Crude Soybean Oil Research Articles

Numerical simulation and application of nanomagnetic enzyme in a liquid-solid magnetic fluidized bed

Abstract Compared to traditional methods, the enzymatic degumming shows the advantages of a clear reaction substrate, mild reaction conditions, low energy consumption and reduced environmental pollution. Free phospholipase A1 (PLA1) was immobilized on magnetic Fe3O4/SiOx-g-P (GMA) nanoparticles to obtain a nanomagnetic immobilized PLA1 with a particle size of 100.50 ± 1.3 nm and an activity of 2150 ± 25 U/g. The Eulerian-Lagrangian model with particles as discrete phase and liquid as continuous phase was selected. The motion law of nanomagnetic enzyme particles in liquid-solid magnetic fluidized bed was simulated. Under the conditions of a magnetic field intensity of 0.022 T and a flow rate of soybean crude oil of 0.0025 m/s, the distribution status of nanomagnetic enzyme in the magnetic fluidized enhanced the enzymolysis reaction. Using the main parameters obtained by numerical simulation, soybean crude oil was degummed in a multistage magnetic fluidized bed. Under the conditions of a magnetic enzyme dosage of 0.10 g/kg, a reaction temperature of 63 °C and a reaction system pH of 6.3, after 6.0 h of reaction, the residual phosphorus contents in the oil was 8.2 mg/kg, and the relative activity of the nanomagnetic enzyme was still 86%. The optimized conditions improved significantly the efficiency and stability of the enzymolysis reaction of nanomagnetic enzyme.

Detection of Phosphatidylcholine Content in Crude Oil with Bio-Enzyme Screen-Printed Electrode

A low-cost bio-enzyme screen-printed electrode (SPE) was produced by immobilizing choline oxidase (ChOx) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) on an SPE with MWCNTs/SnO2/CS as modified material. The conditions of ChOx were as follows: concentration of 3 U, HRP concentration of 4 U, and pH 7.5. The bio-enzyme SPE had a significant electrochemical response to phosphatidylcholine (PC); the linear relationship between the peak current and PC content ranged from 30 to 270 mg/L, and the detection limit was 3 mg/L (S/N = 3). Bio-enzyme SPE was used to detect the content of PC in soybean crude oil. The spiked recovery of the samples ranged from 96.68 to 106.21%. The detection results obtained using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) confirmed the results of the bio-enzyme SPE with a high correlation (r2 = 0.9978). After 45 days of storage of the bio-enzyme SPE, the current value remained 90% of initial current. The reproducibility and stability of the PC content detected by the bio-enzyme SPE in soybean crude oil exhibited a high performance.

Modeling of the soybean oil bleaching and optimization of its conditions in the refining process for environmental interest

Abstract In this work, we propose mathematical models describing the soybean oil bleaching process as a function of its parameters (temperature: 80 – 120 °C, clay dosage: 0.25 – 2 %, contact time: 10 – 30 min). The crude soybean oil visible spectrum shows three values of maximum wavelength (λmax). A value at 426 nm corresponding to the chlorophyll-a, the values at 451 and at 479 nm were assigned to β-carotene pigment. The models were developed using multiple linear regression analysis (MLRA) and were performed with Matlab programming language. The input variables are the temperature (X1), the clay dosage (X2) and the contact time (X3). The output parameter is the bleaching capacity (Y in % uptake). Statistical analysis methods were used to analyze and to confirm the reliability of the selected models. The optimal bleaching conditions for the soybean oil were: temperature 100 °C; clay dosage 2 % w/w and contact time 30 min. The highest bleaching capacity was found to be 81.04 % at 426 nm, 90.60 % at 451 nm and 93.66 % at 479 nm. The developed models allowed predicting the bleaching capacity representing the removal of the β-carotene and chlorophyll-a pigments present in the crude soybean oil at each λmax. Also they allowed a better control of the most influencing parameters on the bleaching step and contribute to the optimization of the spent bleaching clay rejects by optimizing the amount of bleaching clay used in the refining process; consequently, to reduce risks of pollution.

