Cuboidal Epithelium Research Articles

Surgical Experience and Management of Intracranial Neurenteric Cysts: Single-Center Experience and Review of the Literature.

Introduction Neurenteric cysts (NECs) are rare, congenital lesions lined by endodermal cell-derived columnar or cuboidal epithelium. Based on previous studies, gross total removal of the capsule has been presumed to be the ideal surgical goal. Objective This series was undertaken to further understand the risk of recurrence based on the extent of capsule resection. Methods Records were retrospectively reviewed for all patients with radiographic or pathological evidence of intracranial NEC from 1996 to 2021. Results A total of eight patients were identified; four of eight (50%) presented with headache, and four had signs of one or more cranial nerve syndromes. One patient (13%) presented with third nerve palsy, one (13%) had sixth nerve palsy, and two (25%) with hemifacial spasm. One patient (13%) presented with signs of obstructive hydrocephalus. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated T2 hyper- or isointense lesions. Diffusion-weighted imaging was negative in all patients (100%) and T1 contrast-enhanced imaging demonstrated minimal rim enhancement in two patients (25%). In three of eight (38%), a gross total resection (GTR) was achieved, while in four (50%), a near-total resection, and in one (13%), a decompression was performed. Recurrences occurred in two (25%) patients, one with decompression and another with near-total resection, among these 1/2 required repeat surgery after a mean follow-up of 77 months. Conclusion In this series, none from GTR group demonstrated recurrence, while 40% of those receiving less than GTR recurred, underpinning the importance of maximally safe resection in these patients. Overall patients did well without major morbidity from surgery.

Congenital epidermoid cyst associated with mucus retention cyst in Wharton's duct of a newborn. Report of an unusual case

<h3>Objectives</h3> The differential diagnosis of cystic swellings involving the floor of the mouth includes various lesions, such as dermoid, epidermoid or lymphoepithelial cysts and ranulas. However, coexistence of such conditions, pos- sibly with a cause-and-effect relationship, is rare. Herein, we present a case of congenital epidermoid cyst in asso- ciation with mucus retention cyst in the floor of mouth of a newborn. <h3>Findings</h3> A 6 months old female infant was referred for evaluation of a "pearly" yellowish swelling in the floor of mouth, first noticed by her pediatrician just after birth. Slow enlargement of the lesion was reported. Clini- cal examination revealed a yellowish nodule with overlying prominent vasculature in close association with the orifice of the left submandibular duct, posteriorly transitioning to a diffuse bluish cystic swelling of the left floor of mouth. With a provisional diagnosis of a developmental cyst and/or ranula, a surgical excision was performed under general anesthesia. Intraoperatively, an anterior round lesion was identified, extending posteriorly towards the submandibular gland as an elongated cylindrical cystic dilatation. Histopathologic examination revealed a well- defined cystic cavity in the anterior aspect lined by keratinized stratified squamous epithelium with compact keratin deposition inside the lumen. The cystic lesion showed continuity with a dilated salivary duct aligned by cylindrical, cuboidal or pseudostratified epithelium. A final diagnosis of epidermoid cyst intimately associated with a mucus retention cyst (ranula) of the submandibular duct was rendered. <h3>Conclusions</h3> The coexistence of two cystic lesions in the floor of the mouth with features of epidermoid and mucus retention cyst, respectively, is rare and its pathogenesis intriguing, especially in a newborn. Theoretically, the two lesions may be coincidental, although a more reasonable explanation is that a congenital epidermoid cyst, inciden- tally developing adjacent to the submandibular duct orifice, caused obstruction and secondary mucus retention phenomenon.

