CST Studio Research Articles

Revolutionizing Connectivity: The Breakthrough of Batteryless Mouse Using Magnetic Resonant Coupling for Communication Devices

With the rapid development of electronic technology and information technology, personal computer has gradually become the public's office or entertainment tools, which also makes the computer mouse a widely used tool. However, most computer mouse on the market today come with batteries. In this context, it is necessary to design a batteryless mouse that without using power supply such as battery. In view of such demand, on the basic of theoretical analysis, this paper summarizes and designs a classical wireless transmission structure – magnetic resonant coupling and antenna that used to transmit and received power for communication devices. In order to understand the operation of wireless power transmission technology, the paper analysed antenna construction and wireless power transmission technology. The basic design parameters of the axial mode helical antenna structure are also explained. Finally, by using CST STUDIO software, axial mode helical antenna with gain of 6.45 dBi was obtained. The system's output voltage is successfully simulated at 1.516 V that can powered up the computer mouse.

Metasurface-based terahertz wideband linear polarization converter

We designed a linear polarization converter based on metasurface and simulated its functionality. It has a broad bandwidth and operates in the terahertz frequency range (0.4–1.2 THz). The polarization converter consists of a polyimide substrate, a metal grating and a bimetallic split ring resonator. In a bimetallic split ring resonator, the gaps between the rings are rotated by 90° from one another. The structure is simulated by commercial software CST STUDIO SUITE. The results show that the device successfully converts the polarization of terahertz wave from y to x. This structure also has high stability in terms of incidence angle and operates efficiently in the range of 0° to 45°.This kind of polarization converter has a wide application prospect in satellite communication, radar detection, 3D imaging of displays, and other fields.

Analysis of dielectric resonator antenna using natural fiber reinforced polymer composites

This work aims to demonstrate the viability of replacing natural fiber reinforced polymer composites for hard ceramics in millimeter-wave dielectric resonator antennas (DRA). The dielectric characteristics of three novel natural fiber reinforced polymer composites were determined using the Lichtenecker logarithmic mixing law. Using two commercial antenna design software packages, CST Studio and ANSYS HFSS, the resulting dielectric characteristics were utilized to study a probe-fed rectangular DRA. Natural fiber-reinforced polymer-based DRAs offer a wider bandwidth than ceramic-based DRAs. Close coupling is obtained by the three natural fiber-reinforced polymer-based antennas and the ceramic DRA. In all cases, the impedance bandwidths observed are the consequence of quasi-TM111 mode radiation. HFSS studies indicate that the resonance frequency of the natural fiber reinforced polymer based DRAs is roughly 75 percent higher than that of the ceramic DRA. CST results indicate that the resonance frequency of the natural fiber polymer-based DRA is approximately 88 percent higher than that of the ceramic DRA. Natural fiber reinforced Polymer-based DRAs have three times the −10 dB impedance bandwidth of ceramic-based DRAs.

Design of RF cavity test module for electron accelerator with magnetron 2.45 GHz

A design of low-cost electron accelerator is currently being initiated by utilizing a magnetron that is widely commercially used. One such activity is designing an RF cavity test module consisting of a magnetron as an RF source, a waveguide to transfer the RF waves, a cavity where the RF waves resonate and a coupling as a connecting bridge between the cavity and the waveguide. Starting with selecting a magnetron, it was decided to use the commercial magnetron which has an operating frequency of 2.45 GHz. The next stage is to design the cavity. By using CST Studio software, a series of executions using parameter sweep was carried out to obtain the optimal cavity dimension. This leads to a cavity that is 4.74 cm in radius and 3.96 cm in width. These dimensions generate an eigenfrequency of 2.450 GHz and a maximum electric field of 225.7 MV/m by normalizing the stored energy to 1 Joule. To transfer RF waves, a W340 type waveguide is selected. Concerning the coupling, simulation by CST Studio gives iris dimensions of 3.31×0.90 cm2 as the best design. These dimensions give a coupling efficiency of 5.51 and a maximum electric field of 216.4 MV/m.

