Crude Production Research Articles

Biomass-based energy potential from the oil palm agroindustry in Colombia: A path to low carbon energy transition

The energy valorization of biomass is critical to meeting the GHG mitigation goals and supporting the energy transition. The oil palm agroindustry, one of the fastest-growing sectors in Colombian agriculture, is characterized by low-efficiency technologies for bioenergy production. This study assessed four biomass-based energy generation scenarios considering the availability of biomass-based energy applications in backpressure or extraction-condensation turbines and anaerobic digestion systems in 28 palm oil mills, accounting for 68 % of Colombian crude palm oil production. Overall, the four scenarios can support 61–227 MW of electricity, coinciding with 0.4–1.5 % of the national installed capacity, while producing 44 to 222 kWh of surplus electricity per ton of fresh fruit bunch processed, with a levelized cost of electricity between 92.4 and 201.1 USD∙MWh−1 that highlights the economic feasibility. The emission of GHGs accounting for 22.2 to 55.1 gCO2eq per kWh could reduce the national GHG emissions by up to 2.1 %.

Methods to assess dermal exposures in occupational settings: a scoping review.

The dermal exposure route is expected to become increasingly significant relative to total worker exposure as inhalational exposure limits continue to decrease. However, standardization of occupational exposure assessment methods and scientific consensus are needed. This is the first scoping review mapping the literature across all dermal exposure assessment methods and their targeted substances/chemicals in occupational settings. Eligibility criteria broadly included studies reporting any noninvasive dermal exposure assessment method in an occupational setting. The literature search (Web of Science and MEDLINE) was restricted to peer-reviewed, primary literature published in the last 20 years (2002-2022). Titles/abstracts were dual independently screened. Data charting was performed by a single reviewer using standard template. All stages were pilot tested. The JBI (formerly, the Joanna Briggs Institute) scoping review methods and PRISMA-ScR checklist (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews) were used. In total, 493 articles were data charted and categorized by 4 study types: methods development (22%), exposure assessment (51%), health outcomes (21%), and controls assessment (6%). Fourteen types of dermal exposure assessment methods were charted with biomarkers (51%), dosimeters (21%), and qualitative assessments such as questionnaires or surveys (17%) most common. Seventeen different chemicals/substances were charted; pesticides (28%) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (22%) associated with crude oil products and combustion were most common. Mapping between substances and exposure assessment method categories, pesticide dosimeters (11%), and PAH biomarker studies (14%) were most reported. Literature gaps were identified for cleaning agents, hair dyes, glycol ether, N,N-dimethylformamide/N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, dioxins, and bisphenol A. To foster scientific consensus, standardization across study reporting is needed for describing: (i) exposure assessment methods used, (ii) worker tasking/conditions, (iii) targeted substances and substance state, and (iv) targeted exposure routes. Overall, this review categorizes, maps, and defines the scope of literature for occupational dermal exposure assessment methods.

(E)-1-(1-(Benzofuran-2-yl)ethylidene)-2-(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)hydrazine

The reaction of a mixture of equimolar quantities of 2-acetylbenzofuran and (2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)hydrazine in ethanol containing concentrated hydrochloric acid (0.2 mL; 37%) as a catalyst under reflux for two hours yielded 1-(1-(benzofuran-2-yl)ethylidene)-2-(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)hydrazine. The crude product was purified by crystallization using dimethylformamide to provide the title heterocycle in a 90% yield. The structure of the new heterocycle was confirmed through X-ray diffraction and spectral analyses.

SYNTHESIS, SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC AND CHROMATOGRAPHY TECHNIQUES OF CRUDE OIL AND PETROLEUM PRODUCTS

Crude oil and petroleum products are important natural resources that have significant economic and environmental implications. Crude oil is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons that is extracted from the ground and refined to produce various petroleum products, including gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel. The composition of crude oil and petroleum products can vary widely depending on the source and the refining process used. Accurate characterization of these substances is essential for evaluating their quality, properties

International financial institutions and the development of Nigeria

The study investigated the existing relationship between International Financial Institutions concerning the World Bank, International Monetary Fund, African Development Bank, and the development of Nigeria. The historical design was used to organize and analyze secondary data derived from books, articles, official journals of international financial institutions, government/official documents and internet sources related to the problem of the study. The study adopted the Modernization theory of development as its theoretical framework in explaining Nigeria's development from the perspective of her affiliation with the international financial institutions (Bretton Woods Institutions and African Development Bank)'s loan policies and initiatives and their implications for Nigeria's development. The findings revealed that the policies and initiatives of the Bretton Woods Institutions and African Development Bank influenced the Nigeria development project, which has resulted in the constant granting of loans to Nigeria. Based on the findings, the study recommends that the Nigerian government should quickly look inward at other internally generated revenues from custom duties, sales of crude oil, sales of refined crude (Petro), maritime and other agricultural products' revenues and re-channel them towards Nigeria's development instead of wholly depending on loans and otherwise set up independent, as well as strong institutions to oversee and manage funds from foreign loans to avoid mismanagement and diversification that may lead Nigeria into more foreign debts thereby further retarding development in Nigeria.