Giant cyst of the incisive papilla – Largest ever reported

<h3>Introduction</h3> Fewer than 5 cysts of the incisive (nasopalatine) papilla have been reported, none has alter underlying bone and none was larger than <0.6 cm. <h3>Objective</h3> To report the largest incisive papilla cyst, with partial bony involvement. Clinical/radiographic findings: A 47 year old woman presented with a 1.8 cm., tender, sessile midline mass posterior to her central incisors; it was moderately firm, not bony hard. Periapical radiographs revealed a rounded, well-demarcated radiolucency of the maxillary midline, with a sclerotic rimming of much of its border. Cone beam CT imaging confirmed the well-demarcated radiolucency and further demonstrated a thick soft tissue lining around an apparently fluid-filled, much darker radiolucent center. The lesion lacked a palatal cortex and had pushed upwards, expanding inferior portions of the overlying nasopalatine duct, providing a shape similar to an inverted chalice. CBCT clearly showed a direct connection with the duct, which extended to the nasal sinuses and showed thickened sinus membranes at each superior opening, suggesting sinusitis. Microscopic findings: At surgery the mass was cystic, filled with a clear fluid. Microscopically, the cystic space was lined by an epithelium that combined the appearance of squamous, cuboidal and respiratory epithelium. This covered a dense fibrous stroma with focal areas of chronic inflammatory cells and congestion. The stroma also contained a large artery, several large veins, a large nerve, and a mucous gland. There was no bone separating the cyst from the palatal mucosa. Follow-up. During a follow-up visit at 10 days post-surgery, the area was healing well and there was no paresthesia of the anterior palate. <h3>Conclusion</h3> We report the largest cyst of the incisive papillae, 1.8 cm. in diameter. It had expanded into the overlying nasopalatine duct.

Biliary cystadenoma in a lion (Panthera leo)

Animals in human care often exceed the life expectancy of animals in the wild when they have veterinarian follow-ups, no competition for space or food, and continuous care. Advanced age favors the development of mutations that often trigger cancer, which sometimes causes death. There are reports in the literature on neoplasms in lions in the liver, which are one of the main organs affected. A 20-year-old lion specimen was received for necropsy at the Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil. Multiple cystic dilations were observed in the liver. Histologically, they were internally covered by a simple cuboidal epithelium, similar to that observed in the bile ducts, without cellular atypia. The adjacent liver parenchyma presented with mild disorganization of the hepatocyte cords. Biliary cystadenomas are benign growths formed by a thin opaque capsule filled with a slightly yellowish translucent fluid compressing the adjacent liver parenchyma, as highlighted in this case. The epithelium of the cysts was positive for anti-cytokeratin (CK) (EIA/A3E) and anti-CK7, confirming histogenesis in the bile ducts. This study reports a case of biliary cystadenoma in a Panthera leo specimen.

Histoarchitectural study of mammary alveoli on lactation, involution and pregnant stage in Murrah buffalo

Present experiment was conducted on sixty Murrah buffalo divided into three groups: lactating, involution stage/dry and pregnant stage (non-lactating early pregnant stage, non-lactating mid pregnant stage and non-lactating late pregnant stage). Most of the alveoli were spherical to oval elongated in shape. In lactating stage, only small and medium sized alveoli were present. In involuting stage due to degeneration and inactiveness only small alveoli were recorded. In non-lactating late pregnant stage most of the alveoli were large sized. A highly significant statistical difference was noted among different stages of lactation in the diameter of alveoli. The active alveoli were lined by cuboidal epithelium to low cuboidal epithelium, while resting alveoli were lined by squamous epithelium with dark nuclei. The number of resting alveoli were found increased with the advancement of lactation. Up to two months of involution most of the alveoli were degenerative. A highly significant statistical difference was noted in the height of alveolar epithelium in different stages of lactation.

POST AESTIVATION DYNAMICS OF THE MALE AND HERMAPHRODITIC REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS OF GIANT AFRICAN LAND SNAILS (ARCHACHATINAMARGINATA): HISTOLOGICAL AND HISTOCHEMICAL PERSPECTIVE

The male reproductive organs and hermaphrodite ducts of the Giant African Land Snail (Archachatinamarginata) were examined histologically and histochemically at 0, 3 and 6 weeks post aestivation. The transverse section of the tissue of little hermaphrodite duct aestivated for 6 weeks (control) resulted in clear, wide and highly branched lumen lined with ciliated cuboidal epithelium. The post aestivation section at the 3rd week did not differ substantially. At the 6th week post aestivation, the muscular wall took a wavy and more branching appearance. The common hermaphrodite duct revealed a conspicuous intercellular spaces and sparse composition of the cellular components. The lumens were inflated with thick peripheral walls. The post aestivation sections tended toward recovery with much cellular prominence with discernible boundaries. The vas deferens generallyappeared organized with respect to segmentations and arrangement in the control. Adherence of cell mass and granules were typical features of the 6th week aestivated tissue. At arousal, these features diminished with farther dispersed cells and loosed connective tissues. Thepenis displayed multiplied and larger cell mass with clear lumen and increasing peripheral thickness. It can therefore be concluded that tissues of the male and hermaphroditic organs retained their firm conformation for six weeks dormancy period, Ca and lipid droplet regressed considerably. At arousal no substantial rejuvenation was attained 3rd week post aestivation but at the 6th week, adjustment toward reproductive preparation was observed with considerable calcium built up.

