Mango Cultivars Research Articles

Impact of Soil Application of Farm Yard Manure, Pigeon Wilt and Humic Acid on Vegetative Growth, Yield and Fruit Quality of “Kiet” Mango Cultivar

Impact of Soil Application of Farm Yard Manure, Pigeon Wilt and Humic Acid on Vegetative Growth, Yield and Fruit Quality of “Kiet” Mango Cultivar

Identification of F1 Hybrid Progenies in Mango Based on Fluorescent SSR Markers

Mango (Mangifera indica L.) belongs to the genus Mangifera and family Anacardiaceae, and is an important tropical fruits. Artificial cross breeding (hand pollination) is an important method for breeding new mango cultivars. It is easy to produce false hybrids in the process of artificial pollination breeding. Therefore, it is necessary to establish rapid and accurate molecular detection methods to identify the authenticity of hybrids. Mango ‘Jinhuang’ and ‘Renong No.1′ and 65 individual plants of their F1 hybrids were used as experimental materials, eight SSRs (simple sequence repeats) primer pairs with polymorphism in parents were used to identify the F1 hybrids by capillary electrophoresis. The results showed that PCR product size (bp) for eight primers ranged from 108 bp (ES55) to 176 bp (ES63) in 65 samples. A total of 62 true hybrids were identified from 65 hybrid progenies, and the true hybrid rate was 95.38%. A total of 18 alleles were amplified by eight SSRs, seven SSR loci showed binary segregations, whereas only one SSR locus ES83 showing ab:ac:bb:bc segregation fitted to the expected segregation ratio of 1:1:1:1. The value of expected heterozygosity (He), ranged from 0.34 to 0.62, whereas the value of observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.44 to 0.81. Chi-square test showed that eight SSR loci were in accordance with Mendel’s segregation law. The results of cluster analysis showed that the parents and 62 true hybrids could be classified into two categories at 0.58: the first category contained 27 offspring, clustered with ‘Jinhuang’ and showed a maternal genetic tendency. The second category contained 35 offspring, clustered with ‘Renong No.1′ and showed a partial paternal genetic tendency. DNA fingerprint of hybrids from ‘Jinhuang’ × ‘Renong No.1′ cross were constructed using eight SSR primers for variety protection.

Antibacterial activity of seed kernel extracts of seven mangoes (Mangifera indica) cultivars native to Indonesia against MDR-Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from wounds

Abstract. Prastiyanto ME, Darmawati S, Mukaromah AH. 2022. In vitro evaluation of the antibacterial activity of seed kernel extracts of seven mangoes (Mangifera indica) cultivars native to Indonesia against MDR-Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from wounds. Biodiversitas 23: 5629-5637. Pseudomonas aeroginusa is the most common bacterium causing wound infections, with the most common solution being antibiotics. However, excessive and inappropriate use of antibiotics will lead to the emergence of multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacterial strains. Therefore, natural ingredients are needed as alternative antibacterial agents. This study aimed to determine the antibacterial activity of seed kernel extracts from seven cultivars of mango (Mangifera indica) from Indonesia, i.e., Cengkir, Kopyor, Golek, Kweni, Avocado, Arumanis, and Manalagi, against MDR-P. aeroginusa bacteria isolated from wounds. The agar well diffusion method was carried out to determine the inhibition zone, and the microdilution method was used to determine the MIC and MBC values. The results showed that the seed kernel extracts of seven cultivars of mangoes had antibacterial activity against MDR-P. aeruginosa. Of the seven mango cultivars, Kweni cultivar seed kernel extracts demonstrated the lowest MIC and MBC values of ?0.75 mg/mL and ?12.5 mg/mL. This study concludes that Kweni cultivar seed kernel extracts have the potential to be developed as agents of anti-MDR-P. aeruginosa causes wound infection.

