Cultivation Of Cultivars Research Articles

Different Growth and Sporulation Responses to Temperature Gradient among Obligate Apomictic Strains of Ulva prolifera.

The green macroalga Ulva prolifera has a number of variants, some of which are asexual (independent from sexual variants). Although it has been harvested for food, the yield is decreasing. To meet market demand, developing elite cultivars is required. The present study investigated the genetic stability of asexual variants, genotype (hsp90 gene sequences) and phenotype variations across a temperature gradient (10–30 °C) in an apomictic population. Asexual variants were collected from six localities in Japan and were isolated as an unialgal strain. The hsp90 gene sequences of six strains were different and each strain included multiple distinct alleles, suggesting that the strains were diploid and heterozygous. The responses of growth and sporulation versus temperature differed among strains. Differences in thermosensitivity among strains could be interpreted as the result of evolution and processes of adaptation to site-specific environmental conditions. Although carbon content did not differ among strains and cultivation temperatures, nitrogen content tended to increase at higher temperatures and there were differences among strains. A wide variety of asexual variants stably reproducing clonally would be advantageous in selecting elite cultivars for long-term cultivation. Using asexual variants as available resources for elite cultivars provides potential support for increasing the productivity of U. prolifera.

Response of Wheat Cultivars to Seed Rates Using Morphological and Yield Characteristics

The seed rates are a significant factor influencing the vegetative, reproductive, and yield traits of wheat (Triticum aestivum L). Therefore, the response of varieties to different seed rates is constantly studied to find a suitable combination among them. The experiment was performed with three replications using a split-plot design within a randomized complete block design (RCBD). Three seed rates were placed in the main plots (150, 200, 250 kg h-1), and seven wheat cultivars were placed in the sub-main plots (Sham 6, Tammuz2, Latifia, Sally, IPA 99, Rabiaa, and Abu Gharib). The results indicated that the IPA 99 during the average of the three seed rates was given the highest area of a flag leaf (44.25 cm2), grain per spike (78.85), spike per unit area m2 (441.81), and the grain yield (5.9) ton h-1. While the Sham6 gave the highest spike length (11.11 cm) and the weight of 1000 grains (35.20 g). The first seed rate (150 kg h-1) during the average of the seven cultivars was surpassed other seed rates for all traits except the plant height. IPA 99 and first seed rates combination was given the highest grain yield with (6.7) tons/hectare. Hence, it would suggest planting IPA 99 with first seed rates (150) kg h-1 in the location of this experiment. More tests can, however, be carried out at various locations in Iraq and with a wide variety of seed rates, to achieve the required combination for growing wheat and achieving high productivity with the cultivated cultivars.

Economic analysis of the impact of cultivated potato cultivars on the productivity of the spring season 2018 (Ameriyat al-Fallujah district is an applied model)

The importance of the research is highlighted by the economic importance of the potato crop as it is cultivated with two lugs a year, In addition to its nutritional importance. Despite the expansion of potato cultivation in Ameriyat al-Fallujah district, potato production is still below the level that meets local demand. Lack of knowledge of varieties suitable for environmental conditions may be one of the factors contributing to the low yields of the crop. The aim of this study was to estimate the production functions as one of the factors affecting potato production determine the production elasticities and the effect of the cultivated variety on the technological and other factors in the estimated function. The study was based on a random sample of 183 potato farms in the study area for the spring season 2018. Using SPSS and EVIEWS9, The results showed that the Safrana variety had a positive effect on the estimated function while the Sanjari variety had a negative effect. Production elasticities indicated that the automated component is less influential on potato production than the manual component Which had the strongest effect among the elements of production and from it we deduce the small areas planted with the crop the prevalence of the use of traditional handicrafts in the cultivation and service of the crop. Therefore, the researcher recommends the cultivation of varieties of seeds with high productivity and good economic yield such as (Safrana) the expansion of potato crop cultivation and the use of production elements as recommended by the competent authorities.

