Inclusion Of Crude Glycerin Research Articles

Changes in ruminal fermentation and microbial population of feedlot Nellore cattle fed crude glycerin and virginiamycin

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of crude glycerin (CG) and virginiamycin (VM) diets on ruminal fermentation and microbial population of feedlot Nellore cattle. Eight rumen fistulated bulls (BW = 600 ± 34 kg; 26 ± 3 months) were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square (21-d periods) with 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments: diets without virginiamycin (VM−) or virginiamycin at 25 mg/kg DM (VM+) combined with diets without crude glycerin (CG−) or CG (80% glycerol) at 100 g/kg DM (CG+). The sugar cane bagasse was used as the exclusive roughage in the proportion of 200 g/kg in dry matter of diet and crude glycerin replaced corn in the diet formulation. Ruminal samples were collected immediately before feeding and at 3, 6, 12 and 18 h post feeding on days 20 and 21 of the sampling week. Data were analyzed in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square with a 2 × 2 factorial using the MIXED procedure of SAS (SAS Inst., Inc., Cary, NC). There were no CG × VM interactions for any variable measured (P ≥ 0.10). The intake of DM had a tendency to be greater in CG+ than CG− diets (P = 0.07). Apparent total tract digestibilities of nutrients were similar among diets (P ≥ 0.10). Diets with CG or VM had similar values of pH (mean = 6.15; P ≥ 0.10). Data showed that CG or VM did not affect the concentration of total VFA (116.92 mM; P ≥ 0.10). The proportion of propionate increased 27.5% in CG+ diets, regardless of VM inclusion (P = 0.01). Acetate:propionate ratio was lower in CG+ compared to CG− diets (3.58 vs. 2.12; P ≥ 0.10). Valerate and butyrate proportion was greater in CG+ than CG− diets (P < 0.05). The inclusion of VM or CG did not alter the relative abundance of fibrolityc bacteria (P ≥ 0.10). Total protozoa counts (P = 0.052) and Metadinium spp. (P = 0.058) had a tendency to decrease in VM+ than VM− diets (P < 0.10). Crude glycerin had positive effects on rumen fermentation products and can replace virginiamycin with increment of Megasphaera elsdenii abundance. However, combining virginiamycin and glycerin does not affect positively rumen fermentation and growth of bacteria that metabolize lactate.

Effect of glycerin supplementation on the expression of antioxidant and mitochondrial genes in broilers

Crude glycerin has been used as an alternative energy source in animal feeding and can thus change both the animal’s performance and the levels of gene expression related to energy production process and the antioxidant system, since the effect of glycerin depends on its degree of purity in the diet. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of crude glycerin inclusion (0, 6 and 12%) in the diet has on performance characteristics and mRNA abundance of genes associated with the mitochondrial function (uncoupling protein (UCP), cytochrome C oxidase subunit III (COX III) and adenine nucleotide transporter (ANT)) and those that combat the reactive oxygen species (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx)) in the liver and muscle of broilers at 42 days of age. Total RNA was extracted from the tissues, and cDNA was amplified using specific primers for the genes under study through real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction; the endogenous gene used was β-actin. There was no difference between glycerin concentrations for weight gain, feed intake or feed conversion. Greater expression of UCP at muscle and higher GPx expression at liver were observed in broilers fed 12% glycerin. In conclusion, the addition of 12% glycerin to broiler diets increased the expression of UCP and GPx, but did not change broiler performance. Therefore, glycerin can be used as an alternative ingredient without losses.

Fermentative profile and nutritional value of elephant grass silage with different levels of crude glycerin

This study aimed to evaluate the best level of inclusion of crude glycerin in elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) silage on fermentative profile, chemical composition and ruminal degradation of dry matter and fiber fraction in elephant grass silages. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design being used elephant grass cv. Napier with four levels of inclusion of glycerin (1, 5, 10, 15% in natural matter) with six repetitions and the control treatment (exclusive silage elephant grass). Increasing linear effect was observed for each unit added glycerin percentage in natural matter (MN) an increase of 0.36% in the DM content of silages and increase of 0.32% in the ether extract. The fermentative quality of silage there was no difference in pH between the control silage and added with glycerine, with an average of 3.91. The degradability of the fiber, the addition of crude glycerin up to 15% increased by 7.2%; 53.8% and 36.5%, respectively, the insoluble fraction, but potentially degradable standardized "bp", degradation rate of the fraction "bp", "c" and effective degradability, respectively. Inclusion of 15% glycerin in natural matter improves the composition bromatological fermentative profile and ruminal degradation of dry matter and fiber fraction.