Morphological and Physical Diversity of Mangoes (Mangifera indica L.) of Local Varieties Found in Noun and Lekié Localities (Cameroon)

Cameroon has an amazing variety of local mangoes whose potential is poorly exploited. The aim of this study was to characterise the physical and morphological diversity of mangoes in two agro-ecological regions with high potential for mango production. This experiment was conducted between February and July 2021 using ten local mango varieties. These were 'German', 'Bamoun', 'Lady' and 'American' mangoes found in Noun and 'Papaya', 'Dshang Dshang 1', 'Dshang Dshang 2', 'Kousa Dog', 'Garoua' and 'Ladies' mangoes identified in Lekié. Ten ripe fruits of each variety were harvested on three different trees in the same area. A total of 23 morphological and physical parameters were measured. Multivariate analysis based on PCA showed four groups of varieties in decreasing order of importance: group 2 (Papaya, German and American mangoes), group 4 (Garoua, Dame Lékie, Kousa Dog), group 3 (Dshang Dshang 2, Dame Noun, Dshang Dshang 1) and group 1 (Bamoun). Group 2 varieties had good quality for pulp mass to stone mass ratio (5.58±1), size index (10.6±3.22), sphericity index (0.97±0.35), fruit volume (391.5) and lateral fruit diameter (11.05±0.89). However, varieties in group 1 (12.87±3.08) and group 3 (10.7±2.27) have a high proportion of kernels in the fruit and a high kernel density, respectively. There is a wide diversity among the varieties examined. This provides valuable information of the different stakeholders in the mango value chain, i.e., the industry, nurserymen and consumers.

Amenability of an Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated shoot apical meristem-targeted in planta transformation strategy in Mango (Mangifera indica L.)

ABSTRACT Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is one of the most popular tropical fruits in the world owing to its rich taste, flavor, color, production volume and diverse end usage. Conventional mango breeding practices are unable to withstand the demand for improved varieties as it is time consuming and requires heavy investment. However, problems associated with traditional plant breeding can be curtailed through genetic transformation. Nevertheless, major limitation of transgenic development has been its recalcitrant nature toward tissue culture practices involving latent microbial infection, phenol exudation, etc. This opens wide scope for tissue culture-independent in planta transformation approaches These strategies have proved to be easy to execute and cost effective in producing large number of transformants. One such apical meristem targeted in planta approach was successfully exploited to demonstrate its utility in transforming a tree species. Mango variety Amrapali was transformed with two visual marker gene vectors GFP::hptII in pCAMBIA1302 and GUS::nptII in pCAMBIA2301 individually, to demonstrate its amenability. Preliminary confirmations identified 65.0% of GFP and 57.14% of GUS plants to be transformed. Further, molecular characterization of these primary transformants demonstrated transgene integration at genomic and transcript level in some of the plants. This established protocol holds good for functional gene validation and knock in/out studies and aid in mango improvement programs.

Storage Time as an Index for Varietal Prediction of Mango Ripening: A Systemic Approach Validated on Five Senegalese Varieties.

Mangifera indica species presents a wide varietal diversity in terms of fruit size and morphology and also of physicochemical and organoleptic properties of the pulp. In Senegal, in addition to the well-known export varieties, such as 'Kent', local varieties have been little studied particularly during ripening. This study aims to propose prediction models integrating variables deduced from varietal characteristics. Five mango varieties ('Diourou', 'Papaye', 'Sierraleone', 'Boukodiekhal' and 'Sewe') endemic to Senegal were characterized at harvest and followed during ripening storage. Caliber parameters were determined at green-mature stage as well as storage (25 °C) weight losses. Considering the 'ripening storage time' (RST) variable as ripeness level index, intra-varietal prediction models were built by multi-linear regression (R2 = 0.98) using pulp pH, soluble solid content (SSC) and Hue angle. In addition to these physicochemical parameters, variety-specific size, shape and weight loss parameters, were additional variables in multi-linear models (R2 = 0.97) for multi-varietal prediction of RST. Results showed that storage time, which was the most influential factor on the pH, SSC and Hue, can be used as a response for varietal prediction of mango ripening. As a decision support tool, theses statistical models, validated on two seasons, will contribute to reduce post-harvest losses and enhance mango value chain through a better ripening process monitoring.

Advances in sequencing and key character analysis of mango (Mangifera indica L.).

Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is an important fruit crop in tropical and subtropical countries associated with many agronomic and horticultural problems, such as susceptibility to pathogens, including powdery mildew and anthracnose, poor yield and quality, and short shelf life. Conventional breeding techniques exhibit significant limitations in improving mango quality due to the characteristics of long ripening, self-incompatibility, and high genetic heterozygosity. In recent years, much emphasis has been placed on identification of key genes controlling a certain trait through genomic association analysis and directly breeding new varieties through transgene or genotype selection of offspring. This paper reviews the latest research progress on the genome and transcriptome sequencing of mango fruit. The rapid development of genome sequencing and bioinformatics provides effective strategies for identifying, labeling, cloning, and manipulating many genes related to economically important traits. Preliminary verification of the functions of mango genes has been conducted, including genes related to flowering regulation, fruit development, and polyphenol biosynthesis. Importantly, modern biotechnology can refine existing mango varieties to meet the market demand with high economic benefits.

Differential responses of Bactrocera dorsalis and its parasitoids to headspaces of different varieties of tree-attached mango fruits and the associated chemical profiles

Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) is a major pest of fruits and vegetables worldwide with documented losses of up to 100%. Various management techniques including the use of parasitoids, such as Fopius arisanus (Sonan) and Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) within the context of the Integrated Pest Management (IPM) approach have been deployed for its control. The effectiveness of parasitoids is well understood, but knowledge of the semiochemicals that mediate their behavior, as well as that of the host fruit fly to tree-attached mangoes, is lacking. Here, we first compared the attractiveness of the above-mentioned fruit fly and its parasitoids to volatiles of different treatments (non-infested physiologically mature unripe and ripe mangoes, mangoes newly exposed to ovipositing B. dorsalis, and mangoes on day 7 and day 9 post-oviposition) of tree-attached Kent, Apple, and Haden mango varieties relative to control (clean air). The fruit fly was significantly more attracted to the mango volatiles (up to 93% of responsive insects) compared to the control (clean air). Fopius arisanus was significantly more attracted to mangoes with ovipositing fruit flies (68–76%) while D. longicaudata was significantly more attracted to day 9 post-oviposited mangoes (64–72%) compared to the control. Secondly, we elucidated the headspace volatile profiles of the non-infested and infested tree-attached mangoes using gas chromatography linked to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The volatiles revealed various types of organic compounds with qualitative and quantitative differences. The majority of the compounds were esters making 33.8% of the total number, followed by sesquiterpenes-16.4%, and monoterpenes-15.4% among others. Most compounds had higher release rates in headspace volatiles of fruit fly-infested mangoes. Lastly, we harvested the infested mangoes and incubated them for puparia recovery. The number of puparia recovered varied according to the mango variety with Apple mango registering 81.7% of the total, while none was recovered from Kent. These results represent the first report of the changes in the headspace components of non-infested and infested tree-attached mangoes and the associated differential responses of the mentioned insects. A follow-up study can reveal whether there is a convergence in olfactomes which is significant when developing baits that selectively attract the fruit fly and not its natural enemies and fill the knowledge gap from an evolutionary ecological perspective.

Prediction of mango firmness by near infrared spectroscopy tandem with machine learning

The firmness of the mango fruit is one of the internal physical properties that can show its quality. Unfortunately, non-destructive methods to measure this are not yet available. In the current study, we develop a calibration model using near infrared spectroscopy to predict the physical properties (firmness) of the mango cultivar Arumanis (Mangifera indica cv. Arumanis) via machine learning. Spectral data were acquired using the fourier transform near-infrared (FTNIR) benchtop with a wavelength range of 1000 to 2500 nm. Multivariate spectra analysis based on machine learning, including principal component regression (PCR), partial least squares regression (PLSR), and support vector machine regression (SVMR), was utilized and compared to estimate the firmness of fresh mangos. The results obtained show that the prediction of machine learning by PLSR is better than that of SVMR and PCR for the prediction of mango firmness. The coefficient correlation of calibration (rc) and validation (rcv), the root means square error of calibration (RMSE-C) and validation (RMSE-CV), and the ratio of prediction to deviation (RPD) were 0.941, 0.382 kgf, 0.920, 0.472 kgf, and 2.556, respectively. The general results satisfactorily indicate that near infrared spectroscopy technology integrated with an appropriate machine learning algorithm has optimistic results in determining the firmness of mango non-destructively.