Lecithin is the key material attribute in soy bean oil affecting filamentous bioprocesses

Complex raw materials are widely used as supplements in biopharmaceutical production processes due to their positive effect on biomass growth and productivity at low cost. However, their use negatively impacts process reproducibility due to high lot-to-lot variability which contradicts current regulatory guidelines. In this study we investigated crude soy bean oil (SBO) which is a common complex raw material for filamentous fungi. We demonstrated that lecithin, which we define as phosphatidylcholines, is in fact the key material attribute in crude SBO positively affecting fungal growth and consequently productivity. The methodological toolbox we present here allows the straightforward isolation of lecithin from crude SBO, its semi-quantification by HPLC and the consequent supplementation thereof in defined amounts. Thus, over-dosage and potential resulting negative impacts on fungal growth and productivity can be omitted.

Effect of tallow (TAL) and crude soybean oil (CSBO) with or with out L-carnitine supplementation on carcass and serum lipid profile of male broiler chicken

The present experiment was conducted to study the effect of tallow and crude soybean oil with or without Lcarnitine supplementation on the carcass and lipid profile of male broiler chicks. Day old male broiler chicks (160) were divided into 4 treatments groups (T1, T2, T3 and T4) with eight replicates having five birds each. The T1 and T2 groups were fed with basal diets along with TAL and CSBO respectively without supplementation of carnitine, whereas T3 and T4 groups were fed with basal diets along with TAL and CSBO respectively with supplementation of carnitine @ 100 mg/kg diet. The fat sources with or without carnitine did not have significant effect on various carcass yields of broilers except for abdominal fat percentage, whereas interactions between fat sources and carnitine were significant. Abdominal fat content was significantly lower for crude soybean oil without carnitine. Carnitine supplementation had significantly increased moisture percentage of liver in case of fat source. Carnitine supplementation also significantly increased the fat content of liver, light and dark muscles. Serum triglycerides concentration was significantly lower for bird fed CSBO with 12 h fasting whereas, the concentration of triglycerides and cholesterol with 3 h fasting was significantly lower for birds fed with tallow diet. Serum triglyceride and cholesterol were significantly lower in carnitine supplementation groups.

Intensification of degumming of crude soybean oil using ultrasound in combination with oxidizing agents

Intensified degumming of crude soybean oil was investigated using ultrasound assisted combination approaches based on longitudinal ultrasonic horn at a capacity of 5 L with comparison with the conventional processing based on only ultrasound. The combination of ultrasound and oxidizing agents such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), potassium persulphate (KPS), Peroxymono sulphate (PMS) and Fenton reagent have been investigated for establishing the efficacy for intensified degumming. Combination of ultrasound and H2O2 loading at 100 ppm resulted in 94.15% phospholipid reduction at 150 W power and ambient temperature. Enhanced extent of degumming was observed for combination of ultrasound with KPS and PMS as 95.10 and 95.55% respectively. Ultrasound combined with Fenton reagent resulted in significant increase in extent of degumming (98.28%). Best degumming protocol was established as the combination of ultrasound with UV and hydrogen peroxide giving 99.18% phospholipid removal in only 120 min of treatment. The degumming was also supported by positive changes in the oil characteristics in terms of reduction in acid value (0.74 as the final value) and better oxidative stability (TOTOX value of ˂ 4). The present work demonstrated intensified degumming protocol for crude soybean oil processing for obtaining more than 99% degumming with better characteristics of processed oil.

Performance and meat quality of Nellore bulls fed crude glycerin combined with soybean oil