Effects of partial or total replacement of corn cracked grain with high concentrations of crude glycerin on rumen metabolism of crossbred sheep

Crude glycerin, a by-product of the biodiesel industry, has been used as a strategic ingredient in intensive ruminant production systems, mainly in substitution of starch-rich ingredients. The present study was performed to evaluate the effects of the inclusion of up to 30% of crude glycerin in diets for feedlot sheep, on ruminal parameters, such as pH, NH3-N and volatile fatty acids concentrations, in situ degradability, as well as in vitro greenhouse gas production and in vitro digestibility. Eight ruminally-cannulated male Santa Inês × Dorper sheep (64.5 ± 8.5 kg) were distributed in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design. The experimental diets contained 0, 10, 20 or 30% of crude glycerin and were labeled as G0, G10, G20 and G30, respectively. The crude glycerin totally replaced the corn cracked grain in treatment G30. The inclusion of crude glycerin in the diets tended to promote a quadratic effect in DMI, with greater values observed for treatments G10 and G20. Crude glycerin tended to increase the ruminal pH and NH3-N, but linearly reduced the total molar concentration of VFA, acetic, butyric, isobutyric and isovaleric acids. Treatments linearly increased in vitro DM digestibility of diets and linearly reduced NDF digestibility. The inclusion of crude glycerin in the diets linearly decreased the in vitro total gas and CO2 production (mL/g degraded) and tented to reduce CH4 (mL/g degraded). A linear increase of soluble fraction in water (“a”) of the diets was observed with the increasing inclusion of crude glycerin. The insoluble but potentially degradable fraction (“b”) of DM and NDF of the diets were linearly decreased and increased, respectively. The potential ruminal degradation of the diets was markedly and linearly increased with the increasing inclusion of the by-product. The replacement of corn cracked grain by crude glycerin (up to 30% DM) changes rumen fermentation parameters, decreasing VFA production, in vitro total gas production and CH4. Additionally, the potential and effective degradation as well as in vitro DM digestibility of diets are improved while fiber digestibility is impaired.

Contribute of crude glycerin to increase the efficiency of anaerobic digestion process of dairy cattle manure

The objective of this study was to determine the optimal inclusion doses of crude glycerin in anaerobic co‐digestion with dairy cattle manure processed at 10, 17, and 24 days of retention in order to maximize reductions in solid and fibrous constituents and increase the productions of biogas and methane. Semi‐continuous digesters were fed with daily loads of substrates containing doses of 0, 5 and 10% (based on total solids, TS) of crude glycerin and dairy cattle manure. The highest specific productions of biogas and methane with the 10‐day HRT were also achieved in substrates with 0% glycerin, reaching values of 0.91 and 1.27 L/g of TS and solids (VS) added, respectively. In substrates retained for 17 and 24 days the values were maximal with addition of glycerin doses between 2.7 and 3.6% resulting in yields of 1.72 and 2.42 L of biogas per gram of TS added and 2.37 and 3.31 L of biogas per gram of VS added, respectively. For methane production, the optimal inclusion doses of crude glycerin with HRTs of 10, 17, and 24 days were 0.0, 3.7, and 3.3%, generating 0.70, 1.43, and 1.86 L of methane per gram of VS added. The inclusion of crude glycerin in co‐digestion with dairy cattle manure is not recommended for digesters operated with retention time of 10 days. However, when substrates remain for 17 or 24 days this inclusion promotes reductions of solids constituents while maximizing the specific productions of biogas and methane. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 37: 1305–1311, 2018

Energia digestí­­vel e inclusão da glicerina bruta em dietas para juvenis de curimbatá

O curimbatá é um importante recurso pesqueiro, porém pouco se sabe sobre suas exigências nutricionais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente (CDA) e o efeito da inclusão da glicerina bruta (GB) em dietas para juvenis do curimbatá Prochilodus lineatus. Foram coletadas fezes de peixes alimentados com dieta-referência, baseada em ingredientes de origem vegetal, e com dieta-teste, tendo o marcador inerte óxido de cromo III (0,1%). No experimento de crescimento foram utilizados 750 juvenis (18,71±2,70 g) em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com seis tratamentos (dietas contendo 0, 4, 8, 12, 16 e 20% GB) e cinco repetições, durante 64 dias. Para P. lineatus, a GB apresentou CDA de 0,76 para energia bruta e energia digestí­­vel de 2.850,99 kcal kg-1 da dieta. Os diferentes ní­­veis de inclusão afetaram o peso final (PFM), conversão alimentar (CAA), taxa de crescimento especí­­fico (TCE) e ganho de peso (GPM), assim como os ní­­veis sanguí­­neos de glicose e triglicerí­­deos. A análise de regressão mostrou efeito linear negativo das dietas sobre PFM, TCE e GPM e efeito linear positivo sobre CAA. A glicerina bruta pode ser utilizada como fonte de energia e sua inclusão em 4% da dieta promove melhor desempenho produtivo do curimbatá.

