Crude Palm Oil Industry Research Articles

Mitigation of Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Crude Palm Oil Industry in Kampar Regency of Riau Province

Riau is one of the provinces that has the most palm oil mill in Indonesia. The palm oil mill activities produce carbon dioxide emissions from it processes. This study aims to calculate carbon dioxide emissions from the palm oil mill and plan it mitigation efforts. This research was conducted at one of the palm oil processing plants in Kampar district, Riau Province. Palm oil mill utilizes biomass in the form of fibers and shells of palm fruit as boiler fuel to generate electricity, in addition from the use of generator sets. The palm oil mill produces liquid waste. In the process of transporting palm fruit from the garden to the factory, it also produces emissions from transportation. The results of this study showed that carbon dioxide emissions from palm oil mill amounted to 709,436.87 ton CO2 eq/year. The mitigation efforts that can be carried out are by catching methane gas produced from the process of treating liquid waste and turning it into electricity. The electricity generated would meet the energy needs of the plant so that it could eliminate the use of boilers and generator set, eventually the carbon dioxide emissions produced from palm oil mill can be reduced by 99.23%.

Impact of Increasing in Production Capacity of CPO Downstream Industries on Competitiveness and Welfare of Oil Palm Farmers in Indoneisa

Indonesia is the largest country in exporting crude palm oil (CPO) to the world market. However, the production capacity of the CPO downstream industries in Indonesia must continue to be increased, bearing in mind that Indonesia also imports CPO derivative products. In addition, oil palm plantations in Indonesia still face environmental and social issues, such as: deforestation, damage to peatlands, destruction of wildlife habitat (such as orang-utans), and land tenure conflicts. In this connection, Indonesia needs to continue to develop the CPO downstream industries that can increase added value and foreign exchange, absorb employment, and address environmental and social issues. Therefore we need appropriate government policies to support the development of the CPO downstream industries. The purposes of writing this paper were to analyze the factors that influence CPO demand by the CPO downstream industries (ie: palm cooking oil, margarine and soap industry) in Indonesia, and to evaluate the impact of facilitation policy that increasing production capacity of the CPO downstream industries on the CPO competitiveness of Indonesia-Malaysia and the palm cooking oil, margarine and soap competitiveness of Indonesia, as well as the welfare of oil palm farmers in the 2015-2017 period. This paper was part of the dissertation research results that using the CPO industry econometrics model. The dissertation model specification is a dynamic simultaneous equation consisting of 71 behavioral equations and 51 identities, while the model was estimated and simulated using the 2SLS and Newton methods. The results showed that the production capacity of the CPO downstream industries affected CPO demand by the CPO downstream industries. Furthermore, if the production capacity of CPO downstream industries (palm cooking oil, margarine, soap, biodiesel and others) increases, it will increase the Indonesian competitiveness in export CPO and its derivative and welfare of oil palm farmers in Indonesia.

Combined ultrafiltration and electrodeionization techniques for microbial xylitol purification

Oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) is biomass waste from crude palm oil industry that can be utilized for xylitol production. In recent years, xylitol production is dominated by a microbial fermentation method where the fermentation product contains many impurities, thus requires further purification and separation processes. In this work, ultrafiltration (UF) and electrodeionization (EDI) membranes were used for purification of xylitol from either model solution or OPEFB hydrolysate that has been fermented by Debaromyces hansenii. First, the optimum conditions for purification of xylitol from xylose, acetic acid, and salts in model solution using EDI were evaluated. The results showed that the optimum current density, concentrate flow rate, and diluate flow rate was found to be 22.5A/m2, 0.4m/s, and 0.5m/s, respectively. Meanwhile, validation experiment using the OPEFB hydrolysate fermentation broth showed that UF-EDI membrane configuration was able to remove 99% of microorganism and biomass, 99% pigment, >46% of xylose, and >99% ionic impurities including >90% acetic acid with a loss of xylitol about 30–50%.