Prediction of mango firmness by near infrared spectroscopy tandem with machine learning

The firmness of the mango fruit is one of the internal physical properties that can show its quality. Unfortunately, non-destructive methods to measure this are not yet available. In the current study, we develop a calibration model using near infrared spectroscopy to predict the physical properties (firmness) of the mango cultivar Arumanis (Mangifera indica cv. Arumanis) via machine learning. Spectral data were acquired using the fourier transform near-infrared (FTNIR) benchtop with a wavelength range of 1000 to 2500 nm. Multivariate spectra analysis based on machine learning, including principal component regression (PCR), partial least squares regression (PLSR), and support vector machine regression (SVMR), was utilized and compared to estimate the firmness of fresh mangos. The results obtained show that the prediction of machine learning by PLSR is better than that of SVMR and PCR for the prediction of mango firmness. The coefficient correlation of calibration (rc) and validation (rcv), the root means square error of calibration (RMSE-C) and validation (RMSE-CV), and the ratio of prediction to deviation (RPD) were 0.941, 0.382 kgf, 0.920, 0.472 kgf, and 2.556, respectively. The general results satisfactorily indicate that near infrared spectroscopy technology integrated with an appropriate machine learning algorithm has optimistic results in determining the firmness of mango non-destructively.

COMPARATIVE STUDY ON FRUIT YIELD AND QUALITY TRAITS OF THE NEW MANGO CULTIVARS GROWN UNDER EGYPT CONDITIONS

Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is Egypt's third major fruit crop. The latest study aimed to evaluate 11 foreign mango cultivars Kent, Palmar, Yasmina Rose, Shelly, Nam Doc Mai, Osten, Glenn, Sensation, Kensington Pride, Heidi, and Joa, in two successive seasons of 2018 and 2019, under Egyptian environmental conditions. The experiment comprised a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 11 treatments and three replications to analyze the mango cultivars for floral aspects, fruit yield, its components, and fruit quality characteristics. Results indicated that cultivars Sensation and Yasmina Rose produced the highest fruit yield per tree. Cultivars Osten, Yasmina Rose, and Kent gained the maximum fruit weight. The study noted the uppermost value of fruit retention (%) for cultivars Palmar, Osten, and Joa. As for the initial fruit set, the highest value appeared in cultivars Heidi and Yasmina Rose, while cultivars Heidi and Kensington Pride revealed the highest value of fruit pulp firmness at the early stage of ripening in July. The Shelly cultivar recorded the highest percentage of pulp per fruit, while the lowest fruit fibers and total acidity percentage came from the Glenn cultivar. The fruits of Nam Doc Mai cultivar contained the highest total soluble solids and total sugar percentages, whereas fruits of the Heidi cultivar contained the highest value of vitamin C. Cultivars noted with the alternate bearing habit consisted of Kensington Pride, Palmer, and Shelly, while all other cultivars exhibited regular bearing. Mango cultivars Glenn, Nam Doc Mai, Osten, Kensington Pride, Shelly, Joa, Yasmina Rose, Sensation, Kent, Palmer, and Heidi (first mentioned, most recommended in descending order) received high recommendations for successful cultivation under the Egyptian environmental conditions based on relatively better fruit setting and quality.

Changes in Physico-Chemical Properties of Mango Pickle during Storage

The present study was carried out to investigate the effect of recipes and varieties of Mango (Mangifera indica L.) pickle on changes in physico-chemical properties during storage at the Post Graduate Laboratory of the Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Central Agricultural University, Imphal during 2020-2021. The experiment was laid out in factorial randomized block design (FRBD) with eight treatments and three replications. The treatments consist of four pickled recipes and two varieties. Among all pickles, the salty pickle was found to have maximum pH whereas, the sweet mango pickle was found to be minimum. The TSS increases continuously during storage irrespective of the recipe and variety used. Sweet pickle showed maximum TSS. Among all pickles, oily mango pickle was found to have maximum moisture content whereas, salty mango pickle was found to be minimum. Sweet mango pickle has the highest score and is organoleptically more acceptable among other types of a pickle. The findings also showed that with the advancement of the storage period organoleptic quality improved in all mango pickles. The local mango was also found to be the better variety for pickling. It can be concluded that mango of the local kind was better suited for pickling.

