Crystalline Content Research Articles

Comparing Indicators of Carbon Cycling Under Different Climatic Regions of Iran

ABSTRACT Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and soil respiration (SR) are essential in carbon cycling and storage. Consequently, proper soil management requires knowledge of factors influencing DOC and SR in soil. The main objective is to identify the most critical indicators that control DOC and SR in the major climatic regions of Iran. The carbon cycling of sixteen pedons from six study sites with different soil moisture and temperature regimes was measured. Soil samples were collected from various genetic horizons to assess their physicochemical properties. Stepwise multiple linear regression (MLR) models were conducted on all horizons and B horizon properties (representing the subsoil) to identify the strongest correlation with DOC and SR. The MLR model revealed that organic carbon (OC) was negatively affected by pH, electrical conductivity (EC), amorphous and crystalline iron oxide contents in all horizons (R2 = 0.69), EC, and cation exchange capacity (CEC) in B horizons (R2 = 0.62). On the other hand, SR was negatively affected by pH, EC, soil water content, and clay contents in all horizons (R2 = 0.67), and calcium carbonate equivalent (CCE), pH, and sodium adsorption ratio in B horizons (R2 = 0.67). The most important indicators associated with carbon cycling included EC and pH in the different soil types of Iran. This study contributes to improving crop yield and mitigating soil degradation, mainly by controlling and managing salinity and pH threats for soil fertility to increase carbon storage in such climatic regions.

Characterizing lignin-containing microfibrillated cellulose based on water interactions, fibril properties, and imaging

Morphological characterization of microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) is critically important to process control in production and product specification for trade and product development yet is extremely difficult. This study evaluated several indirect methods for relative comparison of the morphology of lignin-free and lignin-containing ((L)MFCs). The (L)MFCs studied were produced using a commercial grinder through different passes from a dry lap bleached kraft eucalyptus pulp, a virgin mixed (maple and birch) unbleached kraft hardwood pulp, and two virgin-unbleached kraft softwood (loblolly pine) pulps with one bleachable grade (low lignin content) and one liner grade (high lignin content). The (L)MFCs were indirectly characterized using techniques based on water interactions, i.e., water retention value (WRV) and fibril suspension stability, as well as fibril properties, i.e., cellulose crystallinity and fine content. Optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were also applied to directly visualize the (L)MFCs to provide some objective measure of the morphology of the (L)MFCs. The results indicate that most measures such as WRV, cellulose crystallinity, fine content cannot be used to compare (L)MFCs from different pulp fibers. Measures based on water interactions such as (L)MFC WRV and suspension stability appeared can provide some degree of indirect assessment. This study provided the utilities and limits of these indirect methods for relative comparison of the morphologies of (L)MFCs.

Creating high-resistant starch rice by simultaneous editing of SS3a and SS3b.

Creating high-resistant starch rice by simultaneous editing of SS3a and SS3b.

An insight into the role of the metal precursor and its concentration in the Spray Flame Synthesis (SFS) of FexOy@C nanoparticles for Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis (FTS) application

The effect of metal precursor composition on the synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles in a spray flame reactor was studied. Three compounds, iron nitrate, iron acetylacetonate, and ferrocene, were tested at 0.1 M and 0.2 M concentrations. Variation of the iron precursor showed significant effects in crystallinity, crystallite size, and iron oxides content; the ferrocene produced the highest hematite content, and the nitrate showed the greatest magnetite contribution. Besides, all the particle characteristics changed when the concentration was duplicated, which was found mainly determined by the positive influence of the iron catalytic effect on the flame energy. FTS catalysts were prepared by the FexOy@C samples carburization, obtaining different active phase (χ-Fe5C2) contents from 52% to 92% and depending on the iron precursor employed. Catalysts exhibited good performances for FTS with CO conversions up to 70% and selectivity to C5+ products from 59% to 71%.

