Crushed Linseed Research Articles

Milk replacer and linseed supplementation promotes puberty and semen quality in growing male lambs

• The strategic supplementation with energy and protein-rich feed-stuffs, containing health beneficial fatty acids may improve growth and reproduction performance in male lambs. • Protein rich milk replacer feeding during the pre-weaning and linseed supplementation during the post-weaning enhanced growth, testicular development and advanced the age of puberty in ram lambs. • Milk replacer feeding during the pre-weaning and linseed supplementation during the post weaning increased sperm concentration and rapid motility of spermatozoa in ram lambs. Feeding nutrient rich diets with functional properties enables accelerated growth and improves reproductive function in animals. In this experiment protein rich milk replacer was supplemented during the pre-weaning and n-3 PUFA rich linseed during the post-weaning to assess their effect on puberty and reproduction in Malpura ram lambs. Fifteen-day old male lambs of Malpura breed (n = 18) were equally divided into two groups. The lambs in one group were allowed to suckle their dam upto 3 months age and were fed standard control diet (CON) that included concentrate, Vigna unguiculata hay, Zizyphus nummularia and Ailanthus excelsa leaves up to six months age. Lambs in another group were supplemented milk replacer and linseed (MR-LIN) in a regimen of milk replacer at 100 mL/lamb/day for the first two weeks, then 250 mL/lamb/day until weaning, and subsequently, concentrate with 10 % crushed linseed. Testicular measurement and semen quality assessment of lambs were started at the age of five months. The average daily gain of milk replacer supplemented lambs up to weaning was 22.4 % higher (P = 0.07) than the CON lambs. The testicular attributes i.e. testicular length, breadth, volume and scrotal circumference were significantly higher (P < 0.01) in lambs of MR-LIN group. The puberty was hastened significantly (χ 2 df1 = 4.853, P = 0.046) in MR-LIN group in which 88.9 % of lambs attained puberty by age of 10 months in contrast to 55.6 % lambs in CON group. Sperm concentration, mass motility, percent of rapid motile spermatozoa were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in MR-LIN supplemented lambs than those of CON. Protein rich milk replacer feeding during the pre-weaning and n-3 PUFA rich linseed supplementation during the post-weaning period enhanced growth and testicular development and advanced the age of puberty in growing ram lambs.

Dietary supplementation of extruded linseed and calcium soap for augmenting meat attributes and fatty acid profile of longissimus thoracis muscle and adipose tissue in finisher Malpura lambs

Abstract Present study aimed meat production augmented with conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), essential fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) by supplementation of linseed and Ca-soap in weaner lamb diets. Thirty-six, 3 month old Malpura lambs were randomly divided into three dietary treatments comprising of Control, linseed (10 % crushed linseed) and Ca-soap (5 % Ca-soap), fed for 90 days and slaughtered at 6 months of age to determine chemical composition and fatty acid profile of carcass. All the lambs received a basal diet of ad lib. pala (Ziziphus numularia) leaves and respective concentrate mixtures formulated as per the dietary treatments. Hot carcass weight (kg), total fat (%), cooking loss (%) and water holding capacity (%) remained similar (P > 0.05) among the treatment groups. Feeding of Ca-soap reduced (P

Production performance of lambs on milk replacer during pre-weaning followed by post-weaning linseed and calcium soap supplementation

