Inclusion Of Crude Glycerin Research Articles

Use of crude glycerin in dairy goat feeding and its effects on milk and cheese performance and quality

This study aimed to assess the impact of stepwise dietary inclusion of crude glycerin (CG) on the productive traits of dairy goats and the quality of their milk and cheese. Sixteen Saanen goats, averaging 55 ± 6 kg live weight and 45 days in milk, were allocated into four simultaneous Latin squares (4×4) and fed on diets containing 0 (control), 50, 100, and 150 g/kg of CG in the dry matter (DM). A linear decrease (P < 0.05) was observed in DM, crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and non-fibrous carbohydrates intake with increasing CG levels in the diet, with a significant reduction (P < 0.05) noted at 100 and 150 g/kg of CG. Additionally, CP digestibility, nitrogen balance, and plasma urea nitrogen decreased (P < 0.05) with CG inclusion. Milk yield corrected for 3.5 % fat, total solids content, and total fatty acid (FA) amounts in goat milk decreased (P < 0.05) with 100 and 150 g/kg of CG. Furthermore, inclusion of 150 g/kg of CG decreased (P < 0.05) fat content in "coalho" cheese, although cheeses from goats fed up to 50 g/kg of CG showed superior (P < 0.05) appearance, global impression, and purchase intention. The CG inclusion increased (P < 0.05) short and odd-chain FA contents while decreasing (P < 0.05) long-chain and polyunsaturated FA levels in goat milk. Overall, we recommend incorporating up to 50 g/kg of CG in dairy goat diets as it does not affect milk and "coalho" cheese performance and quality.

Polyurethane Adhesives for Wood Based on a Simple Mixture of Castor Oil and Crude Glycerin

Developing a new type of polyurethane is essential because conventional options often exhibit shortcomings in terms of environmental sustainability, cost-effectiveness, and performance in specialized applications. A novel polyurethane adhesive derived from a simple mixture of castor oil (CO) and crude glycerin (CG) holds promise as it reduces reliance on fossil fuels and harnesses renewable resources, making it environmentally friendly. Simple CO/CG mixtures, adjusted at three different weight fractions, were used as bio-based polyester polyols to produce polyurethane adhesive for wood bonding. The resulting products are yellowish liquids with moderate-to-high viscosity, measuring 19,800–21,000 cP at 25 °C. The chemical structure of the polyester polyols was characterized using infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetry (TG), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). These polyols reacted with polymeric 4,4-methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (p-MDI) at a consistent isocyanate index of 1.3, resulting in the formation of polyurethane adhesives. Crucially, all final adhesives met the adhesive strength requirements specified by ASTM D-5751 standards, underscoring their suitability for wood bonding applications. The addition of CG enhanced the surface and volumetric hydrophobicity of the cured adhesives, resulting in adhesive properties that are not only stronger but also more weather-resistant. Although the thermal stability of the adhesives decreased with the inclusion of CG, FTIR analysis confirmed proper polyurethane polymer formation. The adhesive adjusted for a 2:1 CO:CG weight ratio promoted wood–wood bonding with the highest shear strength, likely due to a higher formation of urethane linkages between hydroxyl groups from the blend of polyols and isocyanate groups from the p-MDI.

Crude glycerin in feed for Colossoma macropomum fish: evaluation of histopathological effects on the liver and kidney

The present study aimed to verify whether the use of crude glycerin in the diet of juvenile Colossoma macropomum could promote histopathological changes in the liver and kidneys. 150 juveniles were used, divided into 15 tanks of 1000 liters (five treatments and three repetitions, n = 10). Five different diets with inclusion of crude glycerin (0%; 7.5%; 10%; 12.5%; 15%) were used in exchange for soybean oil and partial replacement of corn bran. The animals were fed to satiation for 60 days. After this period, liver and kidney samples from each group were submitted to histological processing and histopathological analysis. The semi-quantitative method was used to assess the lesions: calculation of Mean Alteration Values (MVA), which assess the occurrence of the lesion, and the Histopathological Alterations Index (HAI), which allows assessing the severity of the lesions. The results indicated significant non-harmful effects, but adaptive responses to the diet. In conclusion, the inclusion of up to 15% crude glycerin can be used without causing significant liver and kidney changes in C. macropomum juveniles.