Removal of free cyanide in dry-milled cassava flour using atmospheric nonthermal plasma treatment

The primary concern for the cassava industry is reducing hydrogen cyanide (HCN) in the final product to a level that meets the Codex standard. Wet milling and drying to produce cassava starch can reduce cyanide compounds to levels that are safe for human consumption and meet international regulations, but at a high cost in terms of water. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of atmospheric nonthermal (ANT) plasma treatment on the removal of free cyanide from dry-milled cassava flour, as well as other physical and chemical properties. To generate cold plasma, helium was used as the feed gas in a dielectric barrier discharge reactor. The results show that the first-order kinetic model can explain the fraction degradation of cyanide by ANT plasma. The rate of HCN fraction removal increased from 0.0116 min−1 to 0.0453 min−1 and 0.0119 min−1 to 0.0349 min−1 with increasing voltage level (10–20 kV) when the initial HCN were 143 ± 7 and 233 ± 5 mg kg−1 dw, respectively. The 20 kV-15 min ANT plasma treatment of cassava flour containing 143 ± 7 mg kg−1 dw reduced 35.7% of HCN without affecting starch crystallinity, protein, fiber, fat, or moisture content, but significantly changed the pasting properties (P < 0.05).

Principal component analysis for particle size‐based classification of gorgon nut flour and their morphological, structural, thermal and pasting characteristics

SummaryThe effect of differential particle size on morphological, structural, thermal and pasting properties of raw gorgon nut flour was studied. Flour was sieved into five size fractions (250–75 μm). XRD spectra were of “A” type with strong diffraction peaks at 15 &amp; 23, and an unresolved doublet at 17 &amp; 18 degree. A strong negative correlation was observed between relative crystallinity and amylose content. The peak glass transition temperature (70.13–78.81 °C) and enthalpy (12.06–60.96 J g−1) differed significantly. Among all fractions, the peak viscosity, trough viscosity, onset temperature, enthalpy, peak &amp; conclusion temperature, and amylose content were inversely correlated to setback, breakdown, relative crystallinity, pasting temperature, and pasting time of gorgon nut flour. Principal component analysis categorised flour fractions into three distinct sub‐groups viz. coarse (&lt;250 μm), medium (&lt;180 μm), and fine (&lt;106 μm), exhibiting diverse behaviour. It could be inferred that peak viscosity and setback of finer fractions could be considered as the key property of gorgon nut flour. The finer fractions may be appropriate for sauces and soups whereas, coarser fractions may be used to prepare stronger dough for baked products.

Coupled modelling of artificial freezing along clay-sand interface under seepage flow conditions

The artificial freezing in the clay-sand stratum under seepage flow conditions involves the hydro-ice-salt-crystalline-thermal-mechanical coupling process. A theoretical model is derived to investigate the influences of water seepage on the freezing process in the clay-sand stratum. The good agreements between the results from the theoretical model and laboratory tests in the literature verified the accuracy of the proposed model. Parametric studies are conducted to investigate the influences of the seepage velocities and temperature gradients on the spatial distributions. It is found that the ice contents, crystalline salt contents and adsorbed salt contents distribution profiles in the clay-sand stratum are nonlinearly distributed with a cliff distribution curve existing on their interface. The crystalline salt contents in the clay layer are higher than those in the sand layer due to the influence of water seepage and heat transfer. The adsorbed salt contents in the frozen area account for 2% of the total salt contents, but those in the unfrozen area account for 8% of the total salt contents. Due to the volume expansion caused by the soil skeleton deformation, thickness of fractional ice, ice frost heave deformation and salt swelling deformation, the soil deformation distribution curves in the clay-sand stratum are in a bilinear shape.

The annealing temperature dependence of the RRAM effect and the oxygen vacancy mechanism for double perovskite Bi2FeCrO6 film

Resistive random access memory (RRAM) is the most potentially nonvolatile memory of the next generation. In this paper, the double perovskite Bi2FeCrO6 (BFCO) thin films were prepared on FTO/glass using the sol-gel method. And, the resistive switching (RS) phenomena were observed in the Au/BFCO/FTO/glass device annealed at different temperatures. Moreover, the RS behaviors and the mechanism of the Au/BFCO/FTO device were analyzed and discussed, and the RS behaviors could be due to the interaction between the interfacial barrier and oxygen vacancies, and the change of RRAM performance under the annealing temperatures can be attributed to the crystallinity and oxygen vacancy defect content in double perovskite BFCO films, so that, the largest and most stable switching ratios of more than 102 for the BFCO film is achieved annealed at 700 °C. These findings will help us design and fabricate the multiferroic BFCO-based resistive switching memory devices.