Ultrastructural Characterization of Salivary Glands, Alimentary Canal and Malpighian Tubules of the Red Shield Bug Carpocoris mediterraneus Tamanini, 1958 (Heteroptera, Pentatomidae).

In this study, the gut structure and excretory system of Carpocoris mediterraneus which is phytophagous insect, were described with light and electron microscopies and discussed in relation to other Heteroptera species. The salivary system has two principal and accessory salivary glands, two principal and accessory gland ducts. The salivary gland and duct wall have a single layer of cuboidal cells. The duct lumen is surrounded by a thick intima layer. In the cytoplasm of the epithelial cells are seen vesicles. The gut includes fore, mid, and hindguts. The foregut consists of a long narrow tubular pharynx which opens into a slightly wider esophagus. The esophagus is thin walled and in turn opens into the midgut. The midgut has four regions (V1–V4). V1–V4 walls have a monolayered epithelium. V1 epithelium is double-nucleated. V1 cytoplasm contains numerous vesicles, secretory granules, spherocrystals, and cytoplasmic inclusions. Rod-shaped bacteria are seen in V4 lumen. The hindgut has pylorus and rectum. Malpighian tubules were attached in the pylorus. Malpighian tubules have a single-layer cuboidal epithelium. In their lumen, there are spherocrystals. The rectum wall has a monolayer of squamous epithelium and muscle layer. Numerous bacteria and uric acid crystals are seen in its lumen.

Hidronefrotik fonksiyon göstermeyen böbrekli genç erkek olguda mikst epitelyal stromal tümör: Literatür bulguları ile karşılaştırma

The mixed epithelial and stromal tumor (MEST) family is comprised of adult cystic nephroma with a dominant cystic component and MEST with a dominant solid component. MEST is the rarely observed benign, biphasic tumor of the kidney with a mixed epithelial and stromal component. In the examinations of a 24-year-old male patient who presented with abdominal pain, grade-4 hydronephrosis was detected. In the microscopic examination of his nephrectomy specimen, there were tubular structures with cuboidal epithelium in different diameters within the ovarian stroma. The patient was diagnosed with MEST via morphological and immunohistochemical findings. We aimed at comparing the clinical and histopathological characteristics of our case, which we diagnosed with MEST, which is encountered in limited numbers in young men and has never been reported together with a nonfunctional kidney before, to the literature data. Keywords: Mixed epithelial and stromal tumor, nonfunctional kidney, male.

Activation of Notch3 in Renal Tubular Cells Leads to Progressive Cystic Kidney Disease.

Background: Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is a genetic disorder affecting millions of people worldwide that is characterized by fluid-filled cysts and leads to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The hallmarks of PKD are proliferation and dedifferentiation of tubular epithelial cells, cellular processes known to be regulated by Notch signaling. Methods: We found increased Notch3 expression in human PKD and renal cell carcinoma biopsies. To obtain insight into the underlying mechanisms and the functional consequences of this abnormal expression, we developed a transgenic mouse model with conditional overexpression of the intracellular Notch3 (ICN3) domain specifically in renal tubules. We evaluated the alterations in renal function (creatininemia, BUN) and structure (cysts, fibrosis, inflammation) and measured the expression of several genes involved in Notch signaling and the mechanisms of inflammation, proliferation, dedifferentiation, fibrosis, injury, apoptosis and regeneration. Results: After one month of ICN3 overexpression, kidneys were larger with tubules grossly enlarged in diameter, with cell hypertrophy and hyperplasia, exclusively in the outer stripe of the outer medulla. After three months, mice developed numerous cysts in proximal and distal tubules. The cysts had variable sizes and were lined with a single- or multilayered, flattened, cuboid or columnar epithelium. This resulted in epithelial hyperplasia, which was observed as protrusions into the cystic lumen in some of the renal cysts. The pre-cystic and cystic epithelium showed increased expression of cytoskeletal filaments and markers of epithelial injury and dedifferentiation. Additionally, the epithelium showed increased proliferation with an aberrant orientation of the mitotic spindle. These phenotypic tubular alterations led to progressive interstitial inflammation and fibrosis. Conclusions: In summary, Notch3 signaling promoted tubular cell proliferation, the alignment of cell division, dedifferentiation and hyperplasia, leading to cystic kidney diseases and pre-neoplastic lesions.