Economic Indicators

Currency exchanges rates – updated monthly.Economic indicators of industrial production. Countries included: France, Germany, Italy, the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, Japan (Total G‐7), Eurozone and Total EU‐28 (Total OECD). Updated monthly.Economic indicators of car registration in the United States, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Poland, Spain, Turkey, the United Kingdom, Japan, Republic of Korea and Other OECD (Total OECD‐30). Updated monthly.Monthly averages of crude steel production in thousand metric tons for the United States, Canada, Brazil, Mexico, Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Spain, Sweden, Turkey, the United Kingdom, Russia, Ukraine, South Africa, Iran, China, India, Japan, Republic of Korea, Taiwan and Australia.

Simple Synthesis of [18F] AV-45 and its Clinical Application in the Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease.

[18F] AV-45 can be produced in a simple, stable, and repeatable manner on the Tracerlab FXF-N platform using a self-editing synthetic procedure and solid-phase extraction purification method. This technique is applied to positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of Alzheimer's disease (AD) to observe its distribution and characteristics in various brain regions and its diagnostic efficiency for the disease. The precursor was subjected to nucleophilic radiofluorination at 120°C in anhydrous dimethyl sulfoxide, followed by acid hydrolysis of the protecting groups. The neutralized reaction mixture was purified by solid phase extraction to obtain a relatively pure [18F] AV-45 product with a high specific activity. A total of 10 participants who were diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease (AD group) and 10 healthy controls (HC group) were included retrospectively. All of them underwent [18F] AV-45 brain PET/CT imaging. The distribution of [18F] AV-45 in the AD group was analyzed visually and semi-quantitatively. Six consecutive radiochemical syntheses were performed in this experiment. The average production time of [18F] AV-45 was 52 minutes, the radiochemical yield was 14.2 % ± 2.7% (n = 6), and the radiochemical purity was greater than 95%. When used with PET/CT imaging, the results of the visual analysis indicated increased [18F] AV-45 radioactivity uptake in the frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes in AD patients. Semiquantitative analysis showed the highest diagnostic efficacy in the posterior cingulate gyrus compared with other brain regions (P < 0.001). Intravenous [18F] AV-45 was successfully prepared on the Tracerlab FXF-N platform by solid-phase extraction of crude product and automated radiochemical synthesis. PET/CT imaging can be used to diagnose and evaluate AD patients and provide a more robust basis for clinicians to diagnose AD.

Regulation and mechanism of organic selenium on quorum sensing, biofilm, and antioxidant effects of Lactobacillus paracasei.

Different organic compounds can have varying degrees of impact on the activity of Lactobacillus paracasei. The study focused on the impact and action mechanism of different organic selenium products on the bioactivity of two strains of L. paracasei. The growth, antioxidant activity, extracellular polysaccharide secretion, quorum sensing (QS), and biofilm formation of the strains before and after the addition of organic selenium crude products and three organic selenium standard were evaluated. The results showed that the addition of crude organic selenium promoted the various activities of the strain. l-selenocysteine had the strongest regulatory effect, with maximum GIM1.80 biofilm formation when it reached a critical concentration of 0.4 μg/mL; l-selenomethionine resulted in the highest activity of the signal molecule Auto inducer-2 of GDMCC1.155, when it reached a critical concentration of 0.4 μg/mL. The results of scanning electron microscopy demonstrated that the addition of organic selenium effectively improved the morphological structure of the two bacterial cells. Molecular docking revealed that the mechanism by which organic selenium regulates QS in Lactobacillus was achieved by binding two crucial receptor proteins (histidine protein kinase HKP and periplasmic binding protein LuxP) from specific sites. Furthermore, organic selenium products have a beneficial regulatory effect on the biological activity of L. paracasei. Overall, these findings provide a new alternative (organic selenium) for regulating the viability and beneficial activity of L. paracasei.