Thirty-six male Malpura lambs (14 d old) were taken to assess the effect of milk replacer (MR) during preweaning followed by linseed and calcium soap (Ca-soap) supplementation post weaning on lamb performance. The lambs in control group were allowed free suckling of dam and were offered ad lib concentrate, dry cowpea hay and fresh Ardu (Ailanthus excelsa) leaves during pre-weaning period. The lambs in other two experimental groups, viz. MRg-Linseed and MRng-Ca-soap were offered additional gelatinized and non-gelatinized MR, respectively. Prior to blending, the MR was boiled for five minutes to make the carbohydrate moiety gelatinized. The lambs were individually bottle fed with liquid MR after blending with warm water (42 °C). During post weaning, lambs in control group were offered ad libitum control ration whereas the test groups were fed crushed linseed (MRg-Linseed) and Ca-soap (MRng-Ca-soap) supplemented ration. Plane of nutrition revealed higher (P < 0.05) DM, DCP and ME intake in test groups during pre- and post-weaning periods. Digestibility of nutrients was similar during pre-weaning whereas during post-weaning, digestibility of CP was higher (P < 0.05) and that of NDF and ADF was lower (P < 0.05) in MRg-Linseed compared to control. Proportion of propionic and butyric acids was higher (P < 0.05) and population of protozoa was lower (P < 0.05) in MRg-Linseed and MRng-Ca-soap group as compared to control. Average daily gain and feed conversion ratio was higher (P < 0.05) in MRg-Linseed and MRng-Ca-soap as compared to control during both pre- and post-weaning periods with an overall 16.3 and 12.2% improvement in weight gain and 7.5% higher efficiency in FCR, respectively. Carcass attributes revealed low (P < 0.05) intermuscular fat and shear force value in MRg-Linseed and MRng-Ca-soap. Wool production and staple length was higher (P < 0.05) in MRg-Linseed and MRng-Ca-soap groups compared to control. It may thus be concluded that milk replacer during pre-weaning and energy supplements in the form of crushed linseed and Ca-soap during post-weaning would be considered as a useful strategy for achieving higher body weight with better carcass and wool quality.

Effects of Crushed Linseed or Linseed Oil Supplementation on Performance of Dairy Goats and Fatty Acids Profile in Milk Top of Form

In a complete random block design, fifteen lactating Damascus goats (43.5±2 kg body weight) after the first week of lactation, were divided into 3 groups (five goats each) to evaluate effect of linseed or linseed oil as diet supplement on rumen parameters, milk production, milk composition and milk fatty acid profile in lactating goats. Animals were fed on a total mixed ration of 50% concentrates and 50% berseem clover (control), control ration+50g/head/day crushed linseed (LS) and control ration+20 ml/head/day linseed oil (LO) for 90 days. Dry matter intake was not affected by LO or LS. Ruminal volatile fatty acids (VFA) and butyrate proportions were increased (P 0.05) with experimental additives. Milk yield, milk protein and milk fat percent were higher (P 0.05) the proportion of C18:3N3 in milk fat. Total unsaturated fatty acids were increased (P<0.05) with LO; however, insignificantly increased with LS versus control. The proportions of conjugated linoleic acid increased (P<0.05) with addition of LO or LS in the diet. It may be concluded that adding the linseed or linseed oil to lactating goat rations improved the productivity of lactating goats and enhance milk components with no deleterious effects on general health. (S.M. Kholif, T.A. Morsy, O.H. Matloup, H.M. Ebeid, A.M. Kholif. Effects of Crushed Linseed or Linseed Oil Supplementation on Performance of Dairy Goats and Fatty Acid Profile in Milk. Life Sci J 2015;12(2s):94-99). (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com . 14

Supercritical fluid extraction of lipids from linseed with on-line evaporative light scattering detection

Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) is a green alternative method of extraction for neutral lipids in seeds compared to conventional methods utilizing organic solvents. In this work, a novel method where SFE is hyphenated with an evaporative light scattering detector is presented. The method was subsequently applied to determine lipid content in crushed linseed. The new method enables rapid quantification of extracted lipids as well as be ability to continuously monitor the extraction rate in real-time, thus being able to determine the time point of completed extraction.Both the detector and the method was validated. The results show that any of several tested oils can be used to calibrate the detection method for the determination of lipids extraction from linseed. The overall method repeatability and intermediate precision was 2.6% relative standard deviations. The extracted amount was significantly less than that obtained using the standard method of Soxhlet with petroleum ether, 26.0±0.4% (95% CI, n=9) compared to 32.3±1.3% (95% CI, n=3) of extracted amounts.It was found that channeling effects were present, and by either performing sequential repeated extractions with decompression in-between or by using a relatively large vessel a more complete extraction could be obtained. Interestingly, a substantially higher extracted amount (approximately 50%) was obtained compared to both a single extraction by SFE and the Soxhlet method. Therefore, it is recommended that an additional extraction including a rapid decompression in-between should be included in the validation of a method using supercritical fluid extraction, in order to either rule out channeling effects or to acquire a full recovery.

