferability of microsatellites (SSR) was studied. Methods: Forty simple sequence repeat markers developed for adzuki bean were used to amplify genomic DNA extracted from 70 diverse elite cultivars of greengram. Result: All SSR markers (100%) generated repeatable and clear products, signifying a high genomic homology between two species of Vigna. Among the 40 amplified markers, only 11 (28%) were highly polymorphic in 70 diverse elite cultivars of greengram. The polymorphism information content (PIC) ranged between 0.64 to 0.88 with an average of 0.81, while number of alleles ranged with 6 to 12 with an average of 9.27 alleles per locus. The multiple locus amplification and high PIC values indicated the effectiveness of the transferable SSRs in mungbean. Cluster analysis based on UPGMA grouped the studied genotypes into eleven clusters. The Jaccard’s similarity coefficient ranged from 0.17 to 0.46 indicating the extent of transitional amount of genetic variability within the tested genotypes.

Interspecific Hybridization Between Vigna radiata and Vigna mungo Towards the Broadening of Genetic Base for MYMV Disease Resistance and Generating Variability

Background: The main cause for low yield in greengram is its susceptibility to Mungbean Yellow Mosaic Virus (MYMV) which is the most prevalent and destructive viral pathogen cause 85% yield lose. Inter specific hybridization between Vigna radiata and Vigna mungo could be an alternate approach to develop MYMV resistant genotypes in greengram which leads to additional source of creating variability for desirable attributes including yield, nutritional quality, biotic and abiotic stresses.Methods: The present investigation was carried out at National Pulses Research Centre (NPRC), Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Vamban during 2016-2017. Interspecific hybridization has been effected between Vigna radiata var. VBN (Gg)2, VBN (Gg) 3 (as females) and Vigna mungo Var. Mash 114 (as male) during Summer 2016. The interspecific F1 hybrids, F2 and F3 populations were evaluated during Kharif 2016, Rabi 2016-17 and summer 2017 respectively. The F2 and F3 populations were evaluated for days to 1st flowering, days to maturity, plant height (cm), number of branches / plant, number of clusters / plant, number of pods / clusters, pod length (cm), number of seeds / pod, number of pods / plant, single plant yield (g.). The MYMV resistance has been confirmed under infector row method using CO 5 as susceptible check variety. Phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) and genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV), Heritability (h2) in broad sense, genetic advance as per cent of mean, Skewness and Kurtosis were estimated for yield and yield components. Result: Four true F1 plants were recovered in Vigna radiata var. VBN (Gg)2 x Vigna mungo Var. Mash 114 cross combination. The fertile F1 had the shallow lobbed leaf of Vigna radiata var. VBN (Gg)2 and black colour seed of Vigna mungo var. Mash 114 with pollen fertility of 42.0 per cent and crossability of 12.50%. Most interestingly all the four interspecific F1 plants were free from MYMV disease. In F2 generation, only one healthy plant was survived which had a pod, stem and branching behaviour of blackgram and greengram characters of lobbed leaf and green seed colour. In F3 generation, number of branches per plant, number of clusters per plant, number of pods per plant, pod length and seed yield per plant had high GCV, high PCV, high heritability coupled with high genetic advance as per cent of mean. Present study suggests that MYMV resistant cultivars of greengram can be explored through interspecific hybridization with Vigna mungo var. Mash 114 as a source of resistance and the hidden transgressive segregants can be recovered in F3 generation.

Effect of Heat Stress on Photosystem II, Antioxidant Activity and Micronutrient Concentration in Contrasting Cultivars of Greengram (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek)

Heat stress around flowering has negative effect on greengram (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) grain yield. The pot culture experiments were conducted to study the response of antioxidant system, photosystem II and micronutrient concentration to above-optimum temperature at flowering stage in two cultivars of greengram (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) cv. SAMRAT (heat tolerant) and VBN-2 (heat susceptible). The plants were grown under natural light and atmospheric conditions (33/22°C day/night) up to the first appearance of flower. Then, cohort of plants were: (a) exposed to natural environment (33/22°C day/night) for 13 days and were (b) exposed to controlled environment 33/22 to 45/30°C (day/night) for 13 days by gradually increasing 1°C per day in day/night temperature and then pots were shifted to natural environment for 5 days for recovery. The activity of antioxidant enzyme (SOD, CAT and APX) were increased significantly as the temperatures increased upto 38/26°C in both cultivars and showed less reduction appropriately at 45/30°C in SAMRAT compared to VBN-2. It is possible that better tolerant to heat stress of SAMRAT was related to its ability to maintain higher levels of activity of antioxidant enzymes in all the temperature regimes. Quantum yield (Fv/Fm) showed significant reduction at 41/28°C in VBN-2 while at 45/30°C in SAMRAT indicating relative tolerance to heat stress. Micronutrient composition was not affected at 45/30°C except Cu content in leaves and Mn and Fe content in shoots. Upon heat stress treatment SAMRAT showed relatively less reduction of micronutrients like Cu, Mn and Fe content in leaves compared to VBN-2. The tolerant cultivar SAMRAT can serve as parents for breeding for heat stress tolerant variety.