The objective of this experiment was to determine the effect of crude glycerin combined with soybean oil on the performance and fatty acid composition of the longissimus muscle in Nellore bulls. Twenty-eight Nellore young bulls, each with an initial body weight (BW) of 408 ± 29 kg (age 20 ± 2 months), were used in a completely randomized design over a period of 84 days in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. The treatments were diets with crude glycerin at 100 g/kg DM (CG+) or without crude glycerin (CG−); diet with inclusion of soybean oil at 60 g/kg DM (Oil+) or without soybean oil inclusion (Oil−). All diets were composed of corn silage (400 g/kg DM), used as the only source of roughage, and concentrate (600 g/kg DM). The intake of the dry matter (g/kg of body weight), neutral detergent fiber (aNDF) and crude protein decreased with soybean oil inclusion, independent of crude glycerin addition. The aNDF digestibility decreased in diets with soybean oil and without crude glycerin. The DM and organic matter (OM) were most digestible in diets that added crude glycerin but excluded soybean oil. Animals fed soybean oil without crude glycerin exhibited higher intake of linoleic acids, total unsaturated fatty acids (UFA), and total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) than those fed other diets. There were no effects of oil or crude glycerin feeding on final body weight, average daily gain (ADG), hot carcass weight, subcutaneous fat thickness, or loin eye area (P > 0.05). Animals fed soybean oil incorporate into the muscle 40% more conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) and 32% more linoleic acids compared to other diets. The addition of crude glycerin decreased the elongase index (P = 0.04) in the longissimus muscle. The combination of crude glycerin and soybean oil did not effectively increase performance or unsaturated fatty acid deposition in meat. However, the addition of soybean oil at 60 g/kg DM optimized feed efficiency and did not alter ADG.

Natural Organochlorines as Precursors of 3-Monochloropropanediol Esters in Vegetable Oils.

During high-temperature refining of vegetable oils, 3-monochloropropanediol (3-MCPD) esters, possible carcinogens, are formed from acylglycerol in the presence of a chlorine source. To investigate organochlorine compounds in vegetable oils as possible precursors for 3-MCPD esters, we tested crude palm, soybean, rapeseed, sunflower, corn, coconut, and olive oils for the presence of organochlorine compounds. Having found them in all vegetable oils tested, we focused subsequent study on oil palm products. Analysis of the chlorine isotope mass pattern exhibited in high-resolution mass spectrometry enabled organochlorine compound identification in crude palm oils as constituents of wax esters, fatty acid, diacylglycerols, and sphingolipids, which are produced endogenously in oil palm mesocarp throughout ripening. Analysis of thermal decomposition and changes during refining suggested that these naturally present organochlorine compounds in palm oils and perhaps in other vegetable oils are precursors of 3-MCPD esters. Enrichment and dose-response showed a linear relationship to 3-MCPD ester formation and indicated that the sphingolipid-based organochlorine compounds are the most active precursors of 3-MCPD esters.

Effect of two oil types and energy levels on broiler performance, carcass quality and skin pigmentation

Abstract: This study evaluated different levels of metabolisable energy (ME) and two oil types: crude soybean oil (CSO) and acidulated soybean oil (ASO), in sorghum-soybean meal diets for broilers. One thousand and eight unsexed Ross 308 chicks aged 1 to 49 days old were used in a factorial arrangement design 2x3. The first factor corresponded to the oils (CSO and ASO) and the second factor corresponded to the ME levels (high, medium and low) in the initiation (1-10 days), growing (11-25 days) and finishing (26-48 days) feeds, with a 90 kcal/kg reduction. The treatments were as follows: (1) CSO with 3010, 3175 and 3200 kcal/kg; (2) CSO with 2920, 3085 and 3110 kcal/kg; (3) CSO with 2920, 3085 and 3200 kcal/kg; (4) ASO with 3010, 3175 and 3200 kcal/kg; (5) ASO with 2920, 3085 and 3110 kcal/kg; and (6) ASO with 2920, 3085 and 3200 kcal/kg. The treatments with high and medium levels of ME (P 0.05) between oil types was found. It can be concluded that it is feasible to replace CSO by ASO and to reduce 90 kcal/kg of ME from the recommended amount for the breed during the initiation and growing stages, without affecting their performance.

Effect of Unsaturated to Saturated Fatty Acids Ratio of Supplemental Fat in the Diet with or without L-Carnitine on Performance of Broiler Chicken

