Removal Of Crystal Violet Dye Research Articles

Amorphization of natural ilmenite for production of a potential porous adsorbent towards crystal violet dye removal from aqueous environment

In this work, amorphization of ilmenite mineral was obtained by solid NaOH alkaline fusion at 550 oC. The material was tested as an adsorbent towards crystal violet (CV) removal from an aqueous matrix. Several techniques, such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms (BET) were used to characterize the material, and revealed an amorphous structure with superior surface area (88.84 m² g-1) compared to raw sample (5.90 m² g-1). These intrinsic characteristics resulted in a satisfactory adsorption capacity, reaching 133 mg g-1 at a temperature of 328 K. Kinetic studies on the adsorption process indicated that the equilibrium condition was reached within 50 min, being well represented by the Avrami model. The thermodynamic study revealed that the CV adsorption onto ilmenite is spontaneous, endothermic, and favorable. The amorphized material maintains the same adsorptive performance after three reuse cycles. Therefore, the amorphization route proposed in this work was satisfactory for producing a porous adsorbent from the ilmenite mineral, with potential use for wastewater treatment.

Machine learning approaches for the treatment of textile wastewater using sugarcane bagasse (Saccharum officinarum) biochar.

Most dyes present in wastewater from the textile industry exhibit toxicity and are resistant to biodegradation. Hence, the imperative arises for the environmentally significant elimination of textile dye by utilising agricultural waste. The achievement of this objective can be facilitated through the utilisation of the adsorption mechanism, which entails the passive absorption of pollutants using biochar. In this study, we compare the efficacy of the response surface methodology (RSM), the artificial neural network (ANN), the k-nearest neighbour (kNN), and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) in removing crystal violet (CV) from wastewater. The characterisation of biochar is carried out by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). The impacts of the solution pH, adsorbent dosage, initial dye concentration, and temperature were investigated using a variety of models (RSM, ANN, kNN, and ANFIS). The statistical analysis of errors was conducted, resulting in a maximum removal effectiveness of 97.46% under optimised settings. These conditions included an adsorbent dose of 0.4mg, a pH of 5, a CV concentration of 40.1mg/L, and a temperature of 20°C. The ANN, RSM, kNN, and ANFIS models all achieved R2 0.9685, 0.9618, 0.9421, and 0.8823, respectively. Even though all models showed accuracy in predicting the removal of CV dye, it was observed that the ANN model exhibited greater accuracy compared to the other models.

Synthesis of a novel clay/polyacrylic acid-tannic acid hydrogel composite for efficient removal of crystal violet dye with low swelling and high adsorption performance

Hydrogels are versatile materials with numerous applications; however, their potential in water treatment is hindered by their tendency to exhibit high swelling, degradation, and excessive water absorption. In this study, a hydrogel composed of natural clay, polyacrylic acid (PAA), and tannic acid (TA) was prepared with varying ratios of TA to control swelling ratio, reduce degradation and enhance adsorption efficiency for removal of cationic dye-contaminated wastewater. The effect of the TA ratio on the physical, chemical, and adsorption properties of prepared hydrogel (clay/PAA-TA) was studied by preparing a series of hydrogel composites and characterizing them using various techniques. The swelling ratio of pure PAA hydrogels was 7061%, but by incorporating TA into the polymer mixture, the swelling ratio decreased to less than 500%, with the lowest observed swelling of 250% occurring at a 5% tannic acid. In adsorption studies, the target pollutant was crystal violet dye (CV) and the pH effect, time effect, temperature and initial dye concentration for the adsorption CV dye were investigated using batch adsorption parameters. Adsorption studies showed that using 5% of TA is the optimal ratio to achieve the highest adsorption capacity of the prepared clay/PAA-TA to uptake CV dye. With an adsorption capacity of 444.5 mg/g, the Langmuir-Freundlich model suited the adsorption isotherm. The adsorption kinetics were best explained by the pseudo-first-order model. The results of thermodynamic studies indicated that the adsorption was spontaneous, favorable, and endothermic.

