Abstract
Sodium alginate beads were explored as an adsorbent for exclusion of CV dye in batch mode by optimizing various parameters such as solution pH, effect of dye concentration, adsorbent’s dose, contact time, and temperature. Experimental results revealed that maximum sorption, i.e., 97% was obtained at pH 12 in 20 minutes of contact time, 0.4 g of beads for 10 mL of dye solution at 30 °C. Characterization of sodium alginate beads confirmed that hydroxyl, carboxyl, amine, and sulfate functional groups are involved in dye adsorption on heterogeneous and porous surface of adsorbent. Isotherm study shows that Freundlich model fits best to experimental data having highest possible adsorption capacity of 4.797 Further, kinetic study revealed that pseudo-second order model plays a significant role in adsorption mechanism with = 0.9996. Suitability of each model is also checked by five error analysis models namely Hybrid, MPSD, EABS, ERRSQ, and ARE. Thermodynamic studies implied that CV dye adsorption on sodium alginate beads was spontaneous and endothermic in nature as confirmed from = −7.8 to −5.8 kJ mol−1 and = 10.201 kJ mol−1, respectively. Results also show that 92% of dye adsorption take place with tap water. Based on experimental outcomes, it has been concluded that sodium alginate beads are an excellent adsorbent to remove the CV dye from the solution.
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