Effect of subabul (Leucaena leucocephala) based complete rations on carcass characteristics and serum thyroxine profile of kids

A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of feeding complete rations containing untreated Leucaena leucocepahala leaf meal (ULLLM) (Subabul) and treated (moist heat) L. leucocepahala leaf meal (TLLLM) at 30 and 40 parts on plane of nutrition and nitrogen balance in kids. Mimosine content of LLLM after moist heat treatment for single-treated and double-treated material was 1.91 and 1.17%, respectively. A feeding trial was conducted with 30 non-descript kids (8.42±0.15 kg, 3 to 4 month-old) by allocating to five complete rations as CR1 (control), CR2 (30% ULLLM), CR3 (30% TLLLM), CR4 (40% ULLLM) and CR5 (40% TLLLM). Average daily gain was significantly (p<0.05) higher in CR1 (55.90±2.25 g/d) and CR3 (56.30±0.92 g/d) followed by CR2 (37.90±3.95 g/d) and CR5 (38.70±5.60 g/d) and lowest in CR4 (23.90±3.65 g/d) group. Dressing yield (39.53 to 44.99%) did not indicate significant changes among the groups. The edible, non-edible, organ weights and wholesale cuts did not indicate significant difference among the groups. Serum T3 (|jg/ml) and T4 (ng/ml) hormone profile showed significant reduction (p<0.05) at 90 days in CR2 (1.80±0.10 and 49.43±2.50) and CR4 (1.10±0.10 and 40.11±2.10) as compared to other groups CR1 (3.61±0.70 and 87.14±8.20), CR3 (2.42±0.20 and 83.14±7.20) and CR5 (2.81±0.30 and 78.11±5.10). Histopathological examination of thyroid gland showed hyperplasia of epithelial cells and follicular vacuolation with cuboidal epithelium in CR2 and CR4 groups. However, normal pattern was observed in CR1 and very mild changes in CR3 and CR5 groups. It was concluded that hot water treatment of L. leucocepahala leaf meal is partially effective in ameliorating mimosine toxicity and can be included at 30% level in complete rations of kids.

An Incidental Pancreatic Simple Mucinous Cyst Reveals an Incidental Well-Differentiated Neuroendocrine Tumor.

A 61-year-old woman with tobacco abuse presented after screening computed tomography scans demonstrated an incidental large pancreatic body cyst with mural calcifications (Figure A). FNA showed macrophages and debris with an elevated CEA level. A mucinous cystic neoplasm was therefore presumed. A distal pancreatectomy and splenectomy specimen showed an 11.2 × 8.0 × 7.8-cm unilocular cyst with yellow viscous fluid, a tan yellow lining, and a 0.3- to 0.7-cm-thick rubbery wall (Figure B). Histologically, the cyst lining was mostly denuded with residual benign simple cuboidal gastric-type epithelium and underlying dense hyalinization and calcification without ovarian-type stroma (Figures C, D). An incidental well-differentiated (WHO grade 1) neuroendocrine tumor (NET) infiltrated the cyst wall diffusely (Figure D). Pancreatic simple mucinous cysts (SMCs) measure greater than 1.0 cm and occur mostly in asymptomatic postmenopausal women. They lack features of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms and mucinous cystic neoplasms. SMCs exhibit a rather benign behavior, but their neoplastic potential has been suspected with KRAS mutations demonstrated in 13%–55% of cases. As a result, the original designation of simple nonneoplastic cyst was changed to SMC. NETs may rarely present as cystic lesions resulting from central necrosis of solid tumors. They show a cavity surrounded by neoplastic neuroendocrine cells unlike the SMCs' thick hyalinized wall and gastric-type epithelial monolayer lining seen in the current lesion. Whether the NET is arising from the cyst is uncertain. This concurrence of SMC and NET has not been previously reported.