Isolation and identification of Methylobacterium komagatae and its application in textile industries

A light pink-coloured, rod-shaped, gram-negative bacterium isolated from an unproductive crude oil production area was considered as a sample for this study. The 16S rRNA gene sequence identified the isolate as Methylobacterium komagatae. Comparing the standard colour measurement values set by the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) method confirms the colourant produced by the biomass of this microorganism as a ‘light pink’ colouration. The energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and High-Resolution Mass Spectroscopy process help in the structural elucidation of the sample. It indicates the presence of magnesium (Mg) as a central metal atom in the bacterial colourant, i.e. ‘bacteriochlorophyll’ (BChl) (MgC55H74N4O). The recovered bacterial colourant was applied to cotton fabric and cotton yarns to dye and examine their fastness quality. The result shows the cotton fabrics retained colourant in normal washing while it got reduced after detergent-based washing. Therefore, its fastness quality must be improved to equalise with current colourants.

Surface Modification of Montmorillonite Clay Towards the Fabrication of Nanocomposites for Engineering Applications

Montmorillonite (MMT) is a layered clay mineral composed of silica and alumina sheets with a layer thickness of about 1 nm qualifies it as a two-dimensional nanomaterial. MMT is found in natural clay ores in the Murunkan, Kirinda, and Okanda areas in Sri Lanka. Nanocomposites with enhanced physical and mechanical properties can be prepared by dispersing MMT in a polymer matrix. However, the hydrophilic nature of MMT hinders the incorporation of MMT into hydrophobic polymer matrices. Hence, a suitable surface modification is required to make MMT compatible with polymers. The present study was based on the preparation and analysis of organically modified calcium Montmorillonite (Ca-MMT)-polypropylene nanocomposites as a green technology initiative. Homo-ionic Ca-MMT was prepared by treating commercial MMT-K10 with a CaCl2 solution. The predominant exchangeable divalent cations present in MMT-K10 and Ca-MMT were determined using AAS. The cation exchange capacity of Ca-MMT was about two times greater than that of MMT-K10. Furthermore, XRD analysis showed a slight increase in d- spacing of Ca-MMT compared to MMT-K10. A novel ligand, triethylene glycol dodecyl methyl ether was synthesized by treating triethylene glycol monomethyl ether (TGME) with 50% w/w aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide followed by 1-bromododecane with the molar ratio of TGME:NaOH:1-bromododecane in 1:2:2. The crude product was purified by column chromatography and characterized by FTIR and GCMS analysis. Hydrophilic Ca-MMT was surface modified with the organic ligand presumably via the coordination of triethylene glycol moiety with Ca2+ cations at the outer edge of the MMT particles. The long aliphatic chains in the periphery of the modified MMT particle make it more organophilic. Modified Ca-MMT was characterized by XRD, TGA, and FTIR analysis. The XRD revealed a slight increase in the d-spacing related to the 001 plane of modified Ca-MMT compared to unmodified clay. The effect of modified Ca-MMT loadings (0.5%, 1%, and 1.5%) on the mechanical properties of the nanocomposite was studied. The results implied an enhancement of the mechanical properties in terms of impact resistance, hardness, and flexural properties in the nanocomposite compared to the virgin polymer. The fabricated nanocomposite is a promising engineering material that may have applications in automotive, construction, and packaging products.&#x0D; &#x0D; Keywords: Montmorillonite, Polypropylene, Nanocomposite, TGME, Compatibility&#x0D;

Efficient Identification of Crude Oil via Combined Terahertz Time-Domain Spectroscopy and Machine Learning

The quality of crude oil varies significantly according to its geographical origin. The efficient identification of the source region of crude oil is pivotal for petroleum trade and processing. However, current methods, such as mass spectrometry and fluorescence spectroscopy, suffer problems such as complex sample preparation and a long characterization time, which restrict their efficiency. In this work, by combining terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) and a machine learning analysis of the spectra, an efficient workflow for the accurate and fast identification of crude oil was established. Based on THz-TDS of 83 crude oil samples obtained from six countries, a machine learning protocol involving the dimension reduction of spectra and classification was developed to identify the geological origins of crude oil, with an overall accuracy of 96.33%. This work demonstrates that THz spectra combined with a modern numerical scheme analysis can be readily employed to categorize crude oil products efficiently.