Designs of three different octagonal-shaped antennas for microwave-based breast cancer detection

Today, there are numerous studies on Microwave Imaging Methods. Thanks to these studies, the success and accuracy rate, especially in breast cancer diagnosis, increases. Microstrip antennas are used in the microwave imaging method. In this study, three different antenna models aimed to be used in microwave imaging methods were designed on the CST Studio Suite program. The designed antennas have been tested on the phantom model in the simulation environment. The test results were examined, and the designed antennas were produced using 3D printing technology. The built antennas were tested in the laboratory using the phantom and tumor-containing phantom models and obtained results were compared.

Logarithmic-spiral magneto-electric dipole antenna for 5G communication

In this paper, a Logarithmic Spiral based Magneto-Electric (LSME) dipole antenna for 5G communication is proposed, fabricated, and experimentally validated. Design is simple and easy tofabricate thus it offers a cost-effective solution for commercially viable antenna for 5G communicationsystems. The antenna has been designed using CST Studio Suite, and results are verified by measurement ofits fabricated prototype. The proposed LSME dipole antenna exhibits an impedance bandwidth of 2.92 GHz (2.65–5.58 GHz) which is around 102% with Peak Gain 8.42 dBi and total efficiency is around 95%.Circular polarization has been achieved over a bandwidth of 1.65 GHz (3.06 to 4.71 GHz) which is around 33.8%. Simulated and measured results prove that the proposed LSME dipole antenna is a promising candidate for5G communication. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a magneto-electric dipoleantenna inspired by logarithmic spirals.

DESIGN AND REALIZATION OF DIRECTIONAL BIQUAD AND OMNIDIRECTIONAL BIQUAD ANTENNAS AS FIRST PERSON VIEW (FPV) RECEIVER ANTENNAS

UAV is an unmanned aerial vehicle controlled remotely by a pilot or automatically by pre-programmed instructions. UAVs are equipped with First Person View (FPV) technology, which facilitates user monitoring. FPV monitoring can be done using with goggles and a monitor screen. The monitor screens available in the market typically use dipole antennas as their default antennas. However, the drawback of the default monitor screen antenna is its limited range, typically only reaching up to 200-300 meters. This research focuses on the design and implementation of biquad antennas for FPV receivers in UAV systems operating at a frequency of 5.8 GHz. The aim is to create antennas with a larger reception range from the transmitter compared to the default FPV monitor screen antenna. Simulation results from CST Studio show that the directional biquad antenna has a VSWR value of 1.508, a return loss of -13.867 dB, and a gain of 3.416 dBi. On the other hand, the omnidirectional biquad antenna with 4 lobes has a VSWR value of 1.7065, a return loss of -11.666 dB, and a gain of 1.973 dBi. Meanwhile, the omnidirectional biquad antenna with 6 lobes has a VSWR value of 1.226, a return loss of -19.863 dB, and a gain of 1.865 dBi. In practical testing on the FPV monitor screen, all three types of antennas were successfully realized and able to capture real-time images from the UAV transmitter. The maximum distances achieved are 634 meters for the directional biquad antenna, 352 meters for the omnidirectional biquad 4 lobes antenna, and 545 meters for the omnidirectional biquad 6 lobes antenna.

Optimasi Antena Mikrostrip 915 MHz Substrat Jeans Patch Slot Persegi Menggunakan CST Studio

Microstrip antennas using jeans substrates have advantages in ease of manufacture, flexibility of use because they are flexible and fashionable, and are very suitable for application in telemedicine devices with the application of Industrial, Scientific and Medical or ISM frequency bands. In this study, the use of a microstrip antenna with a textile substrate was designed with CST studio simulation software to obtain antenna performance according to the expected working frequency, namely at a frequency of 915Mhz. From the results of the initial calculations and design, the patch size obtained is 172,817mm for the patch width value and 126,7476mm for the patch length value. In testing the vswr value, the vswr value is at a value of 14 before optimization and 1.2 after optimization. In testing the S parameter value, it produces a reading of -23 after optimizing the initial value of -3.7 db. The impedance value recorded is 50ohm from the previous value of 47.4ohm so that it is in accordance with the output impedance characteristics originating from Loa915 mhz.