Unicornuate Uterus with Rudimentary Horn and Non-Communicating Functional Endometrium: A Case Report

Mullerian anomalies are congenital disorders affecting 1 to 10% of population. Normally during fetal development, two paired mullerian ducts develop into female reproductive tract including fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix and upper two thirds of vagina. When one mullerian duct fails to develop or is under developed, unicornuate uterus is formed. When the contralateral duct undergoes some development, rudimentary horn is formed. 70-85% of patients also present with unilateral renal agenesis. A 15-years-old adolescent female presented with dysmenorrhea since menarche. Abdominal examination revealed an enlarged uterus. Ultrasonography showed unicornuate uterus along with absence of a unilateral kidney. We received a rudimentary horn along with a large hemorrhagic fluid filled uniloculated cyst with another small cyst. On microscopic examination, section studied from rudimentary horn has features of proliferative endometrium. Section studied from cyst wall is lined by cuboidal epithelium. Patients having mullerian duct anomalies usually present with dysmenorrhea and chronic pelvic pain. Unicornuate uterus with rudimentary horn is the least frequent form. We present a congenital anomaly rather rare among the population- unicornuate uterus with rudimentary horn which is a cause for variety of symptoms. Keywords: Unicornuate uterus, Rudimentary horn, Functional endometrium

Ocular microscopy of Bradypus variegatus

Bradypus variegatus, popularly known as common sloth or brown-throated sloth, is a species with wide geographical distribution in Brazil. Expand on the literature about the species, we aimed to describe the morphology of its eye and its main annexes. For this study, six frozen specimens donated to the Animal Morphological Research Laboratory of the Federal Rural University of Amazonia were used. The specimens were fixed in a 10% aqueous solution of formaldehyde. The structures that constitute the ocular apparatus were identified and described after dissection and histological analysis using light microscopy. The bulbar conjunctiva presented a stratified cuboidal epithelium, with a considerable number of serous glands. The stroma layer and the posterior limiting lamina were found well defined in the species. The corneoscleral meshwork possessed a large opening for drainage of aqueous humour, followed by a wide retinal region, in which a layer of photoreceptors was visualized. Cones and rods could not be discriminated from each other. Microscopy of the medial angle of the eye revealed the cartilage and glands of the third eyelid, and a well-developed lacrimal gland structure. Bradypus variegatus distinguishing features and similarities in comparison with other domestic and wild mammal and bird species already described were investigated, which expounded the limited knowledge that is presently available on the morphology of wild fauna. The data extend the limited knowledge that are presently available on the ocular histology of B.variegatus.

Post-autotomy regeneration of respiratory tree in sea cucumber Holothuria parva.

The respiratory trees present only in the class Holothuroidea and the rest of the echinoderms lack it. Only some holothurian species have the ability to regenerate their respiratory trees after autotomy. Therefore, respiratory trees could be considered as a suitable model to assess the regeneration mechanisms in animals. In the present study, the respiratory tree regeneration after posterior evisceration were examined in Holothuria parva during 75 days. Since autotomy reduces antioxidant defense in the organisms, in the present study alterations of antioxidant enzymes were also evaluated during the experiment. H. parva is the dominant intertidal species distributed in the north of the Persian Gulf. In the present study, H. parva ejected the left respiratory tree, the digestive tract and supportive mesenteries from the anus, about 1-2 min after potassium chloride injection. The closure of the opening at the posterior ends of the body was the first reaction to the injury. Seven days after evisceration, the small bud formed on the dorsal side of the cloaca which was covered with the coelomic epithelium of cloaca. The coelomic epithelium started to proliferate to undifferentiated cells on the apex of the buds. The primary respiratory tree consisted of the luminal cuboidal epithelium and thin connective tissue surrounded by the slender coelomic epithelium. This preliminary organ was observed at the apex of the buds, 13 days after evisceration. Gradually, myoepithelial cells arranged around a longitudinal axis and formed a circular muscle. The primitive branches of primary respiratory tree started to form 18 days after evisceration. Forty days after evisceration, the luminal epithelium of the respiratory tree had the same appearance as the intact luminal epithelium. The regenerated respiratory tree was histomorphologically very similar to an intact respiratory tree 56 days postevisceration, but unlike that, it was not yet wrapped around the intestine and was completely separate from it. Despite the development of the regenerating respiratory tree, no wrapping around the intestine was observed until the end of the experiment. According to the results, the activity of the catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the muscle homogenate was significantly higher than the control 5 days after evisceration. The CAT and SOD levels gradually decreased in eviscerated animals. The lipid peroxidation level followed a decreasing trend in the eviscerated animals during the experiment. However, its value reduced to the control level at the end of the experiment.