Physicochemical and microbiological parameters of rumen fluid of lactating goats fed diets containing crude glycerin from waste frying oil used in biodiesel production.

Crude glycerin from the biodiesel industry is a alternative energy source used to replace part of the energy components of the diet, since the nutritional value of glycerol makes it suitable for use in ruminant diets. The objective was to analyze the effects including crude glycerin (CG) derived from the production of biodiesel from residual frying oil, in diets of lactating goats on the physicochemical and microbiological parameters of rumen fluid. Eight 2-year-old goats weighting approximately 42.06 ± 3.5kg of body weight (BW) were kept in individual stalls, receiving diets containing 0, 7, 14 and 21% of CG (% DM). The experiment was carried out according to a double 4 × 4 Latin square and lasted for 80days. Orthogonal contrasts were tested to determine linear and quadratic effects, as well as the effects of 0% CG in the diet in comparison to the other treatments. There was a linear decreasing effect on DM intake (P = 0.001) and neutral detergent fiber (P = 0.0001), as well as a quadratic effect (P = 0.0002) on ether extract (EE) intake with increasing level of CG in the diet. Including CG affected motility and density of the protozoa (P = 0.0001). Treatments had no effect on pH, N-NH3 concentration and percentage of protozoa in the rumen liquid. There was increasing linear effect on sedimentation and flotation time (P = 0.001). Therefore, including 14 and 21% CG in the diet as a source of glycerol decreased nutrient intake and altered the ruminal microbiota, but pH and N-NH3 were not affected. Thus, to avoid impairment to the physicochemical and microbiological parameters of the rumen liquid of goats, the inclusion of CG should not exceed 7% DM.

Metabolic profile of goats fed diets containing crude glycerin from biodiesel production.

Feedlot finishing of goats is a growing practice, but the economic viability of this technology is compromised by the inclusion of ingredients such as corn and soybean. An alternative to minimize this barrier is the use of agroindustry coproducts as substitutes for those ingredients, such as crude glycerol. This study aimed to evaluated the metabolism of crossbred Boer finishing goats fed diets containing crude glycerin from biodiesel production. Thirty-two crossbred, castrated goat of age were distributed in a fully randomized experimental design with four treatments and eight replicates. The experiment lasted 69 days, and goats were fed sorghum silage and concentrate, with the inclusion of crude glycerin in the diet at levels of 0, 50, 100, and 150 g/kg on a dry matter basis. The diets did not have an effect (p > 0.05) on the serum urea levels. Increasing dietary crude glycerin levels did not the influence the metabolic or urinary profiles (p > 0.05). The liver tissue of the goats fed diets containing the highest crude glycerin inclusion levels showed deleterious effects. The inclusion of crude glycerin with approximately 6.6 g/kg methanol caused deleterious effects to the liver tissue of Boer crossbred goats as the glycerin concentrations increased. However, glycerin levels did not cause deleterious effects on the liver tissue or on the serum or urinary profiles. The use of crude glycerin with lower methanol content is recommended for goat diets.