Removal of Crystal Violet Dye by Electrocoagulation – Analysis of Electrode and Solution Changes

This study investigates the changes at the electrodes and in the solution during crystal violet dye removal by electrocoagulation at different current densities (0.016, 0.024, and 0.032 A cm<sup>–2</sup>) and initial pH values (3.2, 5.5, and 7.0). The electrocoagulation process, which lasted 50 min, revealed changes in pH, temperature, electrical conductivity, and concentration of the crystal violet dye in the solution. The results demonstrate complete removal of crystal violet dye at the highest current density (achieved after 40 min) and an initial pH of 5.5 (complete removal after 30 min). During the electrocoagulation process, both the anodic and cathodic electrode materials were consumed. The consumption of electrode material increased with higher current density and solution pH, the influence of current density being more pronounced. Examination of the electrode surfaces under a light microscope revealed that the anodes dissolved uniformly and locally during the electrocoagulation process, while the cathodes mostly underwent uniform corrosion.

Studies on the removal of crystal violet dye using barkin ladi clay

Studies on the removal of crystal violet dye using barkin ladi clay

Removal of crystal violet dye from aqueous solution using adsorbent prepared from oak tree fruit waste

Removal of crystal violet dye from aqueous solution using adsorbent prepared from oak tree fruit waste

Sustainable Removal of Crystal Violet Dye Using Synthesized Albizia Procera-Iron Activated Carbon Nanoparticles (AP-Fe-Ac Nps): Kinetics, Isotherms and Thermodynamics

In present era, green synthesis methodologies showcases the liabilities in synthetization of nanoparticles and elimination of stains using this synthesized nanoparticles because of their less influencing environmental toxicity. Alblizia procera leaf extract is used in this present studies as it is a promising capping and reducing agents like phenols and other attributed biomolecules, to synthesize FeNp’s-AC in this experiment. The action of ferrous-activated carbon nano-sized particles is calibrated using FTIR, SEM and XRD methods. This experimentation is based on process called Adsorption in the extraction of crystal violet tint are carried out for different parameters which include: dosage, contact time, pH and temperatures were studied and optimized. The Freundlich, Langumir and Temkin Isotherm models for Crystal violet are proved to be the best adjustments for the AP-Fe-ACNp’s experimental data.

The Efficiency of Chamomile in Crystal Violet Dye Removal Processes

Bu çalışmada papatyanın adsorplama özellikleri incelenmiştir. Crystal Violet (CV) boya adsorpsiyon proseslerinde adsorban olarak, işlenmemiş papatya (Ch) ve fosforik asit (H3PO4) (Ch-H3PO4) kullanılarak hazırlanan aktif karbon formu kullanılmıştır. Adsorbanların yüzey yapılarını gözlemlemek için Taramalı Elektron Mikroskobu (SEM) analizleri kullanılmıştır. Adsorpsiyon etkinlikleri pH (1-7), zaman (0-300 dk), başlangıç boya konsantrasyonu (10-50 ppm), adsorban miktarı (0,5-2 g/L) ve sıcaklığa (25-45 °C) bağlı olarak her bir adsorban için incelenmiş ve birbiriyle karşılaştırılmıştır. Adsorpsiyon proseslerinin 300 dk’ da dengeye ulaştığı belirlenmiştir. Her iki proseste de en yüksek giderimler pH 7' de elde edilmiştir. Tüm değişen konsantrasyonlarda, her iki adsorban da yüksek giderim yüzdelerine ulaşmıştır. Ayrıca değişen adsorban dozajının, her iki adsorbanın kapasite değerlerini büyük ölçüde etkilediği gözlenmiştir. Kinetik çalışmalarda proseslerin yalancı ikinci dereceden kinetik model ile açıklandığı ve izoterm çalışmalarının Freundlich izotermi ile uyumlu olduğu görülmüştür. Termodinamik çalışmalarında ΔH0 değerleri Ch ve Ch-H3PO4 için sırasıyla 20,69 ve -34,87 kJ mol-1 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Negatif ve pozitif ΔH0 değerleri sırasıyla ekzotermik ve endotermik doğayı gösterir. Ch ve Ch-H3PO4 için ΔS0 değerleri sırasıyla 76,52 ve -95,55 J mol-1K-1 olarak bulunmuştur. Negatif ΔG0 değerleri proseslerin kendiliğindenliğini açıklamaktadır. Sonuç olarak, işlenmemiş papatyanın CV boya gideriminde etkili olduğu, H3PO4 kullanılarak aktif karbon hazırlanması ile etkinliğinin arttığı belirlenmiştir.