Níveis de glicerina bruta na ensilagem de capim Tifton 85 (Cynodon dactylon): perfil fermentativo e valor nutricional

This study aimed to evaluate the effect and the best level of crude glycerin inclusion in grass ensiling Tifton 85 (Cynodon dactylon) on fermentative parameters and silage chemical composition. Treatments consisted of Tifton 85 grass silage (control) and silage Tifton 85 grass with four levels of inclusion of crude glycerin (1, 5, 10 and 15% inclusion in natural matter) during ensiling. A completely randomized design with four treatments more control with five replications was used. It has been found that the inclusion of 1%, 5%, 10%, 15% crude glycerin decreased by 18%, 18%, 20% and 22%, the pH value compared to the control silage (5.0), respectively. The inclusion of 15% crude glycerin in silage Tifton 85 grass increased by 4.3% in total carbohydrate, 67.4% in the ether extract and 17.7% in the total digestible nutrient content compared to control silage. The use of 15% crude glycerin in the natural field of Tifton 85 grass during ensiling enhances the fermentation profile and the nutritional characteristics of silage.

Effects of dietary inclusion of high concentrations of crude glycerin on meat quality and fatty acid profile of feedlot fed Nellore bulls.

Crude glycerin, the main by-product of biodiesel production, can replace dietary energy sources, such as corn. The objective of this study was to evaluate the inclusion of up to 30% of crude glycerin in dry matter (DM) of the total diets, and its effects on meat quality parameters of feedlot Nellore bulls. Thirty animals (227.7 ± 23.8 kg body weight; 18 months old) were housed in individual pens and fed 5 experimental diets, containing 0, 7.5, 15, 22.5 or 30% crude glycerin (DM basis). After 103 d (21 d adaptation) animals were slaughtered and the Longissimus muscle was collected. The characteristics assessed were chemical composition, fatty acid profile, cholesterol, shear force, pH, color, water-holding capacity, cooking loss and sensory properties. The increasing inclusion of crude glycerin in the diets did not affect the chemical composition of the Longissimus muscle (P > 0.10). A quadratic effect was observed when levels of crude glycerin were increased, on the concentration of pentadecanoic, palmitoleic and eicosenoic fatty acids in meat (P < 0.05), and on the activity of the delta-9 desaturase 16 and delta-9 desaturase 18 enzymes (P < 0.05). The addition of crude glycerin increased the gamma linolenic fatty acid concentration (P < 0.01), and altered the monounsaturated fatty acids in Longissimus muscle of animals (Pquad. < 0.05). Crude glycerin decreased cholesterol content in meat (P < 0.05), and promoted higher flavor score and greasy intensity perception of the meat (P < 0.01). The inclusion of up to 30% crude glycerin in Nellore cattle bulls`diets (DM basis) improves meat cholesterol and sensory attributes, such as flavor, without affecting significantly the physical traits, the main fatty acid concentrations and the chemical composition.

GROWTH PERFORMANCE, CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS, MEAT QUALITY OF GROWING PIGS FED DIETS SUPPLEMENTED WITH CRUDE GLYCERIN DERIVED FROM PALM OIL

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the inclusion level of crude glycerin from palm oil in the diet of growing pigs. Diets were formulated to be isocaloric and isoproteic, with a constant content of linoleic acid within the experimental diets. A total of 36 pigs (average BW 23.05± 2.86 kg) were randomly assigned to one of the three treatments: 1) 0% of crude glycerin; 2) 5% of crude glycerin; 3) 10% of crude glycerin. Pigs were housed in 12 pens; 4 replicates (pens) per treatment and three pigs/replicate. Data were analyzed as a complete block design using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS, with a random block effect for period. This study established that inclusion of crude glycerin from palm oil in the diet of growing pigs did not affect (P &gt; 0.05) growth performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality. We concluded that inclusion of crude glycerin from palm oil up to 10% of the diet did not adversely affect pig performance and the quality of the meat.