Metabolizable energy value of crude glycerin and effects on broiler performance and carcass yield

Two experiments were carried out to determine the metabolizable energy of crude glycerin (CG) and to evaluate the effect of adding different levels of CG on broiler performance and yield of carcass and cuts. The first consisted of a metabolism assay using total excreta sampling method aiming to determine the apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen balance (AMEN). This assay was performed in two phases: 10–18 days (initial phase) and 25–33 days of age (growth phase). The broilers were alloted in a randomized design with two treatments (reference diet and reference diet + 80 g/kg of CG inclusion) and nine replications, with ten birds per cage. The AMEN was 2651 kcal/kg and 3013 kcal/kg, for the initial and growth phases, respectively. In the second experiment, 1600 Cobb 500 male broilers from 1 to 42 days were alloted in a randomized block experimental design, with 8 treatments and 8 replications of 25 birds per experimental unit, according to factorial arrangement (2 feed forms × 4 levels of CG: 0, 40, 80 and 120 g/kg). At 43 days of age, three birds from each cage were slaughtered to evaluate yield of carcass and cuts in each treatment. There was a quadratic effect (P < 0.01) on feed intake and weight gain of glycerin fed birds, but no difference in feed conversion (P>0.05). Carcass and cut weights presented quadratic behavior (P < 0.01), but regarding yield, only quadratic effect (P < 0.01) was observed for carcass, linear increase (P < 0.01) for wings and linear reduction (P < 0.01) for fat. Using CG improved weight gain. Up to 46.30 g/kg CG improved carcass yield and up to 120 g/kg reduced fat deposition.

Nitrogen utilization and nutrient intake and digestibility can be improved in sheep fed cotton-burrs with crude glycerin

The present study evaluated the replacement of corn grain with increasing levels of crude glycerin (CG) in cotton burrs-based diets for sheep in terms of intake and digestibility, nitrogen (N) metabolism, microbial protein synthesis (MPS) efficiency, blood glucose, and ruminal parameters. Five male sheep (body weight 52.2 ± 5.5 kg), castrated and rumen-fistulated, were used in a randomized 5 × 5 Latin square design. The experimental period consisted of 17 d (10 d for adaptation and 7 d for sampling). Isonitrogenous diets with 112 g crude protein (CP) per kg dry matter (DM) were formulated to contain 0 (control), 50, 100, 150, and 200 g CG/kg DM. Compared to the control diet, feeding CG up to 200 g/kg DM quadratically changed (P < 0.01) nutrient intake. Maximum intake of DM, organic matter (OM), neutral detergent fiber (aNDF), and water was achieved when feeding 150 g CG/kg DM. Compared to zero CG inclusion, feeding 200 g CG/kg DM linearly increased (P ≤ 0.03) the digestibility of OM and aNDF by 3.4 % and 13.6 %, respectively, while DM digestibility tended to increase linearly by 6 % (P = 0.05). The apparent N digestibility increased linearly (P < 0.02) by 6.8 % and 10.4 % with GC inclusion levels of 150 and 200 g/kg DM, respectively. Nitrogen intake, fecal and urinary N, absorbed N, and N absorbed per unit of N intake were all quadratically changed (P ≤ 0.03) by CG inclusion. These parameters increased by 34.7 %, 15.7 %, 34.5 %, 49.3 %, and 10.7 %, respectively, when a diet of 150 g CG/kg DM was fed. Feeding different levels of CG in a sheep diet did not affect (P ≥ 0.12) ruminal MPS (g microbial N/d) and MPS efficiency (g microbial CP/kg total digestible nutrients), ruminal pH, and concentrations of ruminal ammoniacal-N and blood glucose. Crude glycerin included up to 150 g/kg in cotton burrs-based diets for sheep improved N utilization and intake and digestibility of nutrients without affecting ruminal parameters, glucose blood concentrations, and MPS efficiency.

Effect of crude glycerin levels on meat quality and carcass characteristics of crossbred Boer goats.

This study assessed the effects of four levels of crude glycerin (0, 50, 100, and 150 g/kg dry matter (DM) basis) in the diet of Boer crossbred goat kids on the qualitative and quantitative carcass characteristics as well as meat quality. Thirty‐two crossbred, castrated Boer x undefined breed goat kids with an initial average weight of 17.8 ± 2.2 kg between 3 and 4 months of age were distributed across a complete randomized experiment with four treatments and eight replicates. The DM intake linearly decreased (p < .05) as the crude glycerin inclusion level in the diet increased. Crude glycerin levels decreased (linear effect, p < .05) empty body weight, hot dressing percentage, and cold dressing percentage. Conformation and subcutaneous fat thickness were not affected (p > .05) by dietary crude glycerin. Crude glycerin levels decreased (linear effect, p = .03) rib eye area of the Longissimus dorsi muscle, however, did not affect color, cooking loss, and shear force. The crude glycerin can be included up to 50 g/kg DM in the diet of crossbred Boer goats without negatively affecting carcass characteristics and meat quality. It can be recommended as an energy source in finishing diets.