Character association and principal component analysis for seed yield and its contributing characters in greengram (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek)

A total of 74 green gram germplasm collections were evaluated for yield and its component characters through principal component analysis for determining the pattern of genetic diversity. Eight quantitative parameters viz., plant height, number of primary branches, number of clusters per plant, number of pods per cluster, number of pods per plant, pod length, number of seeds per pod and single plant yield were measured. The largest variation was observed for plant height with a coefficient of variation (CV) of 58.98% followed by the number of pods per plant (35.16). The number of pods per cluster has shown the least variation with a CV of 0.50 %. Estimates of correlation coefficient showed a positive significant association of single yield with the number of pods per cluster and the number of pods per plant. The principal component analysis was used to assess the genetic diversity among the 74 germplasm collections. The results of PCA revealed that the cumulative variance of 79.90% by the first four axes with an Eigenvalue of 1.0 indicates that the identified traits within the axes exhibited greater influence on the phenotype. Amongst the first four PCs, PC1 accounted for a high proportion of total variance (32.60%) and the remaining three principal components viz., PC2, PC3, and PC4 revealed 20.70, 14.30 and 12.30% of the total variance, respectively. Hence, it is suggested that the traits such as pod length, number of seeds per pod (PC 2), number of pods per cluster (PC 3) and single plant yield (PC 4) in the first four principal components contributed to major variation among germplasm collections. Hence, these traits are considered as key traits for selection criteria for developing high yielding cultivars of green gram.

Development of new microsatellite markers for DNA fingerprinting pattern of black gram (Vigna mungo L. Hepper) and green gram (Vigna radiate L. Wilckzek)

SSR markers are considered to be the most ideal marker for genetic studies because they are multi-allelic, abundant, randomly and widely distributed throughout the genome, co-dominant that could differentiate plants with homozygous or heterozygous alleles, simple to assay, highly reliable, reproducible. Microsatellite markers are highly polymorphic and informative and could be successfully used for genome analysis in black gram & green gram. Microsatellite markers were used to evaluate genetic diversity in 17 indigenous cultivars of pulse crops (11 cultivars of green gram and 6 cultivars of black gram respectively). They are subjected to variability analysis with 26 microsatellite markers for identification efficient primers to conclude the nature of molecular diversity present among the pulses. The SSR primer G228 showed 63.63% of polymorphism followed by MB-SSR 238 (45.45%) and G006 (36.36%). The 12 microsatellite markers produced 15.90 % polymorphism with banding ranged up to 7 with an average of 2.3 polymorphic banding patterns per SSR primer. Similarly for black gram, three random microsatellite primers G006 (50%) and G166 and G204 (33.33%) revealed considerable DNA polymorphism. The 14 random SSR primers produced 8.33% of polymorphism with banding ranged up to three with an average of 1.28 polymorphic banding pattern per SSR primer. The Distinguish Power (D), Polymorphism Information Content (PIC) value and Marker Index (MI) values revealed some SSR primers like G006, G204 and G166 can alone amplified distinct banding pattern, where as a combination of (G228+G006), (G228+G304) for green gram and the combination (G006+G166) can be used for black gram for ascertaining genetic diversity at any stage of crop growth period for green gram or black gram. From the present study we can conclude that selective microsatellite markers are highly polymorphic, informative and easily reproducible, which can be successfully used either as single or with combination for molecular characterization of crop species belonging to Vigna species.

Field screening of greengram (Vigna radiata L.) genotypes for resistance against Urdbean Leaf Crinkle Virus

In the current study one hundred and seven greengram genotypes screened at Department of Pulses, TNAU, Coimbatore using AICRP pest susceptibility scale. It was observed that RME-16-3, RME-16-12, MLT-GG R-16-007, MLT-GG R-16-009, COGG 1319 (rabi-greengram) were highly resistant (HR) to Urdbean Leaf Crinkle Virus (ULCV). None of the greengram genotype is highly resistant in kharif season. Resistance in each case were associated with lower incidence, lower spread and milder symptoms relative to the susceptible cultivars. KEM 16-1, KEM 16-8, KEM 16-20, KME -33, MLT- GG K-16-01, MLT- GG K-16-05 (kharif-greengram) and RME-16-10, MLT-GG R-16-008 (rabi-greengram) were highly susceptible (HS). In susceptible cultivars of greengram, the disease is characterized by enlargement of trifoliate leaves and crinkling of the leaf lamina. However, severity of the symptoms varies in different cultivars. Early infected greengram plants showed complete sterility. The affected plants become stunted and gave a bushy appearance and no pods were formed in severely affected plants. Better understanding of resistance of genotypes will help in improvement of varieties resistant to viral diseases will certainly brighten the prospects of plant virus control in the coming decades.