Effect of Mechanical Recycling on the Mechanical Properties of PLA-Based Natural Fiber-Reinforced Composites

The present study investigates the feasibility of utilizing polylactic acid (PLA) and PLA-based natural fiber-reinforced composites (NFRCs) in mechanical recycling. A conical twin screw extrusion (CTSE) process was utilized to recycle PLA and PLA-based NFRCs consisting of 90 wt.% PLA and a 10 wt.% proportion of either basalt fibers (BFs) or halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) for up to six recycling steps. The recycled material was then injection molded to produce standard test specimens for impact strength and tensile property analysis. The mechanical recycling of virgin PLA led to significant discoloration of the polymer, indicating degradation during the thermal processing of the polymer due to the formation of chromatophores in the structure. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis revealed an increase in glass transition temperature (Tg) with respect to increased recycling steps, indicating an increased content of crystallinity in the PLA. Impact strength testing showed no significant detrimental effects on the NFRCs’ impact strength up to six recycling steps. Tensile testing of PLA/HNT NFRCs likewise did not show major decreases in values when tested. However, PLA/BF NFRCs exhibited a significant decrease in tensile properties after three recycling steps, likely due to a reduction in fiber length beyond the critical fiber length. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the fracture surface of impact specimens revealed a decrease in fiber length with respect to increased recycling steps, as well as poor interfacial adhesion between BF and PLA. This study presents a promising initial view into the mechanical recyclability of PLA-based composites.

Influence of plane-strain compression on the microstructure and tribological behavior of GUR 1050 UHMWPE

Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) has been used as a bearing surface in orthopedic implants due to its outstanding physical and mechanical properties. Modifications in the structure of the polymer have a direct effect on its wear. In this work, plane-strain compression in a channel die was applied to induce microstructural changes in specimens of UHMWPE GUR 1050. These structural changes were characterized using a combined approach involving Raman spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy. These qualitative and quantitative characterization resulted in a valuable understanding of the changes in the material microstructure when subjected to plastic deformation. A molecular non-uniform alignment of the UHMWPE molecules, with fragmentation and kinking of polymer lamellae, was observed in the direction of material flow, perpendicular to the compressive load direction, following an inhomogeneous strain field generated by the mechanical compression. The microstructural analyses revealed an increased crystalline content and decreased intermediate phase while amorphous phase content remained unchanged, in all the regions of the deformed specimen. The tribological performance, evaluated by the scratch resistance force, decreased along the material flow direction and increased along the load direction in the deformed polymer compared to that of the uncompressed polymer. Plane-strain compression was able to modify the polymer microstructure, introducing directional anisotropy in its tribological behavior that can impact the wear performance of the material.

High-versus low-viscosity resin cements: Its effect on the load-bearing capacity under fatigue of a translucent zirconia

The purpose of the present study was to characterize the elastic modulus and Poisson’s ratio of a resin cement with distinct viscosities, and to evaluate their impact on the static and fatigue strength of a translucent zirconia (4Y-PSZ) after air-abrasion surface treatment. Bar-shaped specimens of two different viscosities of resin cement (high and low) were obtained (25 × 10 × 3 mm). Sonelastic and Maxwell principles tests were performed to determine the elastic modulus and Poisson’s ratio of each resin cement. Disc-shaped specimens of 4Y-PSZ were made (Ø = 15 mm, 1.2 mm in thickness) for the mechanical tests and allocated into groups according to two factors: surface treatment (presence or absence of air-abrasion with alumina particles; 45 μm grain-size); cement (absence, low or high viscosity). The static (n = 10) and cyclical (n = 15) biaxial flexural strength tests were performed by piston-on-three-balls geometry. A fatigue strength test was executed (20 Hz, initial stress of 60 MPa [12% of the mean static biaxial flexural strength], followed by increments of 25 MPa [5% of the mean static biaxial flexural strength] at each step of 10,000 cycles until the failure). The obtained data were analyzed by Weibull analysis. Survival rates were tabulated by the Kaplan-Meier test. Complementary analyses of surface roughness, topography, cross-sectional interfacial zone, fractography, and zirconia crystalline content (X-ray diffraction) were also performed. The evaluated resin cements with high and low viscosity presented similar elastic modulus (13.63 GPa; 12.74 GPa) and Poisson’s ratio (0.32; 0.30), respectively. The air-abraded groups depicted higher mechanical strength of the zirconia ceramics than non-abraded groups (p˂ 0.05), regardless of the resin cement. 4Y-PSZ adhesively bonded to a high or low viscosity resin cement have statistically similar behavior (p˃ 0.05). The mechanical structural reliability of the 4Y-PSZ was not affected by the factors. Therefore, resin cement with high and low viscosity presented similar properties and potential to fill the zirconia surface, and did not affect the mechanical behavior of 4Y-PSZ. However, the air-abrasion surface treatment increased the static and fatigue flexural strength of the translucent zirconia.