EFFECT OF CRUDE GLYCEROL SUPPLEMENTATION VIA DRINKING WATER ON LAMBS PERFORMANCE, SOME BLOOD HAEMATOLOGY, AND BIOCHEMICAL METABOLITES

EFFECT OF CRUDE GLYCEROL SUPPLEMENTATION VIA DRINKING WATER ON LAMBS PERFORMANCE, SOME BLOOD HAEMATOLOGY, AND BIOCHEMICAL METABOLITES

Carcass characteristics and meat quality of goats fed increasing levels of crude glycerin.

Crude glycerin is a byproduct of the biodiesel industry and has been widely used in ruminant diets as a source of energy, usually in place of corn, primarily during periods of drought in tropical regions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of including levels of the crude glycerin of low purity (0, 6, 12 and 18%) replacing corn in the diets of goats on the carcass characteristics, tissue composition, meat cuts yield and physicochemical parameters of meat. Forty males castrated without defined racial pattern goats an initial average weight of 19.70 ± 2.30 kg were slaughtered after 86 days. Diets content 0 and 6% crude glycerin promoted similar responses to the analyzed variables, except for pH and breast weight. No differences were observed to total digestible nutrients, slaughter body weight, commercial cut yield leg tissue composition and physicochemical parameters of meat. Crude glycerin can be included up to 12% without losses on carcass weight and meat cuts, leg composition, and meat quality. The inclusion of crude glycerin containing 63.06% glycerol and 45.57% lipids could be effective in partial replacement of corn in diets for confined goats in tropical areas.

The effect of dietary inclusion of crude glycerin on performance, ruminal fermentation, meat quality and fatty acid profile of beef cattle: Meta-analysis

This meta-analysis was carried to evaluate the effect of the use of crude glycerin in diets for beef cattle on the ruminal fermentation, animal performance, physical and chemical characteristics, and fatty acid profile of meat through meta-analysis. Data from forty-eight peer-reviewed publications with 170 treatments means was included in the data set. The effect glycerin in diet were evaluated by examining the weighted mean differences (WMD) between glycerin treatment (diets with crude glycerin) and control diet (without crude glycerin). Heterogeneity was explored by meta-regression and subgroup analysis using genetic type, treatment period, crude glycerin in the diet (g/kg DM), feed systems (pasture or total mixed ration), and concentrate in the diet (g/kg DM). The inclusion of crude glycerin had no effect on the average daily gain, but increased feed efficiency by 3.15% while reducing subcutaneous fat thickness by 3.13%. Inclusion of crude glycerin reduced meat cholesterol by 9.13%, and total saturated fatty acids by 1.05%, and increased total unsaturated (2.02%), monounsaturated (3.17%) fatty acids. However, it did not affect the concentrations of conjugated linoleic acid and omega-3. Crude glycerin inclusions up to 200 g/kg DM did not promote a negative effect on animal performance, carcass and physical-chemical characteristics of meat, and supported an increase in total monounsaturated (1.73%), oleic acid (12.29 mg) and palmitoleic acid (1.24 mg), while reducing myristic acid (3.08 mg), stearic acid (12.00 mg) in beef cattle meat.