Effects of feeding different linseed sources on omasal fatty acid flows and fatty acid profiles of plasma and milk fat in lactating dairy cows

The aim of this experiment was to study the effects of feeding different linseed sources on omasal fatty acid (FA) flows, and plasma and milk FA profiles in dairy cows. Four ruminally cannulated lactating Holstein-Friesian cows were assigned to 4 dietary treatments in a 4×4 Latin square design. Dietary treatments consisted of supplementing crushed linseed (CL), extruded whole linseed (EL), formaldehyde-treated linseed oil (FL) and linseed oil in combination with marine algae rich in docosahexaenoic acid (DL). Each period in the Latin square design lasted 21 d, with the first 16 d for adaptation. Omasal flow was estimated by the omasal sampling technique using Cr-EDTA, Yb-acetate, and acid detergent lignin as digesta flow markers. The average DM intake was 20.6±2.5kg/d, C18:3n-3 intake was 341±51g/d, and milk yield was 32.0±4.6kg/d. Milk fat yield was lower for the DL treatment (0.96kg/d) compared with the other linseed treatments (CL, 1.36kg/d; EL, 1.49kg/d; FL, 1.54kg/d). Omasal flow of C18:3n-3 was higher and C18:3n-3 biohydrogenation was lower for the EL treatment (33.8g/d; 90.9%) compared with the CL (21.8g/d; 94.0%), FL (15.5g/d; 95.4%), and DL (4.6g/d; 98.5%) treatments, whereas whole-tract digestibility of crude fat was lower for the EL treatment (64.8%) compared with the CL (71.3%), FL (78.5%), and DL (80.4%) treatments. The proportion of C18:3n-3 (g/100g of FA) was higher for the FL treatment compared with the other treatments in plasma triacylglycerols (FL, 3.60; CL, 1.22; EL, 1.35; DL, 1.12) and milk fat (FL, 3.19; CL, 0.87; EL, 0.83; DL, 0.46). Omasal flow and proportion of C18:0 in plasma and milk fat were lower, whereas omasal flow and proportions of biohydrogenation intermediates in plasma and milk fat were higher for the DL treatment compared with the other linseed treatments. The results demonstrate that feeding EL did not result in a higher C18:3n-3 proportion in plasma and milk fat despite the higher omasal C18:3n-3 flow. This was related to the decreased total-tract digestibility of crude fat. Feeding FL resulted in a higher C18:3n-3 proportion in plasma and milk fat, although the omasal C18:3n-3 flow was similar or lower than for the CL and EL treatment, respectively. Feeding DL inhibited biohydrogenation of trans-11,cis-15-C18:2 to C18:0, as indicated by the increased omasal flows and proportions of biohydrogenation intermediates in plasma and milk fat.

Effects of forage type, forage to concentrate ratio, and crushed linseed supplementation on milk fatty acid profile in lactating dairy cows