The present trial was conducted to study the effect of ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids with or without L-carnitine supplementation on the performance male broiler chicks. A total of 320 day old male broiler chicks were randomly divided into 8 treatments with eight replicate and five birds each. T1, T2, T3 and T4 diets were formulated to contain ratio of UFA: SFA fatty acids as 60: 40, 65: 35, 70: 30 and 75: 25, respectively. Diets T5, T6, T7 and T8 were formulated to contain same ratio of fatty acids to that of T1 to T4 but with supplementation of L-carnitine at 100 mg/kg diet level. Before the feed formulation, the lipid profile of the tallow and crude soybean oil were analyzed. The unsaturated fatty acids (UFA): saturated fatty acids (SFA) ratio were found to be 5.37 and 0.77, respectively for crude soybean oil and tallow. The results indicated that 70: 30 ratio without L-carnitine had significantly (P<0.05) higher weight gain during starter, finisher and overall period compared to other ratios. However, carnitine supplementation to these ratios did not have significant effect on weight gain during the finisher and the overall period. Significantly (P<0.05) lowest feed intake was noticed at 75: 25 ratio with L-carnitine supplementation. The FCR was better (P<0.05) at 60: 40 ratio diets without carnitine supplementation compared to others. The interaction effect was significant (P<0.05) only during starter phase.

Utilization of seashells and sand powders as natural bleaching material for crude soybean oil

Utilization of seashells and sand powders as natural bleaching material for crude soybean oil

Ultrasound assisted enzymatic degumming of crude soybean oil

The present work deals with ultrasound assisted enzymatic degumming (UAED) of crude soybean oil quantifying the extent of degumming (EOD), cavitational yield and synergistic index (f) for the combination approaches. The effect of different operating parameters such as enzyme loading, pH, presence of water, temperature and ultrasonic power on the EOD has been investigated. Ultrasound combined with enzyme at loading of 2.0 ml/L resulted in EOD as 92.2% under ambient conditions. Addition of water (5%) in combination with ultrasound and enzyme at 2.0 ml/L loading and pH of 5 resulted in maximum EOD (98.4%) in 120 min of treatment. The extent of phospholipid separation was also observed to be dependent on the power dissipation and maximum phospholipids separation was obtained at 100 W. Scale-up studies were performed at 500 ml and 1 L operating volume under optimized conditions of 2.0 ml/L as the enzyme loading, pH of 5, 5% water addition and ultrasonic power of 100 W where 93.63% and 91.15% phospholipid separation respectively was obtained. The effects of ultrasonic treatment were also quantified in terms of the acid value reduction and oxidative stability for the processed oil. It was demonstrated that suitable reduction in acid value (final value less than 1) and oxidative stability (TOTOX less than 4) is effectively obtained using UAED. Overall the approach of UAED was established to show much higher efficacy for soybean oil processing as compared to only ultrasound or only enzymatic treatment.

Preparation and oil absorption properties of magnetic melamine sponge

The magnetic melamine sponge (MS-Fe3O4) with magnetic response and high hydrophobicity was fabricated by two-step method. First, the magnetic nano-particles were fixed on the skeleton of melamine sponge (MS) using 3-hydroxytyramine hydrochloride and 1-dodecanethiol, then hydrophobicity modified with octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS). The structures and chemical compositions of MS and MS-Fe3O4 were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The wettability of the sample was obtained by using contact angle analysis system. MS-Fe3O4 endowed with outstanding selectivity and excellent oil absorption capacities, which can be widely used in absorbing various sorts of oil. The oil absorption capacities for crude oil, diesel oil, lubricating oil, soybean oil and peanut oil were 71g/g, 51g/g, 62g/g, 54g/g, 57g/g. In addition, MS-Fe3O4 showed excellent recyclability which can be forecasted as an ideal candidate for oil-water separation.

A facile synthesis of mordenite zeolite nanostructures for efficient bleaching of crude soybean oil and removal of methylene blue dye from aqueous media

In the current investigation, we have reported on the preparation of mordenite zeolite nanostructures using a low-cost hydrothermal treatment of silica gel, aluminum nitrate, and sodium hydroxide. The influence of organic templates such as ethylene glycol, glycerol, and polyethylene glycol 200 (PEG 200) on the zeolite products was studied. The crystallite sizes of the as-fabricated samples increased in the following order: (PEG 200)<(ethylene glycol)<(glycerol)<(without template). The PEG 200 organic template generated a mordenite product with 57.51nm crystallite size and 28.26m2/g BET surface area. The as-prepared products were identified using FE-SEM, FT-IR, XRD, HR-TEM, and BET analysis. The as-prepared mordenite product could be successfully applied to purify the crude soybean oil from the yellow and red colors. The mordenite product also showed good adsorption properties toward the removal of methylene blue (MB) dye from wastewater. Kinetic data exhibited that the dye adsorption process obeyed pseudo-first-order, intra-particle diffusion, liquid film diffusion, and pore diffusion models whereas the rate determining step of the adsorption is only controlled by the pore diffusion model. Adsorption data fitted well both Langmuir and Dubinin–Radushkevich (D–R) isotherm models. Moreover, the adsorption is a physisorption and exothermic process.