Effects of alternative energy and protein sources on performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality of feedlot lambs

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of replacing ground corn with crude glycerin and soybean meal by cottonseed cake, in association or not, on digestibility and intake of dietary nutrients, performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality of feedlot lambs. Thirty-two non-castrated crossbred 1/2 Santa Inês x 1/2 Dorper lambs, with an average body weight of 18.52 ± 3.24 kg (mean ± standard deviation) and with 3 months of age were distributed in a randomized complete block design, into four treatments and eight replicates per treatment, in a 2 × 2 factorial scheme. Four experimental diets were tested with different sources or combinations of energy and protein ingredients, respectively, in the concentrate: 1) ground corn + soybean meal; 2) ground corn and cottonseed cake; 3) crude glycerin and soybean meal; 4) crude glycerin and cottonseed cake. There was an interaction between the energy and protein sources in ether extract intake and total digestible nutrients digestibility (P < 0.01). There was an interaction between the energy and protein sources in the total weight gain (P = 0.03), hot (P = 0.03) and cold (P = 0.04) carcass weights, and shear force (P = 0.29). The inclusion of crude glycerin decreased (P = 0.01) the dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC) intakes, and the apparent digestibilitis of OM, NDF, and NFC (P < 0.05). Crude glycerin decreased the amount of retained nitrogen (P = 0.02), lower final weight (P < 0.01), average daily gain and cold carcass yield. An increase ocurred in the NDF intake (P < 0.05) when lambs were fed diet with cottonseed cake and a decrease (P < 0.01) in the digestibilities of DM, OM, CP and NDF. The replacement of 100% of ground corn by crude glycerin, with low purity, is not recommended in diets for feedlot lambs, because it decreases animal performance. In contrast, the total replacement of soybean meal by cottonseed cake can be used in diet for lambs, without causing damage to the performance and meat quality.

The Effect of the Dietary Inclusion of Crude Glycerin in Pre-Starter and Starter Diets for Piglets.

Simple SummaryThe surplus of crude glycerin and the rising cost of feedstuffs have encouraged the nutritional valorization of this by-product as an interesting alternative ingredient in pig feed. We tested the addition of 2.5 and 5% glycerin to pelleted piglet diets to assess the effects on growth performance and digestibility of weaned piglets and to determine the serum concentrations of hormones related to energy metabolism and feed intake. Crude glycerin was included as a replacement for sheep sweet whey and wheat in pre-starter and starter diets, respectively. Growth data and fecal samples were collected at the end of each feeding phase. At the end of the study, blood samples were taken to analyze insulin and ghrelin concentrations. Over the whole period, our results showed that the average daily gain and the feed conversion ratio were not affected negatively by the dietary glycerin inclusion. There were also no differences between dietary treatments in terms of blood metabolites measured while the digestibility coefficients of dry and organic matter improved as glycerin increased. Therefore, crude glycerin could be used as an energy source to replace sweet whey and wheat and be added to pre-starter and starter diets.The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the inclusion of crude glycerin in post-weaning diets for piglets on growth performance and digestibility. The study was carried out with a total of 360 piglets over a 39 day period. Animals were blocked by body weight (7.7 ± 0.86 kg) and allotted randomly to one of three dietary treatments containing 0, 2.5 or 5% glycerin (G0, G2.5 and G5, respectively). Considering the whole period, glycerin did not affect the average daily gain. However, the average daily feed intake (ADFI) and the feed conversion ratio (FCR) tended to decrease or decreased linearly as the amount of glycerin increased, respectively (p = 0.060 and p = 0.039). The apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry and organic matter (DM, OM) increased linearly with increasing glycerin in both periods (p ≤ 0.05). At the end of the study, there were no differences between treatments for any of the hormones measured. In conclusion, the FCR and digestibility of DM and OM were improved although the ADFI tended to be lower when glycerin was included at 5%. Consequently, crude glycerin could be used as an alternative ingredient to partially replace sweet whey and wheat in post-weaning diets.

Combinations of by-products from biodiesel production included in the supplement for finishing heifers on deferred pastures.