Fungal Production of Xylanase from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches via Solid State Cultivation

The abundance of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches (EFB), the lignocellulosic biomass waste from Crude Palm Oil (CPO) industries, offers a potential for its application as raw material for biorefinery. Its xylan content in particular, suggests that EFB can be used as raw material for xylanase production. This article studies xylanase production by fungal Trichoderma viride ITB CC L67, Aspergillus niger ITB CC L51, and Penicillium sp. ITB CC L96 using EFB as the substrate in solid state fermentation. The aims of this research are to evaluate the incubation time to produce the highest xylanase activity, to explore the effect of particle size of EFB on xylanase activity and to determine the optimal operation condition of each significant variable, including temperature and substrate ratio (g EFB in mL liquid medium) using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The method of Central Composite Design (CCD) is employed to investigate the individual crucial component of the operation condition, which significantly affected the enzyme activity. The incubation time of T. viride, A. niger, and Penicillium sp. were observed to produce xylanase . The result show that the xylanase activity is increase in the early phase of incubation at 0-36 hours, and remained constant afterward. At the time of 36 hours, the activity of xylanase produced by T. viride, A. niger and Penicillium sp. were subsequently 815 U/mL, 624 U/mL and 789 U/mL or equal to 8,146 U/g, 6,243 U/g and 7,892 U/g dry substrate. The particle size of the EFB is affect the growth and hence affects on xylanase production. It shows that the smaller size of EFB resulted in better fungal growth, which was indicated by higher biomass dry weight and higher protein content, as well as higher xylanase activity. The optimum conditions obtained xylanase activity is 740.6 U/mL or 5,095.5 U/g substrate, produced by T.viride ITB CC L.67 at 32.8oC and substrate ratio of 0.63.

KONSENTRASI MINYAK SAWIT MENTAH (CPO) DI KAWASAN PESISIR DUMAI PROVINSI RIAU

Dumai waters was categorized as being prone to oil spills, because the dominant industrial activities in the area, is crude palm oil (CPO) industry. This study aimed to determine the level of oil and fat pollution in Dumai Coastal Area of Riau Province. The determination of CPO in water and sediment was carried out through the tests in the laboratory. CPO concentration in Dumai Coastal Waters was still in the category of being unpolluted and it was safe for the environment. Keywords : Dumai Coastal Waters, CPO, oil and fat

Kinetics of Anaerobic Digestion of Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) in Double-Stage Batch Bioreactor with Recirculation and Fluidization of Microbial Immobilization Media

Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) becomes big problem for palm oil industries, especially for Crude Palm Oil (CPO) industry since it produces 3 tons of POME for every ton of CPO production.The high amount of organic loading in POME makes it potential as a substrate in anaerobic digestion to generate biogas as renewable energy source. The most common but conventional method by using open lagoon is still preferred for most CPO industry in Indonesia to treat POME because of its simplicity and easiness. However, this method creates new major problem for the water bodies since it has no significant chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal and needs wide area. Besides, greenhouse gas (CH4) is also released during the process. An innovation was made in this study by designing vertical column process equipment to run an anaerobic digestion of POME. The vertical column was functioned as anaerobic fluidized bed reactor (AFBR). To enhance the digestion rate in AFBR, natural zeolite was used as the immobilization media and the inoculum was taken from digested biodiesel waste. This research aimed to determine the kinetic constants of double-stage anaerobic POME digestion for COD removal and biogas production. To get close to the real condition, the POME used in this experiment had 8,000 mg/L of sCOD (the real sCOD was ±16,000 mg/L). The experiment was conducted under room temperature with up-flow velocity between 1.75 and 2.3 cm/s for optimum fluidization of immobilization media.