Retention force, translucency, and microstructural properties of translucent temporary luting cements: An in vitro study

The aim of the study was to investigate the retention behaviour (pull-off force include adhesive remnant index = ARI) as well as translucency of various temporary luting cements and use microstructure elucidation methods to formulate explanatory approaches to their mode of action.The retention force of the temporary luting cements Provicol QM Plus (P+), Provicol QM Aesthetic (Pae), Bifix Temp (BiT), and as a reference a glass ionomer cement Meron (M) with a direct (Structur 3/S3) or an indirect (Structure CAD/SCAD) resin-based composite restauration was investigated after accelerated aging (thermocycling). Additional investigation of the physical properties was performed regarding to translucency and surface free energy. The microstructure was evaluated by X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry and micro X-ray computed tomography.All tested temporary luting cements showed different pull-off forces in the range between 3.0 and 16.8 N in combination with S3 or SCAD after thermocycling. Only BiT with S3 showed pull-off forces of 129.2 N and complete retention on the restoration (ARI = 0), which was significant (p < .001) to all other samples. High translucency (BiT > Pae > M > P+) was observed for materials with lower crystalline content and low residual mass (usally resulting from higher organic content). M showed the highest surface free energy with a predominantly polar fraction, while BiT had a predominantly dispersive fraction. The highest porosity was observed in the coronal region of the restoration.The results suggest that translucency of temporary luting cements can be increased with higher organic and lower cryristall content. All combinations of cements and temporary restorations (direct/indirect; with the exception of BiT/S3) showed pull-off forces below 17 N (equivalent to a weight force of ∼1.7 kg), which allows manual detachment of the restoration by the dentist.

Role of Mineral-Organic Interactions in PFAS Retention by AFFF-Impacted Soil.

A comprehensive, generalized approach to predict the retention of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) from aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) by a soil matrix as a function of PFAS molecular and soil physiochemical properties was developed. An AFFF with 34 major PFAS (12 anions and 22 zwitterions) was added to uncontaminated soil in one-dimensional saturated column experiments and PFAS mass retained was measured. PFAS mass retention was described using an exhaustive statistical approach to generate a poly-parameter quantitative structure-property relationship (ppQSPR). The relevant predictive properties were PFAS molar mass, mass fluorine, number of nitrogens in the PFAS molecule, poorly crystalline Fe oxides, organic carbon, and specific (BET-N2) surface area. The retention of anionic PFAS was nearly independent of soil properties and largely a function of molecular hydrophobicity, with the size of the fluorinated side chain as the main predictor. Retention of nitrogen-containing zwitterionic PFAS was related to poorly crystalline metal oxides and organic carbon content. Knowledge of the extent to which a suite of PFAS may respond to variations in soil matrix properties, as developed here, paves the way for the development of reactive transport algorithms with the ability to capture PFAS dynamics in source zones over extended time frames.

A novel scCO2 dyeing strategy for superior coloration of UHMWPE fiber

Ultra-high-molecular-weight-polyethylene (UHMWPE) fibers have the highest stiffness-to-weight ratio of any available material, including metals. However, their applicability in consumer products is surprisingly limited. One reason for this is the inability to readily dye UHMWPE fibers, i.e. the fibers are only available in clear or black (carbon particle filled). Attempts to color UHMWPE fibers have only achieved limited dye uptake due to the high crystalline content of drawn UHMWPE fibers. In this study, we demonstrate that high dye uptake and high color intensity are possible in drawn UHMWPE via scCO2 dyeing of the as-spun fibers prior to drawing. The as-spun fibers are demonstrated to be drawn via standard methods into dyed high-performance fibers. Comparison of color intensity is made with UHMWPE fibers dyed after drawing and standard PET fibers. Mechanical properties are measured during the drawing process to demonstrate that the presence of dye does not reduce the drawability or the mechanical properties of the fibers.