Selection of Dried Red Fruits in Hot Pepper Cultivars for Environment-friendly Cultivation

Selection of Dried Red Fruits in Hot Pepper Cultivars for Environment-friendly Cultivation

Selection of temperate Ulva species and cultivars for land-based cultivation and biomass applications

Green seaweeds from the cosmopolitan genus Ulva are targets for land-based aquaculture and a diverse range of biomass applications, but are not currently cultivated in Aotearoa New Zealand. Therefore, the objective of this study was to identify target species and cultivars of Ulva as a first step towards establishing land-based cultivation of seaweed in Aotearoa New Zealand. We isolated 24 cultivars of Ulva from natural populations in the Bay of Plenty region of New Zealand. We compared growth and biomass productivities of 18 of these cultivars, either in their original collection morphology (e.g., blade/filamentous) and/or in cluster morphology where possible as a result of induced formation of free-floating germling clusters. Specific growth rates and biomass productivities of multiple cultivars in small-scale laboratory cultures were high (>20% day−1 and >8 g dry weight (DW) m−2 day−1 respectively), with biomass increases of 5 to 8-fold per week in the fastest growing cultivars. However, there was significant variation in growth and biomass productivity among cultivars of each morphology type. Biomass productivities were highest for cultivars WB2 (blade, 7.5 g DW m−2 day−1), SW9 (blade cluster, 9.4 g DW m−2 day−1), SW8 (filamentous, 7.8 g DW m−2 day−1), and SW6 (filamentous cluster, 9.8 g DW m−2 day−1). Growth rates and biomass productivities were consistently higher for cluster compared to non-cluster morphologies for each morphology type (e.g. filamentous or blade), demonstrating that clusters are a viable option to enable free-floating cultivation of filamentous species of Ulva. These results confirm the suitability of Ulva as a target for intensive land-based aquaculture in Aotearoa New Zealand. The significant inter-cultivar variation found in the current study further highlights the importance of sampling widely and focusing on cultivar rather than species selection when identifying targets for cultivation.

Agro-economic efficiency dynamics in vegetable cowpea and radish cultivar combinations in strip-intercropping systems

This work aimed to evaluate the dynamics of agro-economic efficiency in combinations of vegetable cowpea and radish cultivars in strip-intercropping systems through agronomic, economic and competition indices tested by the Hsu test in a semi-arid environment. The experimental design was a completely randomised block with eight treatments and four replications. The treatments consisted of combinations of four cowpea cultivars, BRS Tumucumaque, BRS Cauamé, BRS Guariba, and BRS Itaim, with two radish cultivars, Crimson Gigante and Zapp. In each block, individual plots of these cultivars in single cultivation were planted as additional treatments to obtain the system indices. The indices of agronomic and economic efficiency and of competition evaluated were land equivalent ratio (LER), actual yield loss (AYL), land use efficiency (LUE%), score of the canonical variable (Z), gross income (GI), net income (NI), rate of return (RR), corrected monetary advantage (CMA), competitive ratio (CR) and the aggressivity of radish over cowpea (Ar) and cowpea over radish (Avc). The cowpea cultivar BRS Tumucumaque, when combined with the radish cultivar Zapp, provided the highest agro-economic efficiency of the intercropped system in a semi-arid environment. The complementarity and sustainability of the intercropping systems of cowpea and radish were observed in the results of the Hsu test applied to the indices of agro-economic efficiency and of competition. Radish was the dominant crop.

Morpho-physiological parameters of wheat cultivar for cultivation on aluminum-acid soils

One way to combine the requirement of organic farming and the requirement to increase grain production is to create genotypes with resistance to abiotic stressors. The aim of the work is to adjust the parameters of the existing model of spring wheat cultivar for cultivation on natural aluminum-acid soil. The stress conditions of the aluminum-acid soil led to decrease in the yield of 19 wheat cultivars by an average of 72.5% compared to neutral soil. The yield level was statistically significantly correlated with such elements of the yield structure as the 1000-grain mass (r = 0.76), the mass of grains per main spike (r = 0.92), and per plant (r = 0.88). Resistant cultivars reduced the content of chlorophylls in leaves by 29–43%, sensitive ones - by almost three times. The content of carotenoids in sensitive cultivars decreased by 58%; in resistant cultivars the content of carotenoids was within control, or slightly decreased. Under conditions of aluminum-acid soil, a close relationship (r = 0.62) was revealed between the wheat yield and the proportion of chlorophyll in the light-harvesting complexes of flag leaf chloroplasts. The corrected target morpho-physiological indices of plants of spring soft wheat are given, which are most optimal when growing on aluminum-acid sod-podzolic soils