Impact of investments on labour productivity in the chemical and petrochemical industry of the Republic of Kazakhstan

Relevance. Currently, the petrochemical and chemical industries are one of the main areas in the international economy. That is why it is important to choose effective alternative networks by promoting investments in factories to achieve certain indicators in the field of labour. The relevance of this topic is conditioned by the fact that labour productivity in the modern environment plays a crucial role in the activities of various industries. Purpose. The purpose of the study is to assess the correlation of investment and labour productivity in the chemical and petrochemical industry of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Methodology. The study used several methods of scientific research, specifically: correlation and regression analysis. Results. As a result, it was possible to explore the areas of activity responsible for the development of the chemical and petrochemical industry, namely: the development and production of oil, associated (petroleum) and natural gas, the production of chemical and petrochemical products, the production of coke and refined petroleum products, the development of rubber and plastic products. This allowed establishing the level of impact of investments on labour productivity of each of the above-mentioned sub-sectors. In addition, statistical data were investigated, based on which indicators were established reflecting the features of interaction between such components as investment, industrial development, and the improvement of professional personnel. The factors that qualitatively affect the efficiency of external market conditions for corporations are disclosed. Conclusions. The research shows that investments in chemical products, coke, and refined petroleum are more effective than those in crude oil and natural gas production. The practical value of the study is revealed in the possibility of using the results when developing development plans for specific chemical and petrochemical enterprises in the Republic of Kazakhstan, by attracting a specific type of investment. Keywords: energy efficiency; capital; infrastructure; productivity factors; innovation

System Mapping of the Production and Value Chain to Explore Beekeeping Potential in Southwest Ethiopia.

Ethiopia has a high potential for the production of honey and other apiary products due to its ideal agroecology. This potential is, however, not yet well utilized due to weak production and valorization systems. The study analyzed beekeeping systems and their honey value chain to detect the barriers and to explore ways to better exploit the existing potential. Descriptive statistics, a SWOT and PESTEL matrix, and system mapping were utilized for analysis. Ethiopian beekeeping is still dominated by traditional production systems, followed by modern and transitional systems, differing in types of beehives and the average amount of honey yield. The combined SWOT-PESTEL analysis revealed challenges like a limited supply and high cost of modern beehives, shortage of credit, absence of a honey marketing legal framework, pest and predator attacks, absconding, and uncontrolled application of agrochemicals. Opportunities include the globally increasing demand for honey, availability of good investment policy, conducive agroecology, and support from NGOs. The less productive techniques of smallholder beekeepers' crude honey production for local beverage making affected the good use of the potential and minimized its contribution to the local and national economy. On the contrary, strengthening private investors and cooperatives towards the production of fully and semi-processed honey impacted the utilization of the potential positively.

Oil Issues of the Smallest Arabic Member of the OPEC

The past, current status and future of the oil sector of the UAE are considered and analyzed. The author uses methods of comparative and systematic analyses, which are implemented for assessing the emirates’ oil in the context of the world, the Middle East, and the Persian Gulf area. The article mainly concludes that the Covid-19 pandemia has seriously hit the UAE oil market (harder than the other sectors of the national economy), however, the pandemia has made inland oil demand (and petroleum imports) of the emirates lower but the domestic crude oil production will unlikely increase in the foreseeable future above 200 kb/d. Still, the federation fares quite well as the OPEC pledged crude oil production cuts are concerned.

Commonality in systemic risk from green and conventional energy

Our study is a novel attempt to examine the sub-industry sectors of conventional energy (i.e., oil & gas, crude production, oil refinery & marketing, and oil equipment and services) and the sub-industry sector of green energy (i.e., renewable energy) to analyse the systemic risk and commonality. The results show that the systemic risk for green energy has decreased since 2006, indicating a shift towards net-zero emissions. Further, we develop a systemic contagion index (SCI) for green and conventional energy. The SCI shows that green energy has lower contagion than conventional energy. However, conventional energy appears to create lower contagion during crises, indicating its herding characteristics and investors' preference for conventional energy during crises. A mild systemic risk commonality between green and conventional energy provides an opportunity to shift towards green energy, thus enhancing the possibility of achieving net-zero emissions. These findings provide guidance to policymakers to build the global green and conventional energy policy to achieve net-zero emissions in 2050.

Economic Indicators

Currency exchanges rates – updated monthly.Economic indicators of industrial production. Countries included: France, Germany, Italy, the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, Japan (Total G‐7), Eurozone and Total EU‐28 (Total OECD). Updated monthly.Economic indicators of car registration in the United States, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Poland, Spain, Turkey, the United Kingdom, Japan, Republic of Korea and Other OECD (Total OECD‐30). Updated monthly.Monthly averages of crude steel production in thousand metric tons for the United States, Canada, Brazil, Mexico, Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Spain, Sweden, Turkey, the United Kingdom, Russia, Ukraine, South Africa, Iran, China, India, Japan, Republic of Korea, Taiwan and Australia.