Evaluation of fruit production, carbon sequestration and economic potential of mangoes (Mangifera indica L.) in degraded lands of Indian Himalaya

Experiment was conducted on mango at ICAR-Indian Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Dehradun during 1995-2020. Mango cultivar ‘Mallika’ was the most vigorous and attained maximum plant height (6.80 m), canopy volume (220.25 m3) produced highest fruit yield (90.81 kg tree-1), litter production (5.35 tha-1), fine root production (847.21 g m-2 yr-1) and conserved 10.90 cm moisture in the soil profile upto 1.20 m depth. Whereas the lowest plant height (4.50 m), canopy volume (147.73 m3) in Amrapali cultivar, soil moisture conservation and lowest fruit yield (50.31 kg tree-1) in Ramkela were recorded in 25 years of orchard life and 20 Year of fruiting life of mango. The maximum fruit qualities like fruit weight (g), pulp content (%), totals soluble solids (0Brix), total sugar (%), reducing sugar (%), non-reducing sugar, β carotene (%) in Mallika cultivar whereas maximum acidity (%) and Vit.-C in Ramkela cultivar of mango were observed during 1995-2020 on degraded lands. The biomass productivity comprising stem, branches and roots was the highest in Mallika (82.37 Mg ha-1), carbon stock (40.02 Mg C ha-1) with carbon sequestration rate (1.60 Mg C ha-1yr-1) followed by Bombay green (1.50 Mg C ha-1yr-1) and Langra (1.48 Mg C ha-1yr-1). Net present value of mango cultivars ranged from 32,068 USD in Mallika to 20,514 USD in Bombay Green cultivars of mango. The benefit cost ratio ranged from 3.26 (Mallika) to 2.0 (Bombay Green), thereby presenting adequate choice to the cultivators / growers to select the appropriate cultivars for specialization. The Mallika cultivar of mango outperformed considering demand of pulp/juice industries and Ramkela cultivar well qualified for pickle industries under degraded lands.

Assessment of Biologically Active Components and Nutritional Contents of Seed Kernels of Opioro and Julie Mango Varieties: A Right Step for Drug Discovery

This study was aimed at investigating the biologically active compounds and nutritional compositions in the seed kernels of Opioro and Julie varieties with medicinal qualities. The seed kernels were milled, dissolved in methanol and concentrated with rotary evaporator. The chemical compounds in these extracts were analyzed with Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry while the mineral and proximate compounds were assessed with the methods of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC). Both Opioro and Julie did not contain similar chemical compounds. A total of 22 chemical compounds were obtained from Opioro while only 13 compounds were discovered in Julie. Five bioactive compounds from Opioro namely cholest-5-en-3-ol, (3.alpha.) (31.63%), 2-Pyridinamine, N-(4,5-dihydro-5-methyl-2-thiazolyl)-3-methyl- (14.74%), 2-Methyl-7-phenylindole (6.96%), benzo[h]quinoline, 2,4-dimethyl (6.61%) and 7-Methyl -2-phenyl-1H-indole (4.27%) were abundant. In Julie, only Octadecanoic acid, 6-Octadecenoic acid, 1, 2, 3-Benzenetriol and n-Hexadecanoic acid were plentiful with the highest peak percentage of 39.76%, 16.05% and 5.41% respectively. The protein, fibre, moisture and ash contents from Opioro and Julie were not significantly different but, the carbohydrates varied (P<0.05) between 71.36±0.37% and 70.22±0.44% and fats varied (P<0.05) between 7.20±0.48% and 9.21±0.31% respectively. Phosphorus (1610.00±14.00 ppm), calcium (4595.00±7.07 ppm), and magnesium (1984.50±21.92 ppm) were high in Julie while zinc (18.197±0.25), copper (14.960±0.09), iron (319.615±2.28) and manganese (337.940±5.80) were more in Opioro than Julie. The seed kernels of Opioro and Julie have abundant bioactive compounds with medicinal properties. The essential mineral elements and rich proximate compounds in both extracts are potentially required and can be capable of improving the health and nutritional conditions of both humans and animals.