ARSENIC TOLERANCE AND ASSIMILATION POTENTIALITY OF JUTE, KENAF AND MESTA AT EARLY GROWING STAGE

Arsenic (As) is an environmentally hazardous toxic metalloid. To evaluate As tolerance and assimilation capacity, seedlings of jute (Corchorus capsularis L. var. BJC-7370 and CVE-3), kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L. var. HC-95 and HC-3) and mesta (Hibiscus sabdariffa L. var. Samu-93) were grown for 25 days in hydroponic nutrient solution containing four levels of As viz 0, 5, 10 and 15 mg L-1 with four replications. Results were showed that the seedlings of jute, kenaf and mesta were highly potential to tolerate As toxicity. Arsenic had no significant effects on survibility of kenaf, mesta and jute seedlings (var.VE-3). Root and shoot length and dry biomass were decreased with the increasing levels of As. Values of bio-concentration factor indicated the varieties of kenaf, mesta and jute (var.VE-3) were As accumulator. Arsenic accumulation was higher in root than shoot and translocation factor indicated that As is slowly translocated from root to shoot. The rate of translocation is increased with the increasing concentration of As in solution. Highest As contents in shoot (3636.10 mg kg-1) and root (6350.38 mg kg-1) were detected from kenaf HC-3. The highest amount (16.05 mg As pot-1) of As accumulation was also calculated from the variety of kenaf HC-3 with the addition of 45 mg As pot-1. The order of As tolerance and absorption potentiality were kenaf HC-3>mesta Samu-93>jute CVE- 3>kenaf HC-95>jute BJC-7370. These varieties are good cultivar for cultivation and/or phytoremediation of As contaminated environment.

Assessment of the Suitability of 10 Winter Triticale Cultivars (x Triticosecale Wittm. ex A. Camus) for Organic Agriculture: Polish Case Study

The aim of the study was to compare 10 winter triticale varieties according to their traits useful for cultivation in organic farming. The study was carried out in the years 2014–2017 in the experimental organic farm of the Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation–State Research Institute in Pulawy (Poland). The highest-yielding varieties under organic conditions were Pizarro and Subito. Borowik cultivar showed the highest competitive ability against weeds. The highest number of weeds was found in the Leontyno cultivar, which was connected to the lowest plant density, the lowest weight of the above-ground parts of the canopy and smaller value of tillering coefficient. The most affected by the fungal pathogens Drechslera tritici-repentis (Died.) Shoem. and Puccinia striiformis Schwein. were Fredro and Algoso. Cluster analyses indicated that the most useful cultivars for cultivation in the organic system were: Borowik, Subito, and Tomko, which all showed higher yielding potential, bigger competitiveness against weeds, and average resistance against fungal pathogens. Pizarro, Tulus, and Twingo, which showed high resistance to fungal pathogens with lower competitiveness to weeds, were classified to the second group of usefulness. The least useful for the organic system were: Algoso, Fredro, Grenado, and Leontyno.

Simulating multispectral MSI bandsets (Sentinel-2) from hyperspectral observations via spectroradiometer for identifying soybean cultivars

Monitoring soybean areas by remote sensing is extremely useful, especially in Brazil, which has a large territorial extension and where soybean cultivation has spread to all regions of the country. In this sense, the development of remote sensing techniques that enable the quantification and discrimination of soybean areas and now in cultivated cultivar level is of crucial importance for the soybean production chain in Brazil. This study aimed to discriminate soybean cultivars as a function of different hyperspectral bands using the sensor-system MSI-Sentinel-2 (Vis-NIR-SWIR) as a simulation and sample sizes using multivariate statistics to determine if the specific bands of this sensor are capable of performing such discrimination. Four soybean cultivation areas in the Midwest region cultivated with four cultivars (BMX Potência, NA5909, Don Mario, and FT Campo Mourão) were assessed. Spectral readings from each sample soybean leaf were performed, and a total of 2400 vegetation spectral readings were obtained. Data were composed of 28 bands and 22 reflectance factor height (RID) values for each soybean cultivar. Multivariate statistical analysis was performed to verify the association between soybean cultivars and their relationship with hyperspectral bands, as well as to verify the possibility of cultivar differentiation based on hyperspectral bands. The results obtained demonstrated to be possible discriminate soybean cultivars by using multivariate techniques applied to multi and hyperspectral data. The bands that contributed significantly (>5%) to cultivar differentiation in order of importance were: B26, B27, A17, A21, A20 and A14. Discriminant analysis was efficient in the cultivar classification, and canonical variable analysis revealed bands associated with specific discrimination of each cultivar. Bands that most contributed to cultivar discrimination were also identified for MSI orbital sensor.