A Clinical Study of Visual Outcome after Nd YAG Laser Capsulotomy

Introduction: Posterior capsular opacification is caused by migration and proliferation of cuboidal epithelium from remnant of anterior capsule and equatorial part of the lens capsule. Posterior capsular opacification also called after cataract is a nagging post surgical complication following phacoemulsification or non phaco cataract surgery (small incision cataract surgery or conventional cataract surgery) ECCE with posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation. Posterior capsular opacification is actually misnomer. Though there are many factors suggested to reduced posterior capsular opacification. The incidence of PCO still exists considerably. Aims and Objective are to find out the visual improvement after Nd yag laser posterior capsulotomy. Materials and Methods: The prospective study was conducted in the department of ophthalmology of Ad-din Women Medical College Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh from June 2014 to June 2018. 175 patients of 189 eyes with significant PCO. Before laser capsulotomy all patients were assess by routine slit lamp examination, IOP measurement and posterior segment examination done for every patient for exclusion of Gross posterior segment pathology. Results: The study had female preponderance (58.86%). Most of the patients 165 were 40 to 80 years old (87.31%). The patients had pre laser visual acuity 6/9 to 6/18 (31.75%) 6/24 to &lt;6/60 (68.25%). After laser capsulotomy functional visual acuity upto 6/8 were 169 (89.42%) and 6/24 to &lt;6/60 were 20 (10.58%). The mean pre and post laser capsulotomy visual functional score were 54.45±36.44 and 94.16±50.36 respectively. Conclusion: Nd YAG laser capsulotomy is safe, non-invasive and effective procedure. Medicine Today 2021 Vol.33(2): 98-101

Aspiration pneumonia complicated by disseminated fungal sepsis in the setting of incidental esophagitis cystica: A rare autopsy case report with review of the literature

Abstract Introduction/Objective Esophageal retention cysts are presumed to arise from obstruction of the excretory ducts of the submucosal glands of the esophagus. Since the first description by Kuhne in 1899, different terminologies have been used to denote these lesions including retention cysts, mucocele, esophagitis cystica, and cyst of esophageal submucosal gland duct. Esophageal retention cysts are generally benign, asymptomatic and discovered incidentally. However, a few studies have reported symptomatic dysphagia and to date, only one autopsy case report described esophageal retention cysts contributing to aspiration pneumonia and cause of death. Methods/Case Report We present a case of aspiration pneumonia, associated with both reduced oropharyngeal tone secondary to alcohol consumption and esophageal dysphagia due to esophagitis cystica in a 69 year old female with alcohol use disorder complicated by alcoholic liver disease. The patient was found unresponsive at home with bloody oral secretions and evidence of head trauma. On autopsy all lung lobes demonstrated that large and small airways and alveoli were filled with vegetable matter, associated with prominent bacterial and fungal forms. EVG stain demonstrated vascular disruption with red blood cell extravasation, next to a focus of aspiration pneumonia. This explained the patient’s “bloody oral secretions”, originating from the respiratory tract. Demonstration of fungal hyphae in sections from lungs as well as necrotic colon was consistent with disseminated fungal sepsis. While sections from esophagus showed no varices which could explain the patient’s “bloody oral secretions” in the setting of alcoholic liver disease, there were numerous dilated esophageal submucosal cysts. Cysts were lined by a single to double layer of cuboidal epithelium with eosinophilic cytoplasm and basally-located, bland-appearing nuclei. Conclusion In summary, we present a rare case of esophageal retention cyst associated aspiration pneumonia complicated by pulmonary hemorrhage, adding to the growing body of knowledge regarding fatal complications of these usually incidental lesions.