Screening of greengram genotypes for Bruchid (<italic>Callosobruchus chinensis</italic> L.) Resistance and selection of parental lines for hybridization programme

Screening of some wild <italic>Vigna radiata</italic> germplasm namely Sub2, Sub9, Sub2/7/2, Sub2/3/4, <italic>setulosa</italic> and Sub14, and four popular cultivars of greengram namely B1, NP28, PS16 and Kopergaon against <italic>Callosobruchus chinensis</italic> (L.) was done by feeding assay in laboratory conditions. Resistance to bruchids was identified in a wild greengram <italic>Vigna radiata</italic> var. <italic>sublobata</italic> namely Sub2. All the cultivars showed susceptibility against bruchid. Hence, Sub2 could be utilised for the development of bruchid resistant segregating lines.

Screening of Weed Competitive Cultivars of Summer Green-gram in Lateritic Soil of West Bengal

A field experiment was conducted in two consecutive summer seasons of 2008 and 2009 at the Institute of Agriculture, Visva-Bharati, Sriniketan, West Bengal to screen out the weed competitive Green-gram cultivars. Experimental plots were infested with grassy, broadleaved and sedge weeds. Digitaria sanguinalis among grasses, Croton bonplandianum among broad leaved and Cyperus rotundus among sedges were most predominant throughout crop season. Losses in seed yield of green-gram due to weed infestation ranged from 7 to 37%. Among the cultivars, the plots of ‘WBM 34-1-1’, ‘WBM 04-5’ and ‘PDM 54’ registered lower number as well as dry weight of grasses, broadleaved, sedges and total weeds at 45 days after sowing (DAS) under both weedy and one hand weeding situations. These cultivars also recorded higher values of yield attributes and seed yields. Yield components viz. number of pods/plant, seeds/pod, test weight as well as seed yield were significantly reduced in weedy situation, compared with one hand weeding at 30 DAS in all the cultivars excepting ‘PDM 54’ and ‘WBM 04-5’, where no significant reduction due to weed competition was recorded, indicating higher weed competitive abilities of both the cultivars. The cultivars ‘WBM 34-1-1’, ‘WBM 04-5’ and ‘PDM 54’ appeared to be promising towards suppressing weeds and producing higher seed yields in lateritic soil of West Bengal.

Effect of salt stress on proline metabolism in two high yielding genotypes of green gram

The effect of salt stress was studied on free proline accumulation, activities of pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase (P-5-CR), proline oxidase and γ-glutamyl kinase, glycinebetaine levels and chlorophyll contents in two cultivars of green gram (T-44 and SML-32, salt tolerant and salt sensitive, respectively) under the conditions of absence as well as in the presence of various levels of salinity. Salt stress resulted in a significant accumulation of free proline in shoots of both the cultivars of green gram. The magnitude of increase in free proline accumulation was higher in the tolerant cultivar than in the sensitive cultivar. Salt stress in an accumulation of proline by 5.0 folds in T-44 at 200 mM NaCl (maximum salt stress) and 1.1-fold only in SML-32 at 50 mM NaCl (maximum salt stress). Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase and γ-glutamyl kinase activities increased in both the cultivars and the magnitude of increase was more in T-44 than in SML-32. In addition, the proline oxidase activity was inhibited under salt stress in both cultivars. Nevertheless, the reduction in the activity was more in T-44 than in SML-32. The results suggested that during salt stress, proline metabolism was significantly altered and the extent of alteration varied between the cultivars T-44 and SML-32, leading to the maintenance of the turgor by accumulating higher levels of free proline in T-44, supporting its salt tolerance. Further, salt tolerance of T-44 was evident from the higher level of glycinebetaine (GB) compared with SML-32 during salt stress. Furthermore, the salt tolerance of T-44 was indicated by lower amounts of chlorophyll degradation. The physiological significance of recorded changes are analyzed in relation to the function of these enzymes in plant metabolism under salt stress.