We hypothesized that by-products from biodiesel production like crambe meal (Crambe abyssinica) totally replace soybean meal (Glycine max) and crude glycerin could partially replace corn (Zea mays). Our aim was to evaluate different supplements with combinations of crambe meal and crude glycerin replacing soybean meal or corn on performance and carcass traits of finishing heifers. Sixty Nellore heifers 18 months old were used, and 298.96 ± 21.99 kg of body weight allotted in Brachiaria brizantha pastures. All heifers were distributed in a randomized complete block design, with four treatments being the following supplements: corn + soybean meal (CS), corn + crambe meal (CCr), corn + soybean meal + crude glycerin (CSG), corn + crambe meal + crude glycerin + (CCrG). The animals were distributed in four paddocks of 13 hectares each, in a continuous grazing system. We evaluated pasture characteristics, intake, performance, carcass traits, characteristics, and centesimal composition of Longissimus thoracis muscle. There was an effect (P < 0.05) of inclusion of crambe meal on the performance of the animals for slaughter weight and daily gain. The supplement containing corn + soybean meal (CS) presented better conversion rates and food efficiency. There was an effect of inclusion of crambe meal and crude glycerin on the centesimal composition of Longissimus thoracis muscle. The use of crambe meal and crude glycerin as alternative sources from the agro-industry of biodiesel in concentrate supplement for finishing heifers in pastures can promote positive effects related to productive performance and carcass characteristics.

Modulating the lipid profile of beef using cottonseed and crude glycerin.

The search for healthy food leads to demand for functional foods that do not harm the health of the consumers. The objective was to evaluate the impact of the supply of cottonseed and crude glycerin as modulators of the lipid profile of the beef produced on pasture. The concentrated supplement was formulated with two levels of cottonseed (0 and 25%) and/or two levels of crude glycerin (0 and 15%), totaling four experimental groups. Two experiments were conducted; the first experiment was outlined in a 5 × 5 Latin square design, contrasting the protein-energy supplementation with the mineral supplementation. The concentrate supplementation allowed the increase in intake and digestibility of the dry matter (P = 0.03), ether extract, crude protein, and non-fibrous carbohydrate (P < 0.01). However, the results showed no effect of crude glycerin or cottonseed inclusion on intake or nutrients digestibility. The second experiment evaluated the protein-energy supplementation and its impact on the lipid profile of meat produced, carcass characteristics, and animal performance. There was no influence of cottonseed or crude glycerin in performance or carcass characteristics. However, the use of the cottonseed reduced the content of short-chain fatty acids, omega 3 linolenic acid, conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) C18: 2 cis 9 trans 11 (P < 0.01), and the inclusion of crude glycerin led to increased conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) C18: 2 cis 9 trans 11 (P = 0.04). An important result is given by illustrating the impact of these fatty acids in the nutritional quality of the meat. Thus, it is possible to manipulate the lipid profile of meat produced by cottonseed or crude glycerin supplementation, without affecting the animal performance.

Biofuel by-product can replace partially corn in supplement for Angus × Nellore heifers: productive performance and meat characteristics.

The aim of this is study was to test the hypothesis that corn can be partially replaced by crude glycerin (at a level of 50%) without affecting performance, ingestive behavior, ruminal parameters, meat composition, and fatty acids profile on the meat of heifers. Sixty-four intact plus four rumen cannulated Angus × Nellore heifers (359.0 ± 12.15 kg BW) were used. The cannulated animals received the same diets as the intact ones to determine the ruminal N-NH3 concentration, pH, and chewing activity weekly. All heifers were maintained in Brachiaria brizantha pasture and supplemented with a concentrate containing corn, soybean meal, urea, premixed minerals, and glycerin partially replacing corn. A completely randomized experimental design was used, with two treatments (corn ground or glycerin + corn ground). The inclusion of crude glycerin (high fat) decreased nutrients intake and ruminal N-NH3 concentration in the rumen but increased lipid intake. Inclusion of glycerin had no effect (P > 0.05) on ruminal pH, daily gain, performance, time spent eating, rumination, idling, or water intake. The moisture, ash, and protein contents of meat were not affected (P > 0.05) by crude glycerin intake. Crude glycerin increased saturated fatty acids (C14:0, C16:0, and C18:0) and decreased unsaturated fatty acids (C18:2n6c and C20:1) in meat. Despite the reduction in nutrient intake, we recommend crude glycerin to replace corn in concentrate because glycerin did not impair the performance, meat composition, and ruminal pH. Therefore, crude glycerin is a by-product that can partially replace corn in diets efficiently.