Multi-objective model of waste transportation management for crude palm oil industry

The crude palm oil industry is an agro-industrial commodity. The global market of this industry has experienced rapid growth in recent years, such that it has a strategic value to be developed for Indonesian economy. Despite these economic benefits there are a number of environmental problems at the factories, such as high water consumption, the generation of a large amount of wastewater with a high organic content, and the generation of a large quantity of solid wastes and air pollution. In terms of waste transportation, we propose a multiobjective programming model for managing business environmental risk in a crude palm oil manufacture which gives the best possible configuration of waste management facilities and allocates wastes to these facilities. Then we develop an interactive approach for tackling logistics and environmental risk production planning problem for the crude palm oil industry.

Life-Cycle Assessment of Crude Palm Oil Produced at Mill J, PT XYZ, Sumatera Island using Eco-indicator 99

The Crude Palm Oil industry has now become the largest agricultural industry in Indonesia. Nevertheless, the growth of CPO industry could also bring negative impacts on the environment if the company does not control their emissions and discharges properly. Life-cycle Assessment (LCA) is one of the tools that can assess the environmental impacts due to CPO production activities. This study aims to assess the potential environmental impacts arising from the CPO production system at Mill J, PT XYZ, Sumatera Island by using Eco-indicator 99. Based on this study, in 2015, the process in plantation and mill contributed to climate change category was 0.013 DALY or after normalized 202 Pt. Meanwhile, the land use category has 395 PDF*m2yr or 30.8 Pt. Meanwhile, all of the other categories were less than 30.8 Pt, hence, the highest impact of this CPO production system is climate change at the activities in industrial estate (fertilizers usage) and industry (emitted from waste water of palm oil mill).

Optimization and Kinetic Modelling of The Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Oil Palm Petioles

Oil palm petiole is the solid waste of the crude palm oil industry. It contains about 35% cellulose, 18% hemicellulose and 22-25% lignin. During hydrolysis lingo celllulosic, cellulose and hemicellulose are gradually degraded into fermentable sugars, such as glucose and xylose. Enzymatic hydrolysis of oil palm petioleby xylanase could be an effective biotechnological process, since it can be performed at ambient temperature and pressure. Further glucose and xylose can be used as raw material for the production of a wide variety of chemicals such as xylitol and bioethanol. The aim of this study wasto examine the optimum conditions needed for the enzymatic hydrolysis of oil palm petioles, particularly temperature and pH. A surface Response Method Methodologies (RSM) by central composite design (CCD) was employed to obtain the optimum xylose concentration. The dynamics of enzymatic hydrolysis process was modelled using the Michaelis Menten kinetic model with kinetic parameters obtained from experimental data. The results of this study lead to an enhanced process of the enzymatic hydrolysis of oil palm petiole, whichwas shown to follow the Michaelis Menten kinetic model and the kinetic parameters including Km and Vm were obtained, they were 6.433 g/L andVm= 0.042 g/L/min. The optimum hydrolysis condition wereobserved to be at temperature 50oC and pH 4.8. Keywords: enzymatic hydrolysis; glucose; kinetic modelling; oil palm petioles; xylose

A Recent Overview of Palm Oil Mill Effluent Management via Bioreactor Configurations

Worldwide, crude palm oil industries generate an overwhelming amount of palm oil mill effluent (POME). Since the past few decades, environmental issues associated with POME disposal have challenged the palm oil-producing nations which led them to reevaluate and develop their waste management strategies by using advanced biotreatment technologies. With the help of these technological advances, POME has emerged as a valuable biomass resource with great potential to produce sustainable renewable resources like biogas. This review entails various POME treatment methods in vogue and offers an insight into their improved applicability potential and pollution mitigation strategies by using proposed improved configurations like ponding system, open digesting tanks, anaerobic digestion based-bioreactors, aerobic anaerobic hybrid bioreactors, and membrane bioreactors. This review paper also gives an overview about the recent advancements in POME treatment bioreactor configurations and emphasizing their scope in large-scale applications on an industrial level. This review also critically analyzes their performance level to achieve the standard POME discharge limit by efficiently removing high COD (chemical oxygen demand), BOD (biological oxygen demand), and TSS (total suspended solid).