Development and utilization of raw and NaOH-modified peanut hull as potential adsorbents for crystal violet dye removal from wastewater

Development and utilization of raw and NaOH-modified peanut hull as potential adsorbents for crystal violet dye removal from wastewater

Green synthesis of MnO2-embedded Rauvolfia tetraphylla leaves (MnO2@RTL) for crystal violet dye removal and as an antibacterial agent.

The application of green synthesized nanocomposites for the prevention of environmental pollution is increasing nowadays. Here, a green composite has been synthesized by embedding MnO2 on Rauvolfia tetraphylla leaves using its leaf extract hereinafter termed as MnO2@RTL, and demonstrated for crystal violet (CV) dye removal from simulated and real wastewater. The surface properties of the material were determined by scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET) surface area, pHZPC, and zeta potential. The material exhibits a remarkable adsorption capacity of 61.162mg/g at 328K and pH 7. The adsorption was best fitted with Pseudo-second-order kinetic (R2 = 0.998) and a combination of Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm model (R2 = 0.994-0.999). The thermodynamic study revealed spontaneous (ΔG values = - 2.988 to - 4.978kJ/mol) and endothermic (ΔH values = 6.830 to 11.018kJ/mol) adsorption. After adsorption, 80% regeneration occurred with 50% methanol, and recycled up to five times. Advantageously, the material was able to remove CV dye in the presence of coexistent ions and fromindustrial wastewater, confirming field applicability. The adsorption capacity of the material is superior to previously reported materials. The standard deviation and relative standard deviations have been evaluated to be 0.000422-0.000667 and 0.473-0.749%, which suggests the reliability of the experiments. The exhausted material, after recycling, was pyrolyzed to overcome the disposal problem. It was established as a secondary adsorbent with 73% efficiency which makes the material win-win. The material showed antibacterial properties with Staphylococcus aureus bacteria with a zone of inhibition 5mm.

Synergistic adsorption/photodegradation effect for effective removal of crystal violet dye and acetamiprid pesticide using Fe3+ cross-linked ternary carboxymethyl cellulose/polyaniline/TiO2 photocomposites

In this paper, a new series of cross-linked carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) based photocomposite hydrogels incorporating polyaniline (PANI) as semi-interpenetrating chains and titanium oxide (TiO2) as inorganic filler were prepared to effectively remove crystal violet (CV) and acetamiprid pollutants (AC) by adsorption/photodegradation under solar light. The structural, textural, thermal and optical properties of these hydrogels were analyzed using; Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-Ray diffraction analysis (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and UV–visible diffuse reflectance spectra. The performance of CMC-based hydrogels for CV adsorption was evaluated through batch experiments using multi-variable parameters reactor. The results revealed that the adsorption kinetics was consistent with the pseudo-second order model (with values of R2 > 0.99) and the adsorption isotherm followed the Langmuir model (R2 > 0.99 and a maximum Langmuir adsorption capacity of 159.08 mg g−1 obtained for the optimized hydrogel CP5). Meanwhile, it was observed that a better photocatalytic activity was generated by combination of TiO2-PANI systems with an almost complete removal (99 %) of dye molecules in 80 min of irradiation duration, suggesting a synergy between these two systems. Separately, the AC degradation study revealed good catalytic activity of hydrogels against this pollutant from both demineralised and real water. Lastly, the regeneration study of photocomposite beads revealed a good stability of these hydrogels in water by retaining their photoactivity over five cycles of reuse.