Intensified degumming of crude soybean oil using cavitational reactors

A novel cavitation assisted degumming approach for the purification of crude soybean oil in terms of the removal of the total phospholipid content has been reported in the work with a detailed study into the effect of operating parameters such as temperature, hydrogen peroxide loading and introduction of ozone gas at varying flow rate. Ultrasonic horn, ultrasonic bath and hydrodynamic cavitation reactors have been used for comparing the efficacy of different types of cavitational reactors. Initially, extent of degumming was quantified at different temperatures and 60 °C was established as optimum to give significant extent of degumming in terms of phospholipids removal. Degumming in the presence of ozone gas gave unsatisfactory results because of the specific physical and chemical properties of crude soybean oil. Combination of ultrasound and hydrogen peroxide resulted in complete phospholipid degradation at capacity of 250 ml at optimized temperature in 100 min of treatment. Ultrasonic horn and bath were also used at 1 L operating volume and the extent of degumming was found to be 90.81% and 93.50% respectively. For large scale studies, hydrodynamic cavitation was operated at 4 bar pressure using slit venturi as the cavitating device which gave 93.65% as the extent of degumming. Overall, intensified degumming approach for processing of crude soybean oil was demonstrated to yield high quality oil in terms of the reduced phospholipids content. Cavitation based degumming process can be an excellent alternative approach to the conventional method with major benefits like reduction in time and energy requirements as demonstrated in the present work.

El uso de aceite de orégano en la dieta del pollo de engorde incrementa la acumulación de timol y carvacrol en carne de pechuga

El aceite de orégano es un aceite aromático usado en la industria avícola como un aditivo natural. Esta investigación fue diseñada para cuantificar el timol y carvacrol en carne de pechuga de pollo. En total, 320 pollos fueron alimentados con una dieta a base de maíz-pasta de soya, utilizando aceite de soya crudo (CSO, por sus siglas en inglés) o aceite de soya acidulado (ASO , por sus siglas en inglés) como fuente concentrada de energía, con o sin aceite de orégano (OO, por sus siglas en inglés). La identificación y cuantificación de los compuestos en la carne fueron realizadas con cromatografía de gases y espectrometría de masas. Los datos obtenidos fueron transformados y analizados paramétricamente, un incremento significativo de timol y carvacrol fue encontrado en pechuga de pollo suplementada con aceite de orégano (p &lt; 0.05). La carne de pollos alimentados con aceite de orégano y CSO acumuló timol, pero más carvacrol: 333% y 366%, respectivamente. La carne de pollos alimentados con aceite de orégano y ASO acumuló timol, pero más carvacrol: 552% y 648%, respectivamente, comparado con el Testigo (sin aceite de orégano). En conclusión, la adición de aceite de orégano a la dieta incrementa la deposición de timol y carvacrol en carne de pollo.

ESTUDO DA UTILIZAÇÃO DE SOLVENTE ALTERNATIVO NO PROCESSO DE EXTRAÇÃO DO ÓLEO DE SOJA

A extração do óleo de soja é feita quase que exclusivamente pelo método de extração com hexano comercial. Com o intuito de avaliar novos solventes como alternativa deste processo tradicional de extração, foi realizado um estudo de extração do óleo de soja empregando-se misturas de etanol, acetato de etila e isopropanol como solvente. Como resultado, verificou-se que a mistura contendo 85% de etanol, 13% isopropanol e 2% acetato de etila apresentou o melhor rendimento (0,185g óleo/g soja). Apesar do óleo bruto obtido apresentar índices de acidez e saponificação fora das especificações da ANVISA para óleo bruto, o refino deste óleo possibilitou a obtenção de um óleo refinado com algumas de suas propriedades próxima das exigidas pela ANVISA para óleos refinados, dentre elas o índice acidez: 0,7% (exigido &lt;0,6%). A inclusão da etapa de “winterization” no processo de refino pode contribuir com a melhoria das demais propriedades do óleo obtido pela extração com solvente alternativo