Analisis Industry's Competitiveness pada Crude Palm Oil Indonesia

Indonesia’s palm oil industry has a comparative advantage in term of vast areas of land and the the cheapest palm oil production cost in the world. In this study we concern on the industry competitiveness of Indonesia’s crude palm oil (CPO). This study also discusses the opportunities of CPO’s industry in the future. Here, the industry competitiveness is analyzed using Porter's Five-Forces. Our result showed that there is strong pressure in almost all perspectives, except the input power of buyers and entry. This high pressure related to the amount of worldwide palm oil producers, the availability of soybean oil which indicated as the main competitor for the industry as alternative products, and the internal rivalry. Thus, we analyze the strength of the palm oil industry to find opportunities for further development. Some great opportunities might be applicable for developing the CPO industries are, e.g., optimalizing the use of palm oil as biofuels, maximizing the competitiveness of palm oil among other vegetable oils in terms of production capacity, and boosting the demand from europe as new importers.

The Study of Oil Palm Shell (OPS) Lightweight Concrete Using Superplasticizer, Silica Fume, and Fly Ash

The concrete technology has been growing significantly since years ago especially in Indonesia’s construction. Therefore, Indonesia needs new innovation of concrete technology to solve the problem for the availability of concrete material. Indonesia is known as the largest producer of crude palm oil (CPO) in the world. Oil palm shell (OPS) is one of the solid wastes produced in crude palm oil industry that can be used as concrete materials. This paper presents the experimental results of a research project to produce structural lightweight concrete using oil palm shell (OPS), as a coarse aggregate. This experimental was investigating the effects of adding silica fume, fly ash, and superplasticizer for the compressive strength and flexural strength of the OPS lightweight concrete. It was found that OPS lightweight concrete has compressive strength up to 23.90 MPa in 28-days and flexural strength up to 2.54 MPa in 28-days. This experimental concluded that OPS lightweight concrete has a good potential as a lightweight coarse aggregate and low-cost housing construction in Indonesia.

ANALISIS PANGSA PASAR DAN DAYA SAING CPO INDONESIA DI UNI EROPA

Commodities of palm oil play a strategic role in the Indonesia’s economy. In this study we concern on the competitiveness of Indonesia’s Crude Palm Oil (CPO) industry and effectiveness of the potential market for Indonesia’s CPO in Uni Europe (UE). The utilization of CPO as biofuels, encouraging an significant increased of demand for CPO in UE. This study is also addressed to determine the Indonesian CPO performance among other palm oil producer country. We used the revealed comparative advantage (RCA) and market share index (MSI) methods in analysing the competitiveness level. Our results showed, in 2014, export performance of Indonesia’s CPO increased. It was showed by the value of RCA1. Indonesia has competitiveness of CPO, because of the increased export volume of CPO and it’s derivates product to the major importer countries, such as UE. However, the average of RCA analysis in 2007-2014 indicate the lower performanceof Indonesia’s CPO exports compared to the other main CPO exporter, Malaysia. Thus, from the MSI analysis we found that Italy is a potential market for Indonesia’s palm oil exports, based on the fact that Indonesia’s CPO dominated the Italian market in the last seven years. The value of Indonesia’s market share was far above the competitor.

Technical problems of wastewater treatment plant in crude palm oil industry A case study in PT Socfin Indonesia-Kebun Sungai Liput, Nang groe Aceh Darussalam Province

Crude palm oil produced in Indonesia has already been known as the largest in the world. Unfortunately many of palm oil factories (CPOF) spread out in Indonesia have not good wastewater treatments (WWTP) yet. PT Socfin Indonesia, as an example, which is located in Aceh Tamiang Regency, still has BOD contained in its final effluent of the waswater treatment plant more than 150 ppm. In fact, the capability and capacity of WWTP in PT Socfin are 192 m3per day. Because of improper operational and maintenance of the WWTP, the technical prob lem are accumulated, such as, increasing the deposition of sludge and decreasing the retention time. The following affect is the treatment process is not going well and the quality of effluent is getting worse. The objective of this paper is to solve the technical problems by means remov ing the deposition of sludge periodically and fixing floating aeration in the aerobic pond. Method using for this paper is survey and wastewater sampling. A recommendation of the was tewater treatment system has been proposed after average BOD from WWTP outlet is defined 158 mg/L. The recommendation has seven procesess including oil separation, neutralization, closed tank anaerobic digester equipped with gas holder, extended aeration, settling tank, sand drying bed and land application.