Níveis de glicerina bruta na ensilagem de cana-de-açúcar: perdas e valor nutricional

The objective was to evaluate the effect and the best level of crude glycerin inclusion in sugarcane ensilage on the parameters of the chemical composition and fermentative losses. The treatments consisted of five levels of inclusion of crude glycerin (0, 1, 5, 10 and 15% inclusion in natural matter) during sugarcane silage. A completely randomized design was used, with five treatments with six replicates. The silages were manufactured in PVC pipes. The utilization of crude glycerin increased on average 16.3; 54.1; 24.0 and 17.8% of the dry matter, ether extract, non- fibrous carbohydrates and total digestible nutrients of sugarcane silage, respectively, in relation to silage control sugarcane (P≤0.05). Increments of 0.56% and 0.18% in the dry matter and ether extract were found in sugarcane silages for each 1% inclusion of glycerin, respectively. Among the inclusion levels, the addition of each percentage unit of glycerin in the natural material reduced by 2.3% and 2.1% to the effluent losses and gases losses, respectively. The addition of 15% of crude glycerin in sugarcane ensilage improves the chemical composition and reduces fermentation losses.

Características da carcaça e qualidade da carne de cordeiros Pantaneiros alimentados com teores crescentes de glicerina bruta

RESUMO Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da inclusão de glicerina bruta (GB) em substituição ao milho, na dieta de cordeiros Pantaneiros confinados, sobre as características da carcaça e qualidade da paleta e do pernil. Foram utilizados 24 cordeiros machos, não castrados, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos (0, 2,5, 5,0 e 7,5% de GB em base da MS). Não houve efeito da inclusão de GB sobre os não componentes de carcaça. Houve efeito quadrático para peso de carcaça quente, com menor valor para 2,5% de GB. A composição regional e tecidual da carcaça não foi alterada pela substituição do milho pela GB. A composição tecidual da paleta e pernil e as características instrumentais da paleta não foram afetadas pelos teores de GB. Houve efeito quadrático para a intensidade de amarelo do pernil, com maior valor para 5,0% de GB. O teor de extrato etéreo da paleta apresentou efeito linear decrescente. Pode-se recomendar a utilização de 7,5% de GB, na matéria seca, em substituição ao milho, sem alteração das características da carcaça e qualidade da carne.

Glicerina bruta em dietas de juvenis de tambaqui

RESUMO Este estudo verificou o nível de glicerina bruta em substituição total do óleo de soja e parcial do milho em dietas de juvenis de tambaqui sem que o ingrediente interfira no desempenho zootécnico desses animais. O trabalho foi realizado na Universidade Federal do Tocantins, avaliando cinco níveis de inclusão da glicerina bruta (0%; 7,5%; 10%; 12,5% e 15%) em três repetições com 10 animais cada (n=150 tambaquis). Esses animais foram alimentados com as rações experimentais por um período de 75 dias (15 dias de adaptação e 60 dias experimentais). Ao final desse período, os animais foram contidos para a mensuração dos valores do desempenho zootécnico dos animais (taxa de crescimento específico, conversão alimentar aparente, eficiência alimentar, índice hepatossomático, ganho de peso e fator de condição). Durante o período experimental, não houve mortalidade, e de todos os índices avaliados apenas no fator de condição do animal ocorreu diferença estatística, quando se comparou o período inicial e o final do experimento. A inclusão de até 15% de glicerina bruta em dietas de tambaqui em substituição total do óleo de soja e parcial do milho pode ser realizada sem que prejudique o desempenho zootécnico da espécie estudada.

Performance and methane emissions of grazing Nellore bulls supplemented with crude glycerin1

Supplementation of grass-fed cattle with low-cost feeding alternatives may be an attractive way to improve efficiency of cattle production. We hypothesized that inclusion of crude glycerin (CG) in supplements provided to grass-fed cattle could improve feed conversion without negative effects on growth performance while reducing methane emissions. Our hypothesis was tested using Nellore bulls grazing tropical pasture ( = 50; initial BW of 427 ± 19.41 kg; age of 17 ± 2 mo) supplemented with increasing concentrations (0, 70, 140, 210, and 280 g/kg DM basis of supplement) of CG and corn gluten replacing corn grain. A second experiment was conducted using 10 ruminally cannulated Nellore steers (490.1 ± 47.8 kg BW; age of 25 mo) to assess the impact of different concentrations of glycerin in the supplement on ruminal VFA concentration. Inclusion of CG did not affect total DMI ( = 0.53), DMI of forage ( = 0.41), supplement DMI ( = 0.47), organic matter intake ( = 0.50), crude protein intake ( = 0.24), NDF intake ( = 0.49), GE intake ( = 0.50), NDF digestibility ( = 0.17), final BW ( = 0.17), LM area ( = 0.50), rib fat thickness ( = 0.87), or carcass gain ( = 0.13). The inclusion of CG in the supplement linearly increased ( < 0.001) the molar proportion of propionate, butyrate, and valerate; linearly decreased acetate ( = 0.001); and did not affect the molar proportion of isovalerate ( = 0.31) and isobutyrate ( = 0.63), thereby reducing the acetate to propionate ratio ( < 0.001). The increase of CG supplementation of young bulls in pasture had a quadratic effect on BW gain ( = 0.002), with lower BW gain with 140 g/kg DM of CG in the supplement and tended ( = 0.06) to improve G:F. Inclusion of CG did not affect ruminal CH emission expressed in kilograms per year ( = 0.74), grams per kilogram of DMI ( = 0.69), and grams per kilogram of carcass gain ( = 0.48). Crude glycerin supplementation was not effective as a strategy to reduce CH emission in grass-fed cattle. However, CG can be effectively used as a partial energy source in supplement of grazing cattle, promoting an improvement in feed efficiency.