Residual feed intake and the inclusion of crude glycerin in the diet of feedlot-finished Nellore cattle

Context The beef market faces an increasing demand for an environmentally friendly production system with high-quality final products. The use of strategies that improve system efficiency without detriment on quality are desired for both producers and consumer. Aims This study aimed to evaluate the effects of residual feed intake (RFI) and dietary inclusion of crude glycerin on carcass and meat quality traits of feedlot-finished Nellore cattle. Methods Nellore bulls selected for growth and classified as high (n = 14) and low (n = 14) RFI, with average liveweight of 328 kg and age of 552 days were used. Bulls received a high-concentrate diet for 96 days before slaughter and were randomly allocated to two experimental diets in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement: RFI class (low or high) and dietary inclusion (CG) or not (WCG) of crude glycerin (20% on dry-matter basis). Data were analysed with the SAS MIXED procedure considering RFI class and diet as fixed effects and selection line as a random effect. Key results There were no significant differences between RFI classes for dry-matter intake during finishing or production traits. Dry-matter intake tended to be reduced by 16% in CG bulls, without alterations in production. Dietary glycerin inclusion tended to increase the protein content in the Longissimus muscle and significantly reduced the fat content. In low-RFI bulls, shear force was higher in unaged beef, and shear force and myofibrillar fragmentation index tended to be higher in meat aged for 14 days. RFI class did not affect Longissimus muscle fatty acid profile, which was highly influenced by dietary glycerin inclusion. Bulls allocated to the CG treatment had a reduction in saturated fatty acids, an increase in odd-chain fatty acids, and a trend towards increased omega-3 fatty acids, which significantly increased the omega-3:omega-6 ratio. Conclusions The use of Nellore bulls classified as low-RFI and crude glycerin inclusion in finishing diets of Nellore cattle do not compromise production, carcass traits or beef properties. Implications This approach increases the efficiency and sustainability of the production process and improves the nutritional characteristics of beef for human consumption.

Energy values of crude glycerin for broilers

ABSTRACT The energetic values of crude glycerin (CG) were determined for broilers at different ages using the method proposed by Matterson and by polynomial regressions. Two trials were performed with broilers from 11 to 21 and from 31 to 41 days of age. The birds were distributed in a completely randomized experimental design with a reference ration (RR), without CG, and three ration tests with replacement of 5%, 10%, and 15% of RR by CG. The metabolizable energy values were calculated by the Matterson method, and the apparent metabolizable energy (AME) values were used in polynomial regression analysis. The mean values of AME, apparent corrected for nitrogen balance (AMEn), metabolizable coefficient of gross energy (CAMEB), and corrected for nitrogen balance (CAMEBn) of CG, for the phase from 11 to 21 days by the Matterson method were 10.08 MJ kg-1, 10.04 MJ kg-1, 67.06%, and 66.74%, respectively. The inclusion of CG presented an increasing linear effect for CAMEB and CAMEBn in this period. From 31 to 41 days, these values were 10.38 MJ kg-1, 10.27 MJ kg-1, 69.02%, and 62.24%, respectively. The predicted AMEn value through the polynomial regression equations was 10.49 MJ kg-1 and 10.18 MJ kg-1, respectively. According to the equations proposed by Matterson, the crude glycerin EMAn values for broilers from 11 to 21 and 31 to 41 days of age were 10.04 MJ kg-1 and 10.26 MJ kg-1, respectively. According to Adeola's method the AMEn values were 10.49 and 10.20 MJ kg-1 for each phase.