The effects of an increasing proportion of crushed linseed (CL) in combination with varying forage type (grass or corn silage) and forage to concentrate ratio (F:C), and their interactions on milk fatty acid (FA) profile of high-producing dairy cows was studied using a 3-factor Box-Behnken design. Sixteen Holstein and 20 Swedish Red cows were blocked according to breed, parity, and milk yield, and randomly assigned to 4 groups. Groups were fed different treatment diets formulated from combinations of the 3 main factors each containing 3 levels. Forage type (fraction of total forage dry matter, DM) included 20, 50, and 80% grass silage, with the remainder being corn silage. The F:C (DM basis) were 35:65, 50:50, and 65:35, and CL was supplied at 1, 3, and 5% of diet DM. Starch and neutral detergent fiber content (DM basis) of the treatment diets ranged from 117 to 209g/kg and 311 to 388g/kg, respectively. Thirteen treatment diets were formulated according to the Box-Behnken design. During 4 experimental periods of 21 d each, all treatment diets were fed, including a repetition of the center point treatment (50% grass silage, 50:50F:C, 3% CL) during every period. Intake, production performance, and milk FA profile were measured, and response surface equations were derived for these variables. Shifting from 80% grass silage to 80% corn silage in the diet linearly increased dry matter intake (DMI), net energy for lactation (NEL) intake, cis-9,cis-12-C18:2 (C18:2n-6) intake, and milk yield, and linearly decreased cis-9,cis-12,cis-15-C18:3 (C18:3n-3) intake and milk fat content. Shifting from a high forage to a high concentrate diet linearly increased DMI, NEL intake, C18:2n-6 intake, and milk yield, and decreased milk fat content. Supplementation of CL linearly increased C18:3n-3 intake, but had no effect on DMI, NEL intake, milk yield, or milk fat content. Shifting from 80% grass silage to 80% corn silage linearly increased proportions of trans-10-C18:1 and C18:2n-6 in milk fat, whereas the proportions of trans-11,cis-15-C18:2 and C18:3n-3 linearly decreased. Significant interactions between CL supplementation and F:C were found for proportions of trans-10-C18:1, trans-15-C18:1, cis-15-C18:1, trans-11,cis-15-C18:2, and C18:3n-3 in milk fat, with the highest levels achieved when the diet contained 5% CL and a 35:65F:C ratio. The effect of supplementing CL on several milk FA proportions, including C18:2n-6 and C18:3n-3, depends significantly on the F:C ratio and forage type in the basal diet.

Effects of chemically or technologically treated linseed products and docosahexaenoic acid addition to linseed oil on biohydrogenation of C18:3n-3 in vitro

Rumen biohydrogenation kinetics of C18:3n-3 from several chemically or technologically treated linseed products and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; C22:6n-3) addition to linseed oil were evaluated in vitro. Linseed products evaluated were linseed oil, crushed linseed, formaldehyde treated crushed linseed, sodium hydroxide/formaldehyde treated crushed linseed, extruded whole linseed (2 processing variants), extruded crushed linseed (2 processing variants), micronized crushed linseed, commercially available extruded linseed, lipid encapsulated linseed oil, and DHA addition to linseed oil. Each product was incubated with rumen liquid using equal amounts of supplemented C18:3n-3 and fermentable substrate (freeze-dried total mixed ration) for 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 12, and 24h using a batch culture technique. Disappearance of C18:3n-3 was measured to estimate the fractional biohydrogenation rate and lag time according to an exponential model and to calculate effective biohydrogenation of C18:3n-3, assuming a fractional passage rate of 0.060/h. Treatments showed no differences in rumen fermentation parameters, including gas production rate and volatile fatty acid concentration. Technological pretreatment (crushing) followed by chemical treatment applied as formaldehyde of linseed resulted in effective protection of C18:3n-3 against biohydrogenation. Additional chemical pretreatment (sodium hydroxide) before applying formaldehyde treatment did not further improve the effectiveness of protection. Extrusion of whole linseed compared with extrusion of crushed linseed was effective in reducing C18:3n-3 biohydrogenation, whereas the processing variants were not different in C18:3n-3 biohydrogenation. Crushed linseed, micronized crushed linseed, lipid encapsulated linseed oil, and DHA addition to linseed oil did not reduce C18:3n-3 biohydrogenation. Compared with the other treatments, docosahexaenoic acid addition to linseed oil resulted in a comparable trans11,cis15-C18:2 biohydrogenation but a lesser trans10+11-C18:1 biohydrogenation. This suggests that addition of DHA in combination with linseed oil was effective only in inhibiting the last step of biohydrogenation from trans10+11-C18:1 to C18:0.