Novel insights into crystal violet dye adsorption onto various macroalgae: Comparative study, recyclability and overview of chromium (VI) removal

In this study, effective biomaterials were prepared from marine macroalgae, namely Fucus spiralis (F.S), Ulva intestinalis (U.I), and Corallina officinalis (C.O). The ability to adsorb the hazardous organic dye crystal violet (CV) was examined, revealing different adsorptive properties for the three algae. The removal of CV dye occurred onto only a homogeneous monolayer for F.S, and both a homogeneous monolayer and a heterogeneous multilayer for U.I and C.O algae. The predicted monolayer capacities at 25 °C were approximately 53 mg/g, 55 mg/g, and 97 mg/g for F.S, C.O, and U.I, respectively. The adsorption of CV dye on all the algae was found to follow a pseudo-second-order rate. Ulva intestinalis algae, as a potential adsorbent of CV dye, were also tested in the adsorption of inorganic substances and demonstrated significant efficiency in the removal of chromium (VI). The findings highlight various adsorption properties and the relevance of macroalgae for wastewater treatment applications.

Activated Carbon-Incorporated Tragacanth Gum Hydrogel Biocomposite: A Promising Adsorbent for Crystal Violet Dye Removal from Aqueous Solutions.

Biomaterials-based adsorbents have emerged as a sustainable and promising solution for water purification, owing to their eco-friendly nature and remarkable adsorption capacities. In this study, a biocomposite hydrogel was prepared by the incorporation of activated carbon derived from pomegranate peels (PPAC) in tragacanth gum (TG). The hydrogel biocomposite (PPAC/TG) showed a porous structure, a negative surface charge at a pH of more than 4.9, and good stability in aqueous media. The adsorption properties of the PPAC/TG hydrogel biocomposite were assessed for the removal of crystal violet dye (CV) from aqueous solutions using a batch adsorption. The equilibrium adsorption data followed the Sips isotherm model, as supported by the calculated R2 (>0.99), r-χ2 (<64), and standard error values (<16). According to the Sips model, the maximum values of the adsorption capacity of PPAC/TG were 455.61, 470.86, and 477.37 mg/g at temperatures of 25, 30, and 35 °C, respectively. The adsorption kinetic of CV onto the PPAC/TG hydrogel biocomposite was well described by the pseudo-second-order model with R2 values more than 0.999 and r-χ2 values less than 12. Thermodynamic studies confirmed that the CV dye adsorption was spontaneous and endothermic. Furthermore, the prepared hydrogel exhibited excellent reusability, retaining its adsorption capacity even after being used more than five times. Overall, this study concludes that the prepared PPAC/TG exhibited a significant adsorption capacity for cationic dyes, indicating its potential as an effective and eco-friendly adsorbent for water treatment.

Alysicarpus Vaginalis Plant‐Based Antioxidant Hybrid Nanocomposite‐MnFe2O4/AV for Water Treatment

AbstractThe present study is focussed on the adsorptive removal of Crystal violet dye from laboratory polluted water using Alysicarpus vaginalis plant material based hybrid multifunctional nanocomposite which was prepared by following co‐precipitation method. The prepared composite MnFe2O4/AV has been characterised using FT‐IR, SEM‐EDX, TEM, XRD, BET, TGA techniques. The nanocomposite has been investigated for its antioxidant activity. The MnFe2O4/AV has been found possessing numerous functional groups on its porous surface and the sorption efficiency was evaluated in terms of parameters, such as sorbent dosage, concentration of the dye, contact time and pH of solution. The maximum adsorption capacity has been obtained as 34.211 mg g−1 and the process was found to be feasible and endothermic in nature. The data fitting showed that the sorption followed pseudo‐second order kinetics. From the sorption data fitting it was found that the sorption followed the Freundlich isotherm. Thus, the MnFe2O4/AV composite proved to be economical to synthesise which is eco‐friendly and has antioxidant ability, thus multifunctional in nature.