Meat quality of lambs fed crude glycerin as a replacement for corn

• The crude glycerin in lambs’ diet does not influence the physical-chemical parameters of meat. • Crude glycerin inclusion increased the concentration of C18:1 ω9, CLA, C18:3 ω3 fatty acids of meat lambs. • The replacement of corn by crude glycerin improves the nutritional value of the meat. The objective was to evaluate the effect of increasing levels (0, 6, 12, and 18 %) of crude glycerin replacing corn in the diet of lambs on the chemical composition, physicochemical parameters, and fatty acid profile of the meat. Forty male non-castrated Santa Inês crossbred lambs with an initial average weight of 21.0 ± 0.8 kg were distributed in a randomized block design, according to initial weight, with four treatments and ten repetitions, and slaughtered after 66 days. There was a quadratic effect (P < 0.05) on moisture, crude protein, ether extract, and an ash content of the lambs' meat with the replacement of corn by crude glycerin, with maximum values estimated in 9.77, 10.45, 9.49, and 10.73 % of crude glycerin. The physicochemical parameters were not influenced of corn by crude glycerin. The content of the fatty acids capric, lauric, myristic, palmitic, stearic, and palmitoleic linearly decreased, whereas the content of pentadecanoic, heptadecanoic, transvaccenic, oleic, CLA, α linolenic fatty acids increased with the inclusion of crude glycerin. There was a quadratic effect (P < 0.05) on the fatty acids margaric, cisvaccenic, linoleic, arachidonic, eicosapentaenoic, and docosatetraenoic with maximum values estimated in 9.90, 11.30, 10.43, 11.50, 8.83, and 7.83 % levels of crude glycerin, respectively. There was an increasing linear effect (P < 0.05) on the total content of monounsaturated fatty acids, (C18:0 + C18:1 ω9)/C16:0, the hypocholesterolemic: hypercholesterolemic ratio, the thrombogenicity index, and the enzyme activity of Δ9-desaturase C16:0 and Δ9-desaturase C18:0 with increasing levels of crude glycerin, whereas the atherogenicity index (AI) decreased. There was a quadratic effect (P < 0.05) on the total content of polyunsaturated fatty acids, desirable fatty acids, and acids Ω6 and Ω3, and the Ω6/Ω3 ratio with the maximum point at the level of 11.07, 9.68, 10.55, 13.00, and 11.42 % of crude glycerin, respectively. Crude glycerin can replace corn up to 12% without influencing the physicochemical parameters of lamb meat and can improve the fatty acid profile and nutritional value of the meat.

Corn silage rehydrated with crude glycerin in lambs' diets.

We investigated whether the feed intake efficiency, digestibility, microbial efficiency, and nitrogen balance would be affected by inclusion of rehydrated corn grain silage with crude glycerin or water to substitute the dry corn in diets for feedlot lambs. Ten crossbred (Santa Ines×Dorper) uncastrated male lambs (25.6 ± 4.0kg body weight) were assigned in a replicated 5 × 5 Latin square design and subjected to five experimental diets, one containing dry corn and four diets containing corn grain silage rehydrated with crude glycerin in levels of 0, 75, 150, and 225 in g/kg of natural matter. The moisture of 32.5% was maintained in all silages. The inclusion of crude glycerin represented 0, 40, 80, and 120g/kg of total diet. The inclusion of rehydrated corn silage did not affect the DM, CP, EE, and ED intake. The diets with rehydrated corn silage improved the digestibility of DM, without affecting the fiber digestibility. The nitrogen losses were insignificant, resulting in the efficient use of dietary nutrients. In conclusion, corn silage rehydrated with 150g/kg NM of crude glycerin is recommended as a feed to substitute dry corn diet, as it did not influence the nutrients intake, increased the dry matter digestibility with efficient use of the dietary nutrients, improving the animal performance in the feedlot.