PEMODELAN STATISTICAL CONTROL DETECTION ADAPTIVE (SCDA) UNTUK MONITORING DAN PREDIKSI VOLUME PRODUKSI CRUDE PALM OIL (CPO) NASIONAL

Achievement of national palm oil industry as a producer and exporter of crude palm oil (CPO) in the world, it is now giving birth insecurity issues. This is because the growth of upstream and downstream industries of national palm oil that has not been balanced, which in turn encourages the national palm oil industry players to be oriented to the export of CPO which eliminates the added value in the country. On the other hand, though bring in foreign exchange for the country, but is prone commodity export orientation encountered a barriers problem in the international market. It is therefore important to provide a means of monitoring, prediction and assessment to facilitate the formulation of policies more about the marketing of national CPO industry. This research proposed the development of a model framework called adaptive threshold statistical control detection adaptive (SCDA) as a means of monitoring, prediction, and assessment of the movement of national CPO production volume. SCDA idea is to determine the dynamic threshold based mapping pattern historical data and predictions from the aspect of the frequency and trends. SCDA model adapted the techniques of statistical process control (SPC), while the values of the predictions generated from the simulation prediction model developed using the techniques of artificial neural network back propagation (ANN-BP) based on historical data of the national CPO production volume. The data used was the average volume of annual national CPO production period 1967 to 2015. The simulation results showed that the prediction model of national CPO production volume in 2016 until 2018 predicted were31.025 million, 32.214 million, and 34.504 million tons, respectively, while the values of maximum and minimum threshold that was formed in the model predictions SCDA for the period 2016-2018 each sequence were 33,322,065 and 29,246,547, respectively. As far as the literature search results, modeling SCDA has never been done in the research included for monitoring and prediction of national production volume of CPO. Therefore, research on the modeling of SCDA was contributing both to the development of knowledge about modeling as well as in the management of the national supply of CPO. Keywords: adaptive threshold, modelling, artificial neural network, palm oil

CSR DAN MASyARAKAT: STUDI MODEL IMPLEMENTASI CSR DI ACEH TAMIANG DAN IMPLIKASINyA TERHADAP MAQASHID SyARIAH

Abstrak.This article analysed the implementation model of the Coorporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in Kabupaten Aceh Tamiang by qualitative approach. After conducting field survey and interview with company staff in charge, public figure, and governmental officer in change, it was found that the company that involved in Palm Oil Tree Plantation, and the Crude Palm Oil Industries (CPO), they only implement the CSR in the form of philantrophic program as a response to the need for establishing good relationship with the local people. On the PT. Pertamina which involved in oil and gas exploration that had designed and developed a well plan CSR program. It provided support for community economic empowerment, environmental rehabilation, and infrustruture development. In term of the implication on the maqashid syariah for the protection of religion, life, mind, family or progeny and the propertis is still lower than the expection. The local community felt indifferent and dissatisfied with regard to benefit they recieved from the company, comparing to the surplus return that company gained out of natural exploitation. The welfare of the local people and future generation and the distruction of nature, that would affect the life and health of the people, all these had not well addressed by the CSR program of those companies. Kata Kunci: Implementasi CSR, implikasi maqashid syariah, dan perusahaan