Application of Geospatial Techniques in Evaluating Spatial Variability of Commercially Harvested Mangoes in Bangladesh

Mango is widely known as a popular fruit in South Asia, including Bangladesh. The country is a significant producer of different local and exotic varieties of mangoes in different geographic locations. Therefore, a study of fruit maturity at diverse locations and climatic conditions becomes critical for a sustainable mango production. In responding to this need, this study evaluates the variability of a few selected commercial mango (Mangifera indica L.) varieties and their maturity timeline with respect to spatial extent (longitudinal-latitudinal variations), elevation profile, and time. Remote sensing technology has been widely used for horticultural applications to study fruit phenology, maturity, harvesting time, and for mapping locational differences. In doing so, we have employed remotely sensed data, such as the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) digital elevation model (DEM) of 30 m spatial resolution, GPM IMERGM precipitation datasets (0.1 × 0.1 degree), NASA GLDAS (Global Land Data Assimilation System) surface skin temperature (0.25 × 0.25 degree), and Noah Land Surface Model L4 3-hourly soil moisture content datasets (0.25 × 0.25 degree). Alongside these, an intensive field data collection campaign has been carried out for 2019 and 2020. It was found that 1° locational variations may result in approximately 2–5 days delay of mango harvesting. The outcome of this study may enhance the appropriate planning of harvesting, production, and the commercialization of mango selection in specific geographic setting for a sustainable harvest and production system in the country.

Pengembangan Inovasi Hortikultura Melalui Riset Pengembangan Inovasi Kolaborasi (Studi Kasus RPIK Mangga dan Pisang)

Development research of collaborative innovation (RPIK) activities carried out in the form of seed distribution, VUB demonstration plots and technology, post-harvest handling, technical guidance and assistance. The purpose of this study is to determine the development of horticultural innovations through RPIK activities (seed distribution, demonstration plots and technical guidance). To determine the spread and development of horticultural innovations, especially mango and banana, seed distribution activities, demonstration plots and technical guidance were carried out. The data observed were the number of seeds distributed to the community, the number of VUB and technology disseminated through demonstration plots as well as farmer responses to VUB and horticultural innovation through technical guidance. Data were analyzed descriptively. Mango varieties distributed include Garifta merah, Manalagi 69, Arum merah, Madu 225, Kraton Agrihorti, Arumanis 143, Gedong gincu, Garifta orange, Garifta gading, Garifta kuning, Denarum Agrihorti, Agri gardina 45 and Gadung 21, while the superior varieties of bananas were Kepok tanjung and Barangan. The implemented technology demonstration plots include technology related to the cultivation and post-harvesting of mangoes and bananas. The response of farmers to the cultivation and processing technology of mango and banana which was conveyed during the technical guidance were 67.35% of farmers in Situbondo districts, 61.16% of farmers in Gowa districts, and 62.42% of farmers in Takalar districts has a high response, while farmers have a very high response 22.45% in Situbondo districts, 25.21% in Gowa districts and 20.37% in Takalar districts.

Effect of Different Altitudes on Morpho-Physiological Attributes Associated with Mango Quality

Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is a widely cultivated fruit in tropical and subtropical areas at altitudes ranging from 100 to 1500 m above sea level (masl). However, little is known about the effects of altering altitudes on the morpho-physiological traits determining the commercial value of mango. Therefore, we systematically investigated a commercial mango cultivar at eight altitudes ranging from 680 to 1400 masl to check the environmental impact on morpho-physiological attributes and volatile compounds using analysis of variance, principal component analysis, clustering, and correlation. We observed an increase in fruit weight and size from 680 to 1000 masl elevation and a gradual decrease at higher altitudes above 1000 msl. In contrast, quality parameters, including total soluble solids and total sugar, decreased with the increase in altitude, while the total acid increased with the increase in altitude. Moreover, we characterized the dried fruit, pericarp, and sarcocarp for aromatic compounds and identified 110 volatile compounds. The accumulation pattern of the volatiles suggested a considerable influence of environmental factors associated with altering altitudes. However, there was no clear trend in the volatile accumulation at different altitudes. We further determined the ten most frequently occurring volatiles at different altitudes and tissues. For instance, Alpha-Guaiene was only identified at 1000–1215 masl altitudes in dried fruit, while Beta-Ocimene showed the highest accumulation at 900 masl in dried fruit and pericarp. Together, our study provides clues on the impact of the altitude on mango fruit yield and quality attributes, which will guide future agronomic practices.