Compact Coplanar Waveguide Antenna Using Arm Patch for Software Defined Radio

This article proposes a compact coplanar waveguide (CPW) antenna with a semicircular patch and patch arm above the feed line. The method used in this antenna research is experimental, with antenna parameter optimization, fabrication, and measurement steps. The antenna was 40 mm × 46 mm × 0.8 mm and was printed on an FR4 substrate. Antenna optimization was carried out with CST Studio Suite to obtain optimal results. Based on return loss measurement results, the proposed antenna has an operational frequency of 2 GHz–7 GHz. The antenna arm has a significant effect on the operational frequency of the antenna, as proven by a parameter study of the antenna arm. Parametric studies were carried out on the antenna by investigating the influence of geometric parameters on the frequency characteristics. Optimization results were printed then measured by a Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) and a spectrum analyzer. The fabricated CPW antenna has a wider operating frequency than the simulation. An omnidirectional radiation pattern was observed at 2 GHz–4 GHz. The antenna has been used as a transmitter and receiver at 2.4 GHz, 3 GHz, and 4 GHz. The antenna is able to receive the signal emitted from the signal generator.

Design and construct a Yagi Antenna with Three Reflector Element to Strengthen 4G Signal in Rural Areas

Rural areas are indicated to be still difficult to reach by 4G signals due to diverse topographical conditions and uneven landscapes, especially hilly areas that weaken the signal reception level in this region. To make the 4G signal accessible in this area, a repeater in the form of an antenna is needed to strengthen the signal. In this study, a yagi antenna is designed with three reflector elements at a working frequency of 1800 Mhz 4G LTE, expected to produce a minimum gain of 12 dBi and a more focused antenna radiation to strengthen the 4G signal in rural areas. The antenna design was simulated using CST Studio Suite software, with optimized simulation results yielding a return loss of -22 dB, VSWR 1.167, and gain 12.40 dBi. From the measurements obtained, the yagi antenna with three reflector elements works well at a frequency of 1800 Mhz, with a return loss of -34.77 dB, VSWR 1.065, gain 12.96 dBi, and unidirectional radiation. With the optimal antenna parameters and the addition of three reflector elements, it's possible to increase the gain value, even though the gain increase isn't substantial, and it narrows the HPBW (Half Power BeamWidth) value. Moreover, testing the yagi antenna at 3 different distances demonstrated that the resulting gain value can enhance 4G signal speed in rural areas

Particle-in-Cell Simulations on High-Efficiency Phase-Locking Millimeter-Wave Magnetrons with Unsynchronized High-Voltage Pulses

Phase locking is an essential choice for building a coherent array, and a system of phase-locked magnetrons is relatively compact and cheaper than other microwave sources. Previous theoretical and experimental studies on phase locking are conducted using synchronized high-voltage pulses. Here, we investigate the characteristics of two phase-locked magnetrons using particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation software (CST STUDIO SUITE 2020) when two high-voltage pulses have delays. The results show that the magnetrons produced two-level RF signals because the operation could be divided into two stages. The first stage happened when one cathode emitted electrons; then, the electrons formed one spoke, traveling in synchronism with the 0-phase difference mode. Two output ports both produced half the output power of a free-running magnetron. The second stage happened after another cathode started to emit electrons, which were instantly pre-modulated by the electromagnetic field of the 0-phase difference mode produced during the first stage. In the second stage, simulations showed that pre-modulation accelerated the process of electron bunching. Eventually, two magnetrons were phase-locked, and the total output power of the two identical magnetrons nearly doubled the output power of the free-running magnetron, which demonstrated that the magnetrons were phase-locked in the high-efficiency phase-locking regime.

Machine learning-based technique for gain and resonance prediction of mid band 5G Yagi antenna

In this study, we present our findings from investigating the use of a machine learning (ML) technique to improve the performance of Quasi-Yagi–Uda antennas operating in the n78 band for 5G applications. This research study investigates several techniques, such as simulation, measurement, and an RLC equivalent circuit model, to evaluate the performance of an antenna. In this investigation, the CST modelling tools are used to develop a high-gain, low-return-loss Yagi–Uda antenna for the 5G communication system. When considering the antenna’s operating frequency, its dimensions are {0.642}lambda _0times {0.583}lambda _0. The antenna has an operating frequency of 3.5 GHz, a return loss of -43.45 dB, a bandwidth of 520 MHz, a maximum gain of 6.57 dB, and an efficiency of almost 97%. The impedance analysis tools in CST Studio’s simulation and circuit design tools in Agilent ADS software are used to derive the antenna’s equivalent circuit (RLC). We use supervised regression ML method to create an accurate prediction of the frequency and gain of the antenna. Machine learning models can be evaluated using a variety of measures, including variance score, R square, mean square error, mean absolute error, root mean square error, and mean squared logarithmic error. Among the nine ML models, the prediction result of Linear Regression is superior to other ML models for resonant frequency prediction, and Gaussian Process Regression shows an extraordinary performance for gain prediction. R-square and var score represents the accuracy of the prediction, which is close to 99% for both frequency and gain prediction. Considering these factors, the antenna can be deemed an excellent choice for the n78 band of a 5G communication system.