Ti3C2-MXene/NiO Nanocomposites-Decorated CsPbI3 Perovskite Active Materials under UV-Light Irradiation for the Enhancement of Crystal-Violet Dye Photodegradation

Ti3C2-MXene material, known for its strong electronic conductivity and optical properties, has emerged as a promising alternative to noble metals as a cocatalyst for the development of efficient photocatalysts used in environmental cleanup. In this study, we investigated the photodegradation of crystal-violet (CV) dye when exposed to UV light using a newly developed photocatalyst known as Ti3C2-MXene/NiO nanocomposite-decorated CsPbI3 perovskite, which was synthesized through a hydrothermal method. Our research investigation into the structural, morphological, and optical characteristics of the Ti3C2-MXene/NiO/CsPbI3 composite using techniques such as FTIR, XRD, TEM, SEM–EDS mapping, XPS, UV–Vis, and PL spectroscopy. The photocatalytic efficacy of the Ti3C2-MXene/NiO/CsPbI3 composite was assessed by evaluating its ability to degrade CV dye in an aqueous solution under UV-light irradiation. Remarkably, the Ti3C2-MXene/NiO/CsPbI3 composite displayed a significant improvement in both the degradation rate and stability of CV dye when compared to the Ti3C2-MXene/NiO nanocomposite and CsPbI3 perovskite materials. Furthermore, the UV–visible absorption spectrum of the Ti3C2-MXene/NiO/CsPbI3 composite demonstrated a reduced band gap of 2.41 eV, which is lower than that of Ti3C2-MXene/NiO (3.10 eV) and Ti3C2-MXene (1.60 eV). In practical terms, the Ti3C2-MXene/NiO/CsPbI3 composite achieved an impressive 92.8% degradation of CV dye within 90 min of UV light exposure. We also confirmed the significant role of photogenerated holes and radicals in the CV dye removal process through radical scavenger trapping experiments. Based on our findings, we proposed a plausible photocatalytic mechanism for the Ti3C2-MXene/NiO/CsPbI3 composite. This research may open up new avenues for the development of cost-effective and high-performance MXene-based perovskite photocatalysts, utilizing abundant and sustainable materials for environmental remediation.

Tragacanth gum-enhanced adsorption performance of polyvinyl alcohol nanofibers for cationic crystal violet dye removal

Tragacanth gum-enhanced adsorption performance of polyvinyl alcohol nanofibers for cationic crystal violet dye removal

Exploring the efficiency of sodium alginate beads and Cedrus deodara sawdust for adsorptive removal of crystal violet dye

Sodium alginate beads were explored as an adsorbent for exclusion of CV dye in batch mode by optimizing various parameters such as solution pH, effect of dye concentration, adsorbent’s dose, contact time, and temperature. Experimental results revealed that maximum sorption, i.e., 97% was obtained at pH 12 in 20 minutes of contact time, 0.4 g of beads for 10 mL of dye solution at 30 °C. Characterization of sodium alginate beads confirmed that hydroxyl, carboxyl, amine, and sulfate functional groups are involved in dye adsorption on heterogeneous and porous surface of adsorbent. Isotherm study shows that Freundlich model fits best to experimental data having highest possible adsorption capacity of 4.797 Further, kinetic study revealed that pseudo-second order model plays a significant role in adsorption mechanism with = 0.9996. Suitability of each model is also checked by five error analysis models namely Hybrid, MPSD, EABS, ERRSQ, and ARE. Thermodynamic studies implied that CV dye adsorption on sodium alginate beads was spontaneous and endothermic in nature as confirmed from = −7.8 to −5.8 kJ mol−1 and = 10.201 kJ mol−1, respectively. Results also show that 92% of dye adsorption take place with tap water. Based on experimental outcomes, it has been concluded that sodium alginate beads are an excellent adsorbent to remove the CV dye from the solution.