Fatty acid content in meat from goat kids fed linseed-supplemented mixture

Summary: The objective of our study was to determine the changes in chemical composition that took place in the muscle tissue of goat kids undergoing fattening when their diet was supplemented with crushed linseed. Twenty-four White Improved male goat kids were fattened until 95 days of age. After slaughter, we collected samples from the longissimus dorsi muscles to determine its chemical composition and the fatty acid and cholesterol content. We found that the addition of 10% crushed linseed to nutritionally rich feed increased the unsaturated fatty acid content and slightly increased the cholesterol level in the muscle tissue lipid fraction; this increase is potentially beneficial with regard to human nutrition.

Effect of botanical composition of silages on rumen fatty acid metabolism and fatty acid composition in longissimus muscle and subcutaneous fat of lambs

To study the effect of feeding silages with different botanical composition, on rumen and lamb fat, 30 male lambs were assigned to five different silage groups for 11 weeks: botanically diverse silage (BDS); white clover silage (WCS); red clover silage (RCS), intensive English ryegrass silage (IRS) and crushed linseed and maize silage (MSL). Besides the silages, animals received organic wheat and barley and the MSL group additionally received bicarbonate (15 g/day). Silages were sampled when the bales were opened and analysed for fatty acid (FA) content and chemical composition. At slaughter, ruminal contents were sampled and 24 h after slaughter, longissimus muscle and subcutaneous (SC) fat were sampled. All samples were analysed for FA composition. The MSL group ingested the highest amount of FA (35.8 g/day v. 13.5, 19.4, 17.2 and 30.4 g/day for MSL v. BDS, WCS, RCS and IRS, respectively) and the sum of the major polyunsaturated FA, C18:2 n-6 and C18:3 n-3, was similar for groups BDS, WCS, RCS and MSL (61.3 g/100 g, 62.3 g/100 g, 62.3 g/100 g, 63.7 g/100 g of FA methylesters (FAME), respectively), while group IRS ingested higher proportions of these FA (74.5 g/100 g of FAME). Rumen data showed that animals fed BDS presented higher proportions of biohydrogenation intermediates, particularly C18:1 t11 and CLA c9t11, suggesting partial inhibition of rumen biohydrogenation. In the MSL group, the content of C18:3 n-3 in the rumen was highest, most probably due to reduced lipolysis and hence biohydrogenation through the combined effect of esterified C18:3 n-3 and seed protection. Additionally, C18:3 n-3 proportions were higher in rumen contents of RCS animals compared with WCS animals, which could be due to the activity of the polyphenol oxidase enzyme in the RC silages. Proportions of C18:3 n-3 were similar between treatments both for SC and intramuscular (IM) fat, whereas CLA c9t11 content was higher in the SC fat of BDS animals and lower in the IM fat of IRS animals compared with the other forage groups. No differences were found for C20:4 n-6, C20:5 n-3, C22:5 n-3 and C22:6 n-3 in the IM fat of the animals. Nevertheless, indices for desaturation and elongation activity in muscle of BDS animals suggest some stimulation of the first three steps of desaturation and elongation (Δ6-desaturase, elongase and Δ5-desaturase) of long-chain FA.

Influence of diet on fatty acids and tocopherols in M. Longissimus Dorsi from reindeer