Diet containing glycerine and soybean oil can reduce ruminal biohydrogenation in Nellore steers

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of the addition of crude glycerine and soybean oil into the diet on the rate of ruminal biohydrogenation (BH), duodenal flow, and on the intestinal digestibility of fatty acids (FA), as well as on the major bacterial species that participate in the BH. Eight castrated Nellore steers were fitted with ruminal and duodenal cannulas. The diet ingredients used were: Tifton 85 hay (roughage source), and a concentrate composed of ground corn, soybean meal and urea, together with 100g/kg of dry matter (DM) of crude glycerine (CG) or 60g/kg DM of soybean oil (SO) or 100g/kg DM crude glycerine plus 60g/kg (DM) soybean oil (CGSO). Data were analyzed as a double Latin square 4×4 design (four treatments and four periods), balanced for residual effects, in a factorial arrangement (A×B). The fixed effect of factor A corresponds to the provision of SO, and that of factor B to the provision of CG. The dry matter intake (DMI) suggested an interaction between CG and SO (P=0.045); animals fed with the CG diet presented higher dry matter intake (DMI) than those fed the SO and CGSO diets (P<0.05); however, the CGSO diet led to a DMI similar to that obtained with the CO diet, and higher than that obtained with the SO diet. A higher duodenal flow of monounsaturated FA (MUFA), poly-unsaturated FA (PUFA) and unsaturated FA (UFA) was observed with the CGSO diet (P<0.05). There was an interaction between CG and SO on the ruminal BH rate of PUFA, UFA, and linolenic acid, the BH being lower with the CGSO diet than with the SO diet (P<0.05). This interaction was also observed to affect the BH rate of MUFA, which was lower with the CGSO diet than with the SO and CG diets. The SO diet reduced the population of Ruminococcus flavefaciens (P=0.046), R. albus (P=0.028) and Fibrobacter succinogenes (P=0.041). However, the relative proportion of Anaerovibrio lipolytica increased in the diets containing CG (P=0.043). The association of CG and SO in the diet limited the BH of UFA, and increased the duodenal flow of these acids without influencing the cellulolytic bacteria of the rumen; therefore, this association may be a nutritional strategy to increase the deposition of healthy UFA in meat; however, this needs to be further investigated.

B. cereus phospholipase C engineering for efficient degumming of vegetable oil

Abstract Enzymatic phospholipid removal (degumming) is a fast-growing and environmentally friendly process for vegetable oil refining. Type C phospholipases (PLC) are the preferred enzymes since they provide an extra yield in the oil recovery. Bacillus cereus PLC can hydrolyze phosphatidylcholine (PC) but has a limited efficiency at removing phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), which together represent ∼70% of the phospholipids present in crude soybean oil. In the present work, we show that the B. cereus PLC mutant F66Y can remove up to 90% of PE while retaining its efficiency at hydrolyzing PC. Oil treatment with the engineered enzyme provides an extra yield of 1.84% making the B. cereus PLC F66Y mutant an attractive candidate for its industrial use.

Effect of tallow and crude soybean oil with or without l-carnitine on performance of broiler chicken

The present experiment was conducted to study the effect tallow (3.28%) and crude soybean oil (2.87%) with or without L- carnitine (100mg/Kg) supplementation on the performance of male broiler chicks. A total of 160 day old male broiler chicks were divided into 4 treatments with eight replicates of five birds each. Before the feed formulation, the lipid profile of the tallow (TAL) and crude soybean oil (CSBO) were analyzed by Agilent technologies 6890N Gas chromatography. The UFA: SFA ratios were found to be 5.37 and 0.77 for CSBO and TAL, respectively. Body weight gain was significantly (P 0.05) effect on feed intake during the overall period. Whereas, supplementation of L-carnitine significantly (P<0.05) lowered feed intake during the overall period. Interaction effect was significant during the finisher and the overall period. FCR was significantly (P<0.05) better for CSBO during the starter and the overall periods. Inclusion of carnitine significantly (P<0.05) improved FCR during all the phases.