Rectangular Dual Band Microstrip Patch Antenna with Defected Ground Plane Using CST STUDIO

Abstract: The rectangular dual-band microstrip patch antenna with defected ground plane for wireless communications that operates at 2.4-3.5 GHz. The antenna incorporates a rectangular patch with slot. The dielectric substrate used for antenna is RT Duroid 5880. According to position of etched slot are determined using parametric such as s-parameters and radiation pattern are simulated. The analyses are performed using CST STUDIO SUITE 2019.

Cascaded solenoid acceleration of vortex laser-driven collimated proton beam

Efficient cascaded proton acceleration driven by an intense Laguerre–Gaussian (LG) laser is realized in combined three-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations and CST STUDIO SUITE (CST) simulations. CST simulations show that there is no divergent force component in the transverse direction in the coil center. Therefore, the collimated proton beam driven by the LG laser in the first stage benefits from the uniform beam acceleration in the second stage. By contrast, the proton beam with larger divergence disperses to the outside of the coil because of the divergent force near the coil wire in the Gaussian laser case. Finally, a quasi-monoenergetic proton beam with a higher flux is generated by the LG laser, which is much better than the Gaussian laser case. The obtained proton beam can potentially be used in some special applications, such as proton radiography, fast ignition of fusion targets, biomedical applications, and production of warm dense matter.

Multiband Band and Dual Diversity Eight-Element MIMO Microstrip Antenna for Wireless Applications

This paper presents the design and performance analysis of multiband dual diversity 8-element multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna at 2.45/3.5/5.2/6 GHz. The proposed antenna was designed on a Flame Resistant (FR-4) substrate having a dielectric constant of 4.4 , dimensions of . The antenna was simulated and analyzed using Computer Simulation Studio (CST Studio). Results obtained from simulation showed that the 8-element MIMO antenna achieved a combined bandwidth of 908.68 MHz representing 34.51% of the fractional bandwidth. Broadside radiation pattern was observed across the three frequency bands in both E- and H-plane with average main lobe magnitude of 7.8 dBi. Furthermore, proposed antenna achieved consistent Envelop Correlation Coefficient (ECC) and Diversity Gain (DG) values of 0.0008 and 9.999 as well as Port-to-port isolation of 27 dB across all frequencies considered. Also, an antenna gain of 8.58 dB was achieved at a frequency of 6 GHz. The gain, isolation, DG and ECC between adjacent ports as well as the loss in capacity were within the standard margins, making the antenna structure suitable for MIMO applications.

Characterization of a capacitive voltage divider

Voltage dividers are devices designed to reduce high voltages according to a transformation ratio to facilitate their measurement for different purposes. Among them is the detection of transient overvoltages in medium voltage lines. It is convenient to know the transformation ratio of the sensor and its working frequency range for the correct measurement of overvoltages. This article shows the characterization process of an air-insulated capacitive voltage divider used to measure induced voltages in distribution networks. A detailed description of the device is shown, such as how it works and the tests carried out for its characterization. The parameters of its equivalent circuit are obtained by modeling the voltage divider in the CST Studio 2021 software; through laboratory tests, its experimental transformation ratio is obtained; and through a frequency sweep applied to the divider, its frequency response is determined. Indeed, the experimental transformation ratio is 10667.46:1, and the frequency range obtained experimentally is between 60 Hz and 4 MHz, different data from those given by the manufacturer. These experimental data can be used as a reference for the capacitive voltage divider.