Gallic acid induces constitutive resistance against Bactrocera dorsalis infestation in mango fruit by its dual action

The Oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) is a major insect pest of mango fruit worldwide resulting in huge loss of fruit quality and productivity. However, there exist a few mango varieties resistant to B. dorsalis infestation. The objective of the present study was, therefore to identify the major fruit component imparting resistance to B. dorsalis. Principal Component Analysis of phenolic acids in pulp and peel tissues of two resistant varieties, viz., Langra and EC 95862, revealed that among the phenolic acids present in the fruit, gallic acid was the most abundant component in both fruit peel and pulp while laboratory studies revealed that gallic acid was acutely toxic to B. dorsalis with its dual action as antioxidant in the host and a prooxidant in the insect. Field study with the preharvest application of gallic acid on young developing fruits of B. dorsalis susceptible Alphonso mango showed that it could protect the fruit against insect damage confirming that gallic acid is essentially responsible for providing constitutive resistance against B. dorsalis in Langra and EC 95862. Thus, preharvest application of gallic acid to developing fruits could be used as part of an Integrated Pest Management strategy to control infestation by B. dorsalis. Future work on breeding / development of transgenes of susceptible mango varieties with high levels of gallic acid in fruit peel is likely to provide the simplest means of inducing constitutive resistance against B. dorsalis infestation.

Mango seedling genotyping reveals potential self-incompatibility and pollinator behavior

Mango (Mangifera indica) is tropical fruit widely cultivated and appreciated for its sweet and aromatic fruit. There is great diversity among mango cultivars for important fruit quality and agronomic traits that could be leveraged as part of a mango breeding program. Historically, most genetic improvement of this species has been the result of chance seedlings. The recent publication of multiple mango genomes and availability of genomic resources is facilitating the efficient breeding of mango, but controlled pollination of mango is challenging with only a few out of thousands of panicle-borne flowers developing into fruit. Therefore, genotyping open-pollinated seedlings could be a labor-saving method to select favorable hybrids in a breeding program. An array of 384 single-nucleotide-polymorphism markers was used to genotype 140 mango cultivars and 575 mango seedlings from eleven open-pollinated populations in a mango diversity collection. Analysis of mango cultivars confirmed hybrid parentage in many instances and identified potential paternal parents for cultivars with unknown parentage. For the seedlings analyzed, the Dixon test of Gower's genetic dissimilarity (GD) values among identified triads revealed 161 significant triads (P≤0.05), indicating high confidence for paternal identification. The remaining triads had GD values less than 0.15 (n = 323), between 0.15 and 0.2 (n = 10), or between 0.2 and 0.3 (n = 5). In total, 70% of the hybrids were paired to a single paternal parent. Analysis of selfing rates indicated ‘Tommy Atkins’ had the highest selfing rate (40.4%) and ‘Glenn’ had the lowest (1.1%). Analysis of population structure and phylogeny divided the mango germplasm into three distinct clusters. The identified paternal pollen donors were mapped within a mango diversity collection and indicated mango pollinators can affect pollination beyond adjoining trees. This strategy can be used to aid mango breeding research and has identified intriguing hybrids for future evaluation.

Effect of Melatonin on Fruit Quality via Decay Inhibition and Enhancement of Antioxidative Enzyme Activities and Genes Expression of Two Mango Cultivars during Cold Storage

The postharvest deterioration of mango fruits is a critical issue limiting mango storage and preservation due to its climacteric nature. This study evaluated the storage behavior of two mango cultivars and their response to exogenous melatonin (MT, 1000 μmol L−1) treatment in attenuating fruit decay and enhancing fruits’ physiological and metabolic processes and gene relative expression subjected to cold storage. MT treatment in both mango cultivars significantly delayed weight loss, firmness, respiration rate, and decay incidence. However, MT did not influence the TSS, TA, and TSS:TA ratio regardless of the cultivar. Moreover, MT inhibited the decrease in total phenol and flavonoid content and AsA content while delaying the increase in the MDA content of mango during storage in both cultivars. In addition, MT dramatically inhibited the enzyme activity of PPO. In contrast, an increase in the activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD and APX) and PAL and their genes’ relative expression was noticed in MT-treated fruits versus control in both cultivars. However, MT treatment was cultivar dependent in most parameters under study. These results demonstrated that MT treatment could be an essential postharvest treatment in minimizing decay, maintaining fruit quality, and extending mango fruits’ postharvest shelf life by enhancing the physiological and metabolic processes during cold storage.