Reduced graphene oxide influences morphology and thermal properties of silk/cellulose biocomposites

In recent decades, research into biomaterials such as silk or cellulose has rapidly expanded due to their abundance, low cost, and tunable morphological as well as physicochemical properties. Cellulose is appealing due to its crystalline and amorphous polymorphs while silk is attractive due to its tunable secondary structure formations which is made up of flexible protein fibers. When these two biomacromolecules are mixed, their properties can be modified by changing their material composition and fabrication methodology, e.g., solvent type, coagulation agent, and temperature. Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) can be used to increase molecular interactions and stabilization of natural polymers. In this study, we sought to determine how small amounts of rGO affect the carbohydrate crystallinity and protein secondary structure formation as well as physicochemical properties and how they affect overall ionic conductivity of cellulose-silk composites. Properties of fabricated silk and cellulose composites with and without rGO were investigated using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy, X-Ray Scattering, Differential Scanning Calorimetry, Dielectric Relaxation Spectroscopy, and Thermogravimetric Analysis. Our results show that addition of rGO influenced morphological and thermal properties of cellulose-silk biocomposites, specifically through cellulose crystallinity and silk β-sheet content which further impacted ionic conductivity.

A large-scale forward genetic screen for maize mutants with altered lignocellulosic properties.

The development of efficient pipelines for the bioconversion of grass lignocellulosic feedstocks is challenging due to the limited understanding of the molecular mechanisms controlling the synthesis, deposition, and degradation of the varying polymers unique to grass cell walls. Here, we describe a large-scale forward genetic approach resulting in the identification of a collection of chemically mutagenized maize mutants with diverse alterations in their cell wall attributes such as crystalline cellulose content or hemicellulose composition. Saccharification yield, i.e. the amount of lignocellulosic glucose (Glc) released by means of enzymatic hydrolysis, is increased in two of the mutants and decreased in the remaining six. These mutants, termed candy-leaf (cal), show no obvious plant growth or developmental defects despite associated differences in their lignocellulosic composition. The identified cal mutants are a valuable tool not only to understand recalcitrance of grass lignocellulosics to enzymatic deconstruction but also to decipher grass-specific aspects of cell wall biology once the genetic basis, i.e. the location of the mutation, has been identified.

Application of the container waste glass in foamed glass production

We report on foamed glass production from container glass cullet, foaming couple carbon/Mn3O4, and crystallization inhibitors (fluxing agents, aluminum oxide and phosphates) under an oxygen-free atmosphere. We study the influence of the content of the inhibitors on the density, porosity, crystallinity, and thermal conductivity of the foamed samples. We observe that the amounts of fluxing agents determined to effectively decrease the crystallization (5 wt%) prevent effective foaming and were thus decreased. By decreasing the content of the fluxing agent to 2 wt%, the densities of the foamed samples are decreased. With the addition of phosphates to the mixtures, crystalline content, open porosity and thermal conductivity are decreased. However, the obtained foamed samples remain mainly open porous with density and thermal conductivity in the ranges 140–168 kg m−3 and 57–66 mW m−1K−1, respectively.

Fatigue performance analysis of strength-graded zirconia polycrystals for monolithic three-unit implant-supported prostheses