Chemical Risk Assessment and Prevention Action Plan Related to Petroleum Production. Case Study of Laboratory and Storage Units in an Algerian Oil and Gas Company

Chemical risk is considered one of the most frequent risks in the workplace, affecting the safety of workers continuously exposed to chemical substances. In addition, it can have an environmental impact and cause an explosion when unacceptable conditions are met. To know the effects of chemical risks and how to prevent them, this study is proposed, the main objective of which is the evaluation of chemical hazards and the proposal of an action plan to avoid this kind of risk in industrial companies. Our case study focused on the crude oil production company " PERTAMINA" using the SEIRICH software. The results indicate that most chemicals are hazardous and can cause serious harm to workers exposed to them periodically. Therefore, the proposed preventive action plan for safety improvement aims to ensure continuous development in oil and gas field production, processing, and distribution, taking into account the health and safety of workers.

Synthesis of New Benzoxazole Derivatives and Evaluation of their Antifungal and Antibacterial Activities

Analytical chemistry aims to synthesize some novel benzoxazole derivatives with lower side effects and more efficacy. In this research, we synthesized the target compound’s reaction of 2- aminophenol in methanol and added carbon disulfide to obtain benzo[d] oxazole-2-thiol. This obtained compound again reacts with 4-chlorobenzoic acid to form 4-(benzo [d]oxazol-2-ylthio) benzoic acid. 4-(benzo[d]oxazol-2-ylthio) benzoic acid was further treated with substituted esters to give the crude product (4a-4e). The structures of derivatives are characterized with the help of IR, 1H NMR, TLC Spectroscopy, and melting point. The derivatives of the compounds were tested for antibacterial &amp; antifungal activities. Antimicrobial evaluation was performed individually with gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria S. aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans were the two types of fungi on which antifungal activities were conducted. The outcomes were compared to those of the common medications Amphotericin B and Ciprofloxacin. It was discovered that the produced compounds have considerable antibacterial and antifungal activity. Four synthesized derivatives are named as 4 (d, b, e, c). The 4 d showed a good antimicrobial activity against the S. aureus. The 4 c showed good antifungal activities against the Candida albicans MTCC3541. The order of antifungal activity of these synthesized compounds is 4c &gt;4e &gt; 4b &gt;4d. The standard. The 4 c showed a good antifungal activity against the C. albicans.

The Influence of The Value of Oil and Gas Exports and Imports on The Country's Foreign Exchange from 2010-2017

International trade requires a very important source of financing, namely foreign exchange reserves. Foreign exchange reserves are the net position of foreign assets of the government and foreign exchange banks, which must be maintained for international transaction purposes. This research aims to determine the effect of oil and gas exports, namely crude oil, oil and gas products on foreign exchange reserves in Indonesia. The type of data used in this research is secondary data obtained from the Central Statistics Agency website, data taken from BPS is the value of oil and gas exports and imports for 1996-2017 and the position of foreign exchange reserves for 2005-2018. The method used in this research is the Simple Linear Regression Method which is used to see the form of relationship between variables through an equation. From the research results above, it can be concluded that oil and gas exports and imports in 2010-2017 did not have a significant effect on the country's foreign exchange reserves. This shows the lack of contribution of exports and imports of crude oil, oil and gas products in influencing the country's foreign exchange reserves.

One-Step Purification of Recombinant Cutinase from an E. coli Extract Using a Stabilizing Triazine-Scaffolded Synthetic Affinity Ligand.

Cutinase from Fusarium solani pisi is an enzyme that bridges functional properties between lipases and esterases, with applications in detergents, food processing, and the synthesis of fine chemicals. The purification procedure of recombinant cutinase from E. coil extracts is a well-established but time-consuming process, which involves a sequence of two anionic exchange chromatography steps followed by dialysis. Affinity chromatography is the most efficient method for protein purification, the major limitation of its use being often the availability of a ligand selective for a given target protein. Synthetic affinity ligands that specifically recognize certain sites on the surface of proteins are highly desirable for affinity processes due to their cost-effectiveness, durability, and reusability across multiple cycles. Additionally, these ligands establish moderate affinity interactions with the target protein, making it possible to purify proteins under gentle conditions while maintaining high levels of activity recovery. This study aimed to develop a new method for purifying cutinase, utilizing triazine-scaffolded biomimetic affinity ligands. These ligands were previously screened from a biased-combinatorial library to ensure their binding ability to cutinase without compromising its biological function. A lead ligand, designated as 11/3', [4-({4-chloro-6-[(2-methylbutyl)amino]-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl}amino)benzoic acid], was chosen and directly synthesized onto agarose. Experiments conducted at different scales demonstrated that this ligand (with an affinity constant Ka ≈ 104 M-1) exhibited selectivity towards cutinase, enabling the purification of the enzyme from an E. coli crude production medium in a single step. Under optimized conditions, the protein and activity yields reached 25% and 90%, respectively, with a resulting cutinase purity of 85%.