Our aim was to compare the effects of two pelleted diets containing differing FA composition with natural lichen pasture on reindeer's meat FA composition. In addition we wanted to increase the knowledge about reindeer FA metabolism and the effect of animal sex and age on FA composition in reindeer muscle. The trial included five reindeer groups: three grazing, consisting of adult males, adult females, and calves; and two groups of calves fed conventional pellets (CPD) and pellets containing crushed linseed (LPD), respectively, for two months before slaughter. Differences between male and female animals were mainly found in the neutral lipid fraction and related to fatness. Calves differed significantly from adult males and females in FA and lipid class composition. CPD led to a higher ratio of n-6 to n-3 FA compared with grazing. The ratio n-6/n-3 in the polar lipid (PL) fraction of the animals fed LPD was slightly, but not significantly, higher than that in the grazing reindeer. LPD-fed animals had lower proportions of long-chain polyunsaturated FA (LCPUFA), namely 20:4n-6, 22:5n-3, and 22:6n-3, in the PL fraction compared with the grazing animals due to the content of these FA in the natural feed. The animals seemed unable to elongate dietary FA in significant amounts. We conclude that by adding crushed linseed to the pellets it was possible to keep the favorable FA composition of meat from grazing reindeer with regard to the n-6/n-3 ratio but not in LCPUFA.

Linseed-based diets for sheep. 2. Performance and chemical composition of meat and liver

The effects of dietary linseed cultivars, traditional (Opal, Omega) or the new Linola cultivar with an increased content of linoleic acid, on the performance and chemical composition of lamb meat and liver were investigated. The animals were fed meadow hay and concentrate. The control group received no linseed in concentrate, whereas the experimental groups received 10% crushed linseed of different cultivars. There was no significant effect of linseed, irrespective of cultivar, on daily weight gains of the lambs, feed conversion, dressing percentage and chemical composition of leg muscle and liver. However, significant (P<0.05) changes were shown in the fatty acid profile of meat and liver.

Effect of oil supplementation of a diet containing a high concentration of starch on levels of trans fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acids in bovine milk

AbstractSixteen Holstein Friesian cows were offered ad libitum a forage mixture of three parts (dry-matter (DM) basis) maize silage (starch and neutral-detergent fibre (NDF) 324 and 395 g/kg DM) and one part grass silage (NDF 518 g/kg DM) in a 4 ✕ 4 Latin-square change-over design experiment using four periods each of 4 weeks. Cows were housed in a cubicle house, bedded on sand and given food through Calan gates. The four supplement treatments were control (no oil supplement, C); 1·5 kg/day processed crushed linseed (PL); 1·5 kg/day crushed linseed (L) and 0·6 kg/day marine algae (A) providing 0, 440, 423 and 109 g/day of oil respectively. Cows also received a pelleted concentrate in three equal meals (12·0, 10·5, 10·5 and 11·2 kg/day for C, PL, L and A respectively) containing (g/kg DM) 260, 203, 288 and 74 of crude protein, NDF, starch and water-soluble carbohydrate respectively. Oil supplementation depressed (P &lt; 0·05) forage intake (11·2, 10·3, 10·1 and 10·1 kg DM per day) but milk yield was unaffected (P &gt; 0·05) by treatment (mean 35·9 kg/day). Milk fat concentrations were low and further depressed (P &lt; 0·05) by algal supplementation (33·5, 32·3, 32·3 and 25·6 g/kg). Algal supplementation caused a three-fold increase in the concentrations of (n-3) long chain (&gt;C20) polyunsaturated fatty acids in milk fat (to 0·51 g/100 g fat) representing a transfer efficiency from diet to milk of ca. 5%. Oil supplementation increased levels of all trans monoenes in milk but the effect was much greater for treatment A (P &lt; 0·05) and for trans-10 C18: 1 (1·52, 1·94, 1·72 and 6·12 g/100 g milk fat for C, PL, L and A respectively). Trans-10 C18: 1 was the predominant trans monoene in milk fat for all treatments (47·7, 45·2, 45·6 and 67·4% of total). Treatment A also caused the greatest increases (P &lt; 0·05) in conjugated linoleic acid (CLA to 0·54, 0·69, 0·65 and 0·97 g/100 g milk fat). Although mainly cis-9, trans-11, a small proportion (4·8 to 5·5%) of the CLA was identified as the trans-10, cis-12 isomer for all treatments. This pattern of isomers of trans monoenes and CLA, which may have implications for the health properties of the milk, may be related to effects on rumen function caused by the high starch intakes (5·75, 5·09, 5·11 and 5·27 kg/day).