Histological features of the spleen and pancreas of the Egyptian Nile monitor lizard (Varanus niloticus)

The present study investigated the histological features of the spleen and pancreas of the Egyptian Nile monitor lizard (Varanus niloticus). After gross observations the representative samples were collected from three adult male monitor lizards and were processed for histological examination. Grossly, the spleen was brownish in color and embedded in the mesentery near the stomach and pancreas. The pancreas was yellowish in color and consisted of a ventrally placed principal lobe which was pyramidal and extended in the mesentery, whereas the dorsally located splenic lobe was small and was attached to the spleen. a single duct was emerged from the pancreas. Histologically, the spleen was nodular and was encapsulated by the connective tissue capsule covered by mesothelium. it was composed of white and red pulps. Many ellipsoids, melano-macrophage centers, periarterial and periellipsoidal lymphatic sheaths (PALS and PELS; respectively) were observed. The pancreas demonstrated a thicker capsule covered by mesothelium and the exocrine portion was formed of tubule-acinar cells. Main pancreatic duct passed across the length of the pancreas and was lined by stratified cuboidal epithelium. The Islets were found in the ventral lobe where it was in various sizes. This is the first report about the histological structure of the spleen and pancreas of the Egyptian Nile monitor lizard, where the spleen showed a unique structure while the pancreas was similar to what was described in other varanus species. The information in this study will be a baseline knowledge for future studies regarding endocrine or immune organs in this species.

A rare case of benign multicystic peritoneal mesothelioma misdiagnosed as hydatid cyst found in the liver parenchyma and abdomen cavity of a male with asbestos exposure

BackgroundBenign Multicystic Peritoneal Mesothelioma (BMPM) is one of the rarest diseases in medicine with only more than 200 cases worldwide. This paper aims to report a case of Benign Multicystic Peritoneal Mesothelioma that strangely arose from the liver and was long treated as Hydatid cyst. The case also had many risk factors including asbestos exposure that had not yet been linked with Benign Multicystic Peritoneal Mesothelioma.Case presentationWe report a case of a 62 years old male with a history of a perforated peptic ulcer and a cystic mass in the liver that was misdiagnosed as hydatid cyst 7 years ago. He presented with generalized abdominal pain and bloating. Image studies showed many cystic formations filled with clear fluid. An en bloc surgery was performed and a pathologic study showed a multiloculated mass lined by flat or cuboidal epithelium leading to the diagnosis of BMPM. A follow up was scheduled after 3 months revealed total recurrence.ConclusionBMPM resembles many other cystic lesions in the abdomen and should be taken into consideration when dealing with nontypical cystic formations. Its diagnostic and treatment methods are still hazy making this disease difficult to approach.

Changes in marine turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) epidermis and skin mucus composition during development from bilateral larvae to juvenile flat fish.

Alike other flat fish, marine turbot has the particularity that changes from larvae with bilateral symmetry to adult with asymmetry, in terms of the position of the eyes. As expected, the skin configuration of this species is also affected by the development and transformation suffered by fish during metamorphosis. In this context, changes in the epidermis of marine turbot were studied using conventional staining and histochemical techniques using six lectins (UEA-I, PNA, RCA-I, WGA, Con A and SBA). During development from larvae to juvenile (3-300 days post-hatching), the epidermis increased in both thickness and the number of cell layers. In fact, the simple cuboidal epithelium observed in larvae at day 3 already became stratified at days 10-12, which sequentially increase in thickness with fish development. Turbot epidermis is composed basically of four cell types: epithelial and mucous or secretory cells that are present through the development, and pigmented cells and a type that the authors described as club-like cells that appear during and post-metamorphosis. The Alcian blue-periodic acid Schiff (AB-PAS) histochemical method revealed the presence of neutral glycoconjugates in mucous and club-like cells at post-metamorphic stages of fish. Accordingly, lectin analysis showed mucous cells containing glycoproteins rich in fucose (UEA-I labelling) and glycoconjugates rich in the sequence galactose-N-acetyl galactosamine (PNA and RCA-I labelling) when this cell type appears. Interestingly, melanophores were observed in the dorsal epidermis of post-metamorphic juveniles. This type of cell contains a black-to-brown pigment that provides the skin the typical colour of this fish species. Changes in mucous coat composition were observed during fish development, which was attributed to different roles of the glycoconjugates.