Reltron Oscillator for Long Pulse and High-Power RF Generation

In this article, a new configuration of the reltron oscillator (i.e., gridless reltron configuration with annular explosive emissive cathode) was proposed for long pulse and high-power RF generation. To investigate the electromagnetic (EM) and RF behavior, the structure was modeled in the CST Studio Suite and then simulated with the help of different solver modules of the CST simulation tool. The effect of various electrical parameters of the proposed configuration on the generated pulsewidth and RF power was also studied. For the optimized structure, the proposed configuration produced an RF signal of peak microwave power of <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$&gt;$</tex-math> </inline-formula> 190 MW with a pulsewidth of <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\sim$</tex-math> </inline-formula> 1 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu $</tex-math> </inline-formula> s. These simulation results were compared with the experimentally reported gridded and gridless reltron, and it was noted that: 1) the proposed configuration produced a peak RF power similar to a gridded reltron with a lower operating voltage; 2) the pulsewidth of the generated RF signal was <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\sim$</tex-math> </inline-formula> 10 times higher than the gridded reltron; 3) obtained <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\sim$</tex-math> </inline-formula> 10 times higher peak RF power than the gridless reltron; and 4) pulsewidth was <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\sim$</tex-math> </inline-formula> 0.2 times lesser than the gridless reltron. Eventually, the structure was benchmarked with the experimentally reported gridded and gridless reltron for its validation.

Design of Fractal-Based Tri-Band Microstrip Bandpass Filter for ISM,WLAN and Wimax Applications

The Peano fractal geometries exhibit a notable ability to space filling due to their distinctive characteristics. In this study, we introduce a Peano-based first-generation flat microstrip multi-band bandpass filter. The filter is presented as a possible solution for ISM, WLAN, and WiMAX applications thanks to its design with symmetric three coupled lines and asymmetric two coupled lines. The first version of the Peano fractal curve was used to design a bandpass filter with a satisfactory response at 2.44, 3.79, and 5.75 GHz. A substrate with a relative dielectric constant of 3.48 and a thickness of 0.762 mm was used to create the filter. The filter architectures' simulated performances were assessed using the CST STUDIO SUITE-based method of moments (MoM). The results show that the proposed filter architecture has good return loss and transmission properties, in addition to its reduced size and inexpensive cost

Deign of Millimeter-Wave Antennas for 5G

The evolution of 5G is became a common in this decade and characteristic of 5G provide high speed and low latency provoke the demand of development of millimeter wave antenna. This project is to design a compact millimeter-wave antennafor 5G at28GHz using CST Studio Suite and validation of simulated result using fabrication and measurements. The double side FR-4 with thickness of 1.6 mm and dielectric constant of 4.7, copper with thickness 0.035mm is used and microstrip feed line is used as feeding technique to the antenna. The CST Studio Suite used in simulation and obtain reflection coefficient of -45.11 dB, 1.011 VSMR, gain of 5.472 dBi and directivity of 6.694 dBi at 28 GHz. The measured result obtains27.776 GHz with -19.18 dB using VNA.

Minaret Shape Micro-Strip Patch Antenna with Partial Ground Plane for Lower 5G and Wi-Max Applications

Antennas are a difficult component to design, yet they play critical functions in wireless transmission systems. To construct the required antenna, the antenna designer must overcome enormous challenges in getting all of the antenna's optimal qualities. Antenna designers must consider antenna factors like bandwidth, return loss, VSWR, gain, directivity, efficiency, and so on, for specific applications. So keep all parameter values as optimal as possible; sometimes you may need to adjust the design of the antenna from its standard shape. The present investigation describes the development of a partial ground-plane micro-strip patch antenna in the shape of a minaret for use in lower 5G and Wi-MAX networks. A microstrip patch antenna with a minaret-shaped radiating element and a partial ground plane is suggested. The suggested antenna is simple because it does not include any unwanted components on the patch, yet the significant gain is maintained by optimizing the ground plane's dimensions and position. The proposed antenna is constructed using a Rogers RT5880 (lossy) substrate, the line feeding method, and 0.035 mm thick (annealed) copper for the patch and ground components. CST Studio Suite 2018 is used for layout and modelling. The antenna is 28 x 16 x 0.79 mm3 and offers a maximum gain of 2.321 dB and a maximum directivity of 2.529 dBi. The recommended antenna has a frequency range of 3.3721 GHz to 4.2382 GHz, making it usable for both low-band 5G and Wi-MAX systems.