Biodegradable polymeric green adsorbent for the highly efficient removal of crystal violet dye from aqueous solution

In this study, we fabricated a novel membrane from breadfruit peel (Artocarpus altilis), a biowaste, to quickly and effectively remove the toxic crystal violet (CV) dye from aqueous solutions. The membrane was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), water contact angle, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR) techniques. SEM results confirmed that the breadfruit peel particles are well dispersed on the membrane surface. Furthermore, the breadfruit peel improved the mechanical and thermal stability of the membrane. The membrane exhibited a maximum adsorption capacity of 176.25 mg/g at a pH of 11 and a contact time of 150 min. The adsorption capacity of the membrane could be tailored by operational parameters like initial concentration of CV, equilibrium time, adsorbent dosage, and temperature. The adsorption mechanisms responsible for the efficient elimination of CV dye is discussed in terms of electrostatic attraction. The adsorption kinetic results indicate that the adsorption of CV was more consistent with pseudo-second order model. Meanwhile, the adsorption data fitted to Freundlich model rather than Langmuir isotherm model. Furthermore, even after six adsorption-desorption cycles, no significant decrease in the removal efficiency was observed. The polymer membrane was therefore proposed as a potential candidate for water treatment.

Utilizing Novel Lignocellulosic Material from Hart's-Tongue Fern (Asplenium scolopendrium) Leaves for Crystal Violet Adsorption: Characterization, Application, and Optimization.

In this work, a new lignocellulosic adsorbent was obtained and tested for crystal violet dye removal from water. The material was obtained from hart's-tongue fern (Asplenium scolopendrium) leaves after minimal processing, without chemical or thermal treatment. The surface of the material was characterized using a variety of techniques, including FTIR, SEM, and color analysis. The effect of various factors on the adsorption capacity was then investigated and discussed. The kinetic and equilibrium studies showed that the general-order kinetic model and the Sips isotherm are the most suitable to describe the adsorption process. The equilibrium time was reached after 20 min and the maximum calculated value of the adsorption capacity was 224.2 (mg g-1). The determined values for the thermodynamic parameters indicated physical adsorption as the main mechanism involved in the process. The Taguchi method was used to optimize the adsorption conditions and identify the most influential controllable factor, which was pH. ANOVA (general linear model) was used to calculate the percentage contribution of each controllable factor to dye removal efficiency. Analysis of all the results shows that hart's-tongue fern (Asplenium scolopendrium) leaves are a very inexpensive, readily available, and effective adsorbent for removing crystal violet dye from aqueous solutions.

Adsorptive exclusion of crystal violet dye using barium encapsulated alginate/carbon composites: characterization and adsorption modeling studies.

The present study is devoted to the removal of crystal violet dye using the synthesized barium alginate/carbon composites abbreviated as BA (barium alginate), BAAC (barium alginate/activated carbon), BASC (barium alginate/starch carbon), and BASSC (barium alginate/starch carbon modified with CTAB). The adsorptive removal of crystal violet as a function of contact time, pH of solution, composite dose, initial dye concentration, and temperature was studied. The uptake of crystal violet (CV) dye for the composites was recorded in the range of 36 mg g-1 to 50 mg g-1 at pH 8.03 ± 0.03 for an equilibrium time of 120 min. The adsorption kinetics and isotherms in compliance with the CV sorption onto BA/carbon composites corroborated the utmost fit of pseudo-second-order and Freundlich isotherm models, respectively. The recycling process was achieved using the barium alginate-treated bead carbons for different initial CV dye concentrations of 10-30 mg L-1 with a scope of zero disposal. The practicability of BA/carbon composites in a groundwater sample spiked with 30 mg L-1 of CV was successfully achieved with a removal efficiency of about 65-74%. Characterization studies for the composites using FTIR, SEM (with EDS), XRD, TGA, and BET were carried out and discussed in the paper.