Analysis of Business Process at PT XYZ by Using SCOR Thread Diagram

Supply Chain Operations Reference (SCOR) is a standard supply chain performance evaluation model which is proposed by Supply Chain Council (SCC). SCOR makes companies can analyse and evaluate their supply chain performance. SCOR has Thread Diagram which describes business process simply and systematically to help the analysis of company’s business process. This research takes place in PT XYZ that is involved in Crude Palm Oil (CPO) industry. PT XYZ used to be the market leader of CPO industry but nowadays they have a trouble to compete with new competitors. The purpose of this study is to provide the input for PT XYZ business process improvement to enhance the competitiveness of the company with the others. The result obtained shows that there are two performance metrics that are not reached. The analysis of business process shows the lack of control role of PT XYZ to supplier and customer side which is going to be the suggestion of improvement.

Model Ekonomi Minyak Sawit Mentah Dunia

Due to the importance of crude palm oil (CPO) in Indonesia economy, any policy elated to CPO industry should be comprehensively designed and analyzed its impacts on the industry and the economy as a whole. A scientific approach to designed and analyze policies is by simulating those policies into an economic model of the industry. In response to requirement, a study has been conducted to develop an international model of crude palm oil market. The model consists of 18 sub-models, that are, a world model, 16 individual or grouped country models, and an Indonesia model which is specified in relatively more detail. A general characteristic of the model is that the shot-term responses of production, consumption, export, and import toward the changes in CPO and competing oil prices are inelastic. Using the model and a time horizon of 1995-2000, production, consumption, export-import are projected to increase by 6.1, 5.0, and 4.1, percent, p.a., respectively. The price is projected to decline to be around US$ 415/ton in 2000

BIOKONVERSI SERAT KELAPA SAWIT MENJADI GLUKOSA DENGAN DILUTED-ACID HYDROTHERMAL TREATMENT

Fiber cake (FC) is a one of effluent of Crude Palm Oil (CPO) industry. This effluent can be decreased by using FC for bioethanol production. FC is actually Palm Kernel Press Cake (PKC) a residue of palm oil extraction, which containing 57.9% cellulose and 18% klason lignin, and containing 14.94% hemicellulose. This study aimed to determined the effect of fiber concentrations and reaction time for glucose production to investigate the structure of morphology and crystalinity of the fiber cake before and after hydrothermal treatment. Fiber cake was treated by hydrothermal reactor using catalysts 2% H2SO4 (v/v) and 150 oC for 2 hour. Variations concentration of fiber cake which is 2.5%; 5%; 7.5%; and 10% w/v and time variations for 1, 2, 3, 4 hours. The highest glucose concentration was found at 2.5% FC for 3 hour about 2.336 0.015 mg/mL. Scanning electron microscope (SEM analysis results and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) is known the smooth surface structure to be broken an rough after the hydrolysis process and also improvement of the crystal structure of fiber cake from 27.57% to 31.15%.

Effect of Vortex Finder, Inlet and Body Diameter on Separation Efficiency of Hydrocyclone for Crude Palm Oil Industry

Hydrocyclone is novel optional equipment that can be applied in solid separation for crude palm oil process because of its advantage over the existing technology. Hydrocyclone is a cost-effective, continuous tool which is easy for maintenance. The objective of this research is to investigate the effect of vortex finder, inlet, and body diameter of hydrocyclone on separation efficiency of palm meal from crude palm oil by using PVC resin as the solid phase and biodiesel B5 as the liquid phase. All parameters were simulated using computational fluid dynamic, CFD. In addition, the inlet diameters were tested experimentally. The feed flow rates in both simulation and experiment were varied from 4 - 14 L/min at the constant flow ratio of 0.2. Experimental design was clearly specified. The vortex finder diameters of 3.8, 4.8, and 5.8 mm were also simulated as well as the inlet diameters of 5, 6, and 7 mm. Three sizes of body diameter of 30, 40, and 50 mm were selected as the example sizes. According to the simulation results, the smaller vortex finder, inlet, and body diameter of hydrocyclone revealed the higher separation efficiency.