The aim of this study was to evaluate the fatigue behavior of strength-graded zirconia polycrystals used as monolithic three-unit implant-supported prosthesis; complementarily, crystalline phase and micromorphology were also assessed. Fixed prostheses with 3 elements supported by 2 implants were confectioned, as follows: Group 3Y/5Y – monolithic structures of a graded 3Y-TZP/5Y-TZP zirconia (IPS e.max® ZirCAD PRIME); Group 4Y/5Y - monolithic structures of a graded 4Y-TZP/5Y-TZP zirconia (IPS e.max® ZirCAD MT Multi); Group Bilayer – framework of a 3Y-TZP zirconia (Zenostar T) veneered with porcelain (IPS e.max Ceram). The samples were tested for fatigue performance with step-stress analysis. The fatigue failure load (FFL), the number of cycles required until failure (CFF), and the survival rates in each cycle were recorded. The Weibull module was calculated and the fractography analyzed. The crystalline structural content via Micro-Raman spectroscopy and the crystalline grain size via Scanning Electron microscopy were also assessed for graded structures. Group 3Y/5Y showed the highest FFL, CFF, probability of survival, and reliability (based on Weibull modulus). Group 4Y/5Y showed significantly superior FFL and probability of survival than group bilayer. Fractographic analysis revealed catastrophic flaws in the monolithic structure and cohesive fracture of porcelain in bilayer prostheses, all originating from the occlusal contact point. The graded zirconia presented small grain size (≤0.61 μm), with the smallest values at the cervical region. The main composition of graded zirconia was of grains at tetragonal phase. The strength-graded monolithic zirconia, especially the 3Y-TZP/5Y-TZP, showed to be promising for use as monolithic three-unit implant-supported prosthesis.

A multi-technique and multi-scale analysis of the thermal degradation of PEEK in laser heating

The present work studies the thermal degradation of laser-heated poly-ether-ether-ketone (PEEK) as the heating duration increases. Its damage morphology, chemical composition, crystallinity content, and mechanical properties are examined with optical microscopy, attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, Raman spectroscopy, and continuous stiffness measurement nanoindentation. The applicability of those methods in detecting the thermal degradation of laser-heated PEEK and assessing the induced thermal damage is highlighted. Results show that short-time laser heating acts as an annealing process that improves the crystallinity and hardness on the affected surface of PEEK by up to 5.1% and 10.8% respectively. With a further increase in the heating duration, surface carbonisation occurs and a char layer is formed. Surface carbonisation is associated with the thermal limits of PEEK in laser heating decreasing by up to 50% its hardness and by 45% its indentation modulus. Finally, the char layer is found to act as a shielding mechanism that protects the bulk PEEK from the applied thermal load, resulting in mostly superficial thermally induced damage.

Relationship between in vitro digestibility and multi-structures of four unconventional starches from Chinese tropical fruits (sweetsop, avocado, chempedak, and Pouteria campechiana) extracted using an ultrasound method

The development of unconventional starch resources has gained interest in recent years. Herein, we comprehensively characterize avocado seed (ASS), chempedak seed (CPSS), Pouteria campechiana seed (PCSS), and sweetsop pulp (STS) starches extracted using a high-intensity ultrasound method. High starch yields (≥ 23.14 %) and starch purity (≥ 99.17 %) were observed for all samples. ASS, CPSS, and PCSS had an A-type crystal structure, while STS showed a B-type crystal structure. ASS showed the highest weight-average molecular weight, long chain content, average polymerization degree, conformation index, molecular density index, α-1,4-glycosidic bond content, double helix content, amylose content, relative crystallinity, semi-crystalline order, and V-type polymorph content while also exhibiting the lowest radius of gyration and fractal dimension. Consequently, ASS featured a smaller blocklet size than that of CPSS and STS, implying a higher ability of re-association of ASS molecular chains during retrogradation. This resulted in that ASS exhibited a lower breakdown viscosity, higher pasting temperature, and a greater final viscosity than those of CPSS and STS, thereby featuring the lowest contents of rapidly digestible starch (RDS: 1.86%) and slowly digestible starch (SDS: 12.99 %), decreased equilibrium concentration (C∞: 28.48 %), reduced SDS enzymolysis rate (kSDS: 0.48 × 10−2 min−1), and highest resistant starch content (RS) than the others samples. Moreover, compared with STS (11.44 %, 24.63 %, 1.43 × 10−2 min−1, 48.34 %, and 63.93 %), CPSS and PCSS had lower RDS (6.18–7.39 %), SDS (19.68–22.77%), kSDS (0.73–1.16 × 10−2 min−1), and C∞ (35.61–44.22%), while showing higher RS (69.84–74.14 %). These results suggest that STS is a high-GI food, whereas ASS, PCSS, and CPSS are middle-GI foods. Based on statistical analysis, all these results indicated that the lamellar structure ordering, molecular network density, and crystallite size have a significantly negative effect on in vitro digestibility. Therefore, our study provides a theoretical basis for processing unconventional starch-based products.