English

The purpose of this study was to determine the duration from planting to reproductive phase, of wild blackberry (Rubus spp.) collected from the wild.It was carried out at the Horticulture Research and Teaching Farm, Egerton University, Njoro, Kenya. The experimental layout wasa randomized complete block design (RCBD) replicated three times; treatment was four wild blackberry species and one cultivated cultivar. The days to first flowering were significantly shorter in cultivated species Rubus fruiticosus at 126 days after planting while wild species Rubus pinnatus, Rubus steundneri Rubus volkensis and Rubus apetalu stook much longer time (341, 333, 332 and 227 days, respectively). Compared to other wild species R. apetalus took a significantly shorter time to flowering than all the other wild species. Analysis also showed that cultivated species, R. fruiticusos had significantly the longest harvesting duration compared to all wild species planted in the present study. It is concluded that wild blackberry species under conventional production practices have varying days to reproductive phase. However, more studies are necessary with a view to reducing the days to reproductive phase for the wild species to compare favourably with the cultivated types.   Key words: Wild blackberry, reproductive phase, conventional production. &nbsp

Molecular Characterization and Phylogenetic Relationships of Melon (Cucumis melo L. Meloni Cultivar) Based on Expression of Andromonoecious Gene

Melon (Cucumis melo L.) is one of horticultural commodities with good economic prospect for melon farmers because of several advantages. 'Meloni' is result of crossing between ‘Sun Lady-3’ and ‘PI 371795’ by Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, Faculty of Biology, UGM. The 'Meloni' plant produces females flowers that expressed by CmACS-7 gene and it can be expected that melon plants 'Meloni' included in the primitive cultivars, while 'Meloni' is a cultivation cultivar. The aim of this research is to study the relation of 'Meloni' kinship to primitive and modern cultivars. Characterization of the CmACS-7 gene is begun by a total isolation process of RNA from a sample of melon plant flowers and detection using a specific primer. The cDNA bands obtained are sequenced and then phylogenetic analysis is performed based on CmACS-7 gene expression using MEGA 7.0. Result of this study show that the presence of the CmACS-7 gene in female and hermaphrodite flowers of ‘Meloni’, ‘PI 371795’, ‘Sun Lady-3’, and ‘Hikapel’. Phylogenetic tree analyze show that ‘Meloni’ from female plant, ‘PI 371795’ and ‘Sun Lady-3’ have closely relation, while 'Hikapel' separated from other cultivars.

Growth and production of crisphead lettuce cultivars in protected cultivation and high temperatures

Growth and production of crisphead lettuce cultivars in protected cultivation and high temperatures

A temporal gene expression map of Chrysanthemum leaves infected with Alternaria alternata reveals different stages of defense mechanisms

Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium) black spot disease (CBS) poses a major threat to Chrysanthemum cultivation owing to suitable climate conditions and current lack of resistant cultivars for greenhouse cultivation. In this study, we identified a number of genes that respond to Alternaria alternata infection in resistant and susceptible Chrysanthemum cultivars. Based on RNA sequencing technology and a weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA), we constructed a model to elucidate the response of Chrysanthemum leaves to A. alternata infection at different stages and compared the mapped response of the resistant cultivar ‘Jinba’ to that of the susceptible cultivar ‘Zaoyihong’. In the early stage of infection, when lesions had not yet formed, abscisic acid (ABA), salicylic acid (SA) and EDS1-mediated resistance played important roles in the Chrysanthemum defense system. With the formation of necrotic lesions, ethylene (ET) metabolism and the Ca2+ signal transduction pathway strongly responded to A. alternata infection. During the late stage, when necrotic lesions continued to expand, members of the multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) gene family were highly expressed, and their products may be involved in defense against A. alternata invasion by exporting toxins produced by the pathogen, which plays important roles in the pathogenicity of A. alternata. Furthermore, the function of hub genes was verified by qPCR and transgenic assays. The identification of hub genes at different stages, the comparison of hub genes between the two cultivars and the highly expressed genes in the resistant cultivar ‘Jinba’ provide a theoretical basis for breeding cultivars resistant to CBS.