Nodulation and rooting pattern of summer greengram (Phseolus radiatus) as influenced by irrigation variables

An experiment was conducted with core (with 22.5 cm x 20.0 cm cross-section greengram (Phaseolus radiatus L.) during and 20 cm this purpose at depth) was dug for spring seasons of 1985 and 1986 at 45- and 60 day- stages. The acetylene Pantnagar. The soil of the experimental site reduction assay for nitrogenase activity was silty clay loam, having pH 7.4, organic (N,ase), modified method of Hardy et al. carbon content 1.14% available P 35.7 kg/ (1973), was used to determine the ha and available K 297.1 kg/ha in 0-30 cm- nitrogenase activity in the excised roots with soil depth. The treaanents consisting of 4 in tact nodules. greengram cultivars (Pusa Baisakhi, PS Number and dry weight of noduledplant 16. Pant Mung 1 and Pant Mung 2) in differed significantly due to cultivars only at main plots and 5 irrigation schedules [no 60 days after sowing during both the years post-sowing irrigation, single irrigation at 25 (Table 1). Gupta (1982) reported that K days after sowing, irrigation at 20, 15 and 10 851 variety of greengram had maximum cm cumulative pan evaporation (CPE) number of nodules, though the difference values] in subplots were laid out in split-plot among genotypes were not significant. design, with 4 replications. Cultivar effects with respect to root-dry The crop was sown on 26 March 1985 weight/plant were significant only at 45-day and 15 March 1986 in rows, 30 cm apart. stage when root-dry weight was highest in Plant spacing within the rows was .P!j 16 (0.19 g) in 1985 and Pant Mung 12 maintained at 7.5 cm by thinning. The crop (0.12 g) in 1986. was- harvested on 20 June during both the An increase in the nodule number, nodule seasons. It received a basal dose of 150 kg and root-dry weight was obtained with diammonium phosphatelha. Numbers of improvement in moisture supply over no irrigation needed were 3,4 and 6 under 20, post-sowing irrigation treatment, being 15 and 10 cm CPE treatments respectively, maximum under irrigation at 10 cm CPE in 1985, and 2, 3 and 3 irrigations in 1986. flable 1). Reduced carbohydrate supply The total rainfall received during the crop from top due to suppressed growth under season was 11.1 cm in 1985 and 23.1 cm in water stress possibly affected the root 1986. growth adversely ,and decreased the module For study of root and nodulation, 3 number and nodule-dry weight. Root-dry continuous plants were selected and a soil weight was also lowest under no post-sowing

Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis in Indian mung bean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) cultivars.

Greengram [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek], also known as mung bean, widely cultivated in a large number of countries, is an important pulse crop of Asia and is considered one of the ancestral species of the genus Vigna. Since yields of greengram have remained low across subtropical and tropical Asia, it is important to estimate genetic diversity in existing cultivars in order to see if the lack of genetic variability might be a constraining factor. In this study, 32 Indian cultivars of greengram were subjected to random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis using 21 decamer primers. A total of 267 amplification products were formed at an average of 12.71 per primer with an overall polymorphism of 64%. The extent of polymorphism was moderate to low. Jaccard similarity coefficient values ranged from 0.65 to 0.92. The cluster analysis resulted in mainly three clusters revealing greater homology between cultivars released from the same source. The results of principal components analysis also substantiated this conclusion. The close genetic similarity between the cultivars could be explained due to the high degree of commonness in their pedigrees. The narrow genetic base of the greengram cultivars revealed in the present analysis emphasises the need to exploit the large germplasm collections having diverse morphoagronomic traits in cultivar improvement programs.

Effect of Seed Size on Germination and Seedling Growth in Greengram (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) and Blackgram (Vigna mungo L. Hepper) Cultivars

AbstractThe effect of seed size on germination and seedling growth was assessed using cultivars of greengram and blackgram. Significant positive correlation was noticed between seed size and germination, seedling height, root length, primary leaf size and seedling weight. The possible advantages of choosing cultivars with heavier seeds for attaining better crop stand especially under rainfed situation are discussed.

Alternate Selection Indices for Leaf Photosynthetic Rate in Greengram (Vigna radiata [L.] Wilczek) Cultivars

AbstractSignificant differences were observed for leaf net photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll content, soluble protein content, nitrate reductase activity, stomatal frequency and specific leaf mass among ten greengram cultivars. Leaf net photosynthetic rate had significant positive correlation with soluble protein, nitrate reductase activity, stomatal frequency and specific leaf mass. Leaf net photosynthetic rate had no relationship with leaf chlorophyll content in greengram.

Germination and some metabolic characteristics in green gram seedlings as affected by sodium carbonate and bicarbonate

Effects of Na2CO3 and NaHCO3 at equal conductivities (2, 4 and 6 S cm−1) on germination, seedling growth and some metabolites were studied in two cultivars of green gram (Phaseolus aureus Roxb. cv. Varsha and cv. Pusa Baiskhi) in Petri dishes and sand culture. With increasing conductivity both the salts depressed germination, length of shoot and root and their mass. NaHCO3 was more depressiv than Na2CO3. The contents of chlorophyll, RNA, protein and free amino acids were higher and affected to a lesser extent under salt stress in leaves of cv. Varsha than cv. Pusa Baiskhi. Cv. Pusa Baiskhi was generally more susceptible to salt stress than cv. Varsha.