THE EFFECTS OF CHRONIC SMOKING: AN UNUSUAL CASE OF SQUAMOUS METAPLASIA OF THE LACTIFEROUS DUCTS (SMOLD)

TOPIC: Tobacco Cessation and Prevention TYPE: Medical Student/Resident Case Reports INTRODUCTION: Squamous metaplasia of the lactiferous ducts (SMOLD) is an uncommon condition that is characterized by the abnormal keratinization of the lactiferous ducts' cuboidal epithelium [1]. It is associated with smoking and vitamin A deficiency. Patients often complain of an unusual breast mass and vague chest discomfort. Here we present the case of a 61-year-old man recently diagnosed with SMOLD. CASE PRESENTATION: A 61-year old male with a past medical history of uncontrolled hypertension, hyperlipidemia and diabetes presented to the hospital with severe right-sided chest pain for the past one day. He endorsed a 30-pack years smoking history. Vitals on presentation were significant for a blood pressure of 160/90 mmHg, heart rate 73 bpm, temperature of 98.2 F, and an oxygen saturation of 92% on ambient air. Physical examination was significant for a tender right periareolar mass and and right nipple serosanguinous discharge. Electrocardiogram showed sinus rhythm with no dynamic ST changes. Echocardiogram revealed a normal ejection fraction with mild aortic insufficiency and mild mitral regurgitation. Troponin levels were negative. A mammogram revealed a right breast mass with irregular borders (Figure 1). Right-sided breast ultrasound showed a 0.5 cm mass and abnormal appearing axillary lymph nodes with a reading of Bi-RADS 5 (Figure 2). Before a core biopsy was obtained, the patient was started on amoxicillin-clavulanate for presumed mastitis. Immunohistological analysis of the affected breast's tissue confirmed SMOLD. Antibiotics were discontinued and the patient was then referred to general surgery for surgical resection. DISCUSSION: The rare occurrence of SMOLD has resulted in limited knowledge about its etiology. However, it has been associated with smoking cigarettes, as the overwhelming majority of SMOLD patients are chronic smokers. Smoking induces vitamin A deficiency, which in turn causes squamous metaplasia and abnormal epidermalization of the lactiferous ducts [2,3]. Since SMOLD can mimic the symptoms of a bacterial abscess, many patients are unnecessarily subjected to long and ineffective antibiotic courses. The appropriate curative treatment would be the resection of the plugged/ruptured lactiferous duct, which would halt disease progression. Cessation of smoking will not only decrease the risk of developing this painful disorder, but it will also decrease the risk of developing more serious pathologies, such as lung, breast, liver and colorectal cancer. CONCLUSIONS: SMOLD is a rare breast condition which needs to be kept in mind whenever a chronic smoker complains of breast pain with areolar discharge. In addition to surgical resection, patients should also be encouraged to quit smoking, as it will improve life expectancy. REFERENCE #1: Dillon DA, Lester SC. Lesions of the Nipple. Surg Pathol Clin. 2009;2(2):391-412. doi:10.1016/j.path.2009.02.010 REFERENCE #2: Febres-Aldana CA, Alvarez Moreno JC, Rivera M, Kaplan S, Paramo J, Poppiti R. Understanding the histogenesis of a HRAS-PIK3R1 co-driven metastatic metaplastic breast carcinoma associated with squamous metaplasia of lactiferous ducts. Pathol Int. 2020;70(2):101-107. doi:10.1111/pin.12887 REFERENCE #3: Lo G, Dessauvagie B, Sterrett G, Bourke AG. Squamous metaplasia of lactiferous ducts (SMOLD). Clin Radiol. 2012;67(11):e42-e46. doi:10.1016/j.crad.2012.07.011 DISCLOSURES: No relevant relationships by Jonathan Ariyaratnam, source=Web Response No relevant relationships by Ian Landry, source=Web Response No relevant relationships by Vikram Sumbly, source=Web Response No relevant relationships by Theo Trandafirescu, source=Web Response