Seed and clonal rootstocks for apricot, plum and cherry-plum (review of literature)

A review of the literature of domestic and foreign authors on seed and clone stocks of apricot, plum and cherry plum is given. On its basis, an understanding of the state of research in this area was obtained and further prospects for work were identified. It has been established that the main seed stock for apricot cultivars is an ordinary apricot. It is represented by local semi-cultivated seedlings of this species or seedlings of hardy cultivated cultivars. The main stock for plums in southern Russia is a wild cherry plum. In Europe, a number of clonal stocks have been obtained suitable for plum and cherry plum, such as: Pixy, Myrobalan GF-31, Myrobalan 29 C, Marianna 2624, GF-677, Adafuel, Citation, Kayisi Erigi, G x N and others. Incompatibility of some cultivars of apricot was found with Adafuel, Citation, GF-677, G x N. When using Pixy and Marianna 2624 as stocks, a significant decrease in tree growth strength was noted. Modem clonal stocks for plum and cherry plum have been obtained; they are included in the State Register of Cultivars allowed for Propagation in Russia - Kuban 86, BBA -I. BCB -I , Dmzhba (joint breeding of the Crimean OSS with VNIIGi SPR), Alab-I, SVG 11-19 breeding NIISS, Eurasia 43 breeding of the Voronezh State Agrarian University. The same stock can be used for apricot.

Vitis Labrusca L. grapes cultivars under hydric stress in protected cultivation

Abstract The expansion of the Brazilian wine border, combined with the development of new cultivars adapted to different regions, highlight the need for more information on irrigation handling for new cultivars in protected cultivation. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate grapevine cultivars submitted to different percentages of water replacement in the soil in conditions of the Southern region of Minas Gerais with the use of irrigation. The experiment was installed and developed from 2014 to 2016. The experimental design used was random blocks, with five replicates and the treatments were disposed in subdivided plots, with three replacement percentages (30, 50 and 100 % of necessary water replacement for this type of soil) and in the subplots four grapevine cultivars belonging to Vitis labrusca L species. (‘Isabel’, ‘Isabel Precoce’, ‘BRS-Cora’ and ‘BRS-Violeta’). The research concluded that these cultivars increased 75 % the bunch length, 71 % of the bunch weight, 39 % the production of bunch of grapes, 52 % the pH, 84 % the soluble solid content and 60 % the reduction of total acidity content, 60 % to 100 % of water replacement. ‘Isabel precoce’ cultivar in water deficit conditions obtained the best productive results.

Effect οf Genotype and Growing Year on the Nutritional, Phytochemical, and Antioxidant Properties of Industrial Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) Seeds.

Cannabis sativa L. seeds have been an important source of protein, oil, and dietary fiber for human and animals. Currently, there is a growing interest in the commercial products of these seeds, which are recognized as a legitimate source of medicaments, cosmeceuticals, and nutraceuticals. The objective of this study was to investigate the nutritional, phytochemical composition, and antioxidant properties of seeds from seven hemp cultivars grown in Greece for three consecutive years. All the measured parameters strongly varied under the influence of growing year and genotype. In particular, protein, oil, and carbohydrates’ content of hemp seeds as well as fatty acids’ composition were mainly affected by genotype, whereas the growing year had a major effect on phytochemical components and antioxidant activity, which was determined by the 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline sulfonate) (ABTS) and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. Moreover, a predominant effect of the year was observed for phenolic profiles as determined by high-performance liquid chromatography and total carotenoids’ content. This study suggests that hemp seeds could be a promising food crop as a result of their high nutritive traits and antioxidant potential. A comparison of the studied cultivars, showed that Finola seeds had the highest oil and protein contents and, thus, appeared to be the most promising cultivar for cultivation in Greece.

SEMI–DWARF PRODUCTIVE BARLEY LINES

Background. Resistance to lodging is a factor that significantly affects the yield of barley under the conditions of irrigated agriculture and intensive type of farming. Barley resistance to lodging depends on many features, among which the length of the plant stem is more important.Materials and methods. In the southern planar area of Dagestan, from 1993 till 2008, a research was conducted on the intraspecific diversity of cultivated barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) belonging to different ecogeographic groups, and growth types (2,021 accessions). The F1, F2 and F3 hybrids from crosses of the long-stemmed cultivar ‘Sonet’ with semi-dwarf forms were also studied. The selected recombinant lines were evaluated for their productivity and resistance to frit fly (Oscinella frit L.).Results and conclusions. Wide variability (55–155 cm) of cultivated barley in plant height was observed. Under irrigation in the southern Dagestan, the optimum height of plants, providing high resistance to lodging, was 100–115 cm. A number of semidwarf cultivars were identified; among them, ‘Camincent’ (k-30374, Estonia), ‘Pyramid’ (k-30564, France), ‘Ramos’ (k-30315, Moscow Province) and ‘Jo 1632’ (k-30459, Finland) were the most interesting for their set of traits. The short stem of these cultivars is controlled by recessive alleles of genes. We selected productive lines that significantly exceeded their parental forms in grain weight per area unit and resistance to frit fly: L 15/4 (F6 Sonet × Camincent) and L 16/12 (F6 Sonet × Pyramid). These lines can be used to breed lodging-resistant large-grain barley cultivars for cultivation on irrigated lands.

Analysis of genetic diversity of lychee (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) and wild forest relatives in the Sapindaceae from Vietnam using microsatellites

We report on 14 microsatellites enriched in CT repeats obtained from a genomic library of lychee (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) cultivar “Hong Huay”. The polymorphisms revealed by these microsatellites were evaluated in a collection of 45 local Vietnamese lychee varieties and 4 Xerospermum noronhianum (Blume) Blume (Sapindaceae) collected from the wild. Samples were collected from local villages and forests in northern Vietnam. Genetic diversity parameters were estimated for the local Vietnamese varieties analyzed. The unweighted pair-group method of clustering using averages divided the lychee cultivars into three main groups: Cluster 1 (Group A) consisting of semi-natural lychees (“extremely early” lychee); Cluster 2 (Group B) consisting of cultivated cultivars (“intermediate” lychee); and Cluster 3 (Group C) representing X. noronhianum accessions. Using STRUCTURE, three subpopulations were also delimited among litchi accessions, including accessions with extremely early- and intermediate/late-maturing traits showing membership coefficients above 0.99 for Cluster 1 and Cluster 2, respectively. Accessions with early- and intermediate-maturing traits were identified as admixture forms with varying levels of membership shared between the two clusters, indicating their hybrid origin during litchi domestication. This is the first report on transferability of SSR markers developed from lychee (L. chinensis) to X. noronhianum. Results demonstrate the usefulness of microsatellites for identification, genetic diversity analysis and germplasm conservation in lychee and related Sapindaceae forest species.

Economic and biological characteristics of new promising forms of mandarin (Citrus reticulata var. unshiu Tan.).

Mandarin (Citrus reticulata var. unshiu Tan.) is grown in the subtropical zone of the Krasnodar region in Russia as one of the most winter-hardy citrus taxa. RRIFSC is the holder of citrus crops collection, which is the basis of breeding research since 1997. Currently, the C. reticulata hybrid collection has more than two hundred accessions, 150 of them have been characterized as valuable for further breeding programs to develop new elite cultivars. As a result of a comprehensive assessment of promising seedlings, 21 elite forms of mandarin were selected. These forms of mandarin were under assessment in the germplasm collection and possess a complex of valuable traits: high yield, low and medium growth, early terms of fruit ripening, increased winter hardiness, fruits qualities, which allows using them as a parental material in breeding work for the development of qualitatively new mandarin cultivars for commercial cultivation in the humid subtropics of the Black Sea coast. The selected forms differ in the fruits size, fruit mass varied from 68 g to 110 g. A highest fruit mass was found in forms 99-4; 99-2; 2-2; YuT-2005. Fruits of the following selected forms 97-1; 2-8; M2-23-1; M2-1-2; YuG-2005; YuG-2008 were characterized by its uniformity and small size. Forms F200-4; F200-6; F206-1 derived from cross-breeding combinations with Fortunella margarita resulted smaller fruits. In recent years four mandarin forms have been selected: 2-8; 99-4; 2-5; UG2008 with uniform not large (from 70 to 100g), seedless fruits, high fruit quality, bright orange color which are in demand in Russian market.