1687 Effects of high concentrations of crude glycerin on blood parameters of energy metabolism in finishing lambs

Forty crossbred (Santa Ines × Dorper) ram lambs (21.7 ± 2.7 kg BW, 90 d old) were used to evaluate the effects of high concentrations of crude glycerin on some blood parameters of energy metabolism. Lambs were assigned to a complete randomized block design (initial BW) and fed four isonitrogenous (18.4% CP) and isocaloric (2.7 Kcal ME/kg) experimental diets containing corn silage (40%), and concentrate (60%) composed of soybean hulls, soybean meal, mineral premix, and crude glycerin replacing 0 (G0), 10 (G10), 20 (G20), or 30% (G30) corn cracked grain, on a DM basis. Crude glycerin totally replaced corn grain in G30 and it was composed of 83% glycerol, 95% DM, 6% salt, and less than 0.01% methanol. The feedlot period lasted 66 d (21 d adaptation [three step-up diets] and 45 d finishing period). Animals were fed twice daily (0700 and 1900 h). Blood samples were collected from the jugular by venipuncture on the d 0 and d 45 of finishing period (day effect), before morning feeding and 4 h after feeding (prandial effect). Serum total cholesterol (TC), serum triglycerides (TG), blood glucose (BG), serum HDL-cholesterol (HDL), serum LDL-cholesterol (LDL), and serum VLDL-cholesterol (VLDL) were evaluated. Data were analyzed using a linear mixed model with Kenward-Rogers adjustment for calculation of degrees of freedom. Whenever the F-test was significant, contrast analyses were performed and differences of least squares means were determined using the pairwise Tukey–Kramer multiple test. Crude glycerin did not change BG concentrations, but a day effect was observed (P < 0.001) for this variable. A linear decrease in TC was observed with increasing concentrations of crude glycerin in the diets (P = 0.02). A prandial effect was observed for TG (P = 0.001) and for VLDL (P < 0.0001), while HDL concentrations linearly decreased (P < 0.001), and showed a day effect (P < 0.001) and a prandial effect (P = 0.02). The concentration of LDL linearly decreased with crude glycerin inclusion, and showed a significant day effect (P < 0.001). The average values (mg/dL) observed for treatments G0, G10, G20, and G30 were, respectively: TC = 41.0, 41.2, 36.4, 36.1; TG = 12.5, 13.2, 12.1, 15.3; BG = 83.6, 85.7, 82.1, 87.2; HDL = 13.3, 12.7, 11.4, 10.7; LDL = 25.2, 22.9, 23.8, 22.3; VLDL = 2.5, 2.6, 2.4, 3.1. Feeding crossbred finishing lambs up to 30% crude glycerin can decrease the concentration of some blood parameters of energy metabolism, such as total cholesterol, HDL and LDL.

Feeding behavior, microbial efficiency, and nitrogen balance of Nellore heifers supplemented with crude glycerin

This study aimed to evaluate the inclusion of crude glycerin in diets for Nellore heifers grazing on a Brachiaria brizantha pasture, during the dry season, on urine and plasma urea concentrations, feeding behavior, and microbial protein synthesis. Sixty Nellore heifers with an average initial weight of 285.89 ± 18.74 kg, at approximately 19 ± 2 months of age, were distributed, in a completely randomized design, into the following five treatments with twelve replicates: 0.00, 4.00, 8.00, 12.00, and 16.00% inclusion of crude glycerin in the diet they were fed. Grazing time decreased linearly (P &amp;lt; 0.05) by 7.44 min with every percent of crude glycerin included in the diet. Microbial efficiency was not affected (P &amp;gt; 0.05), averaging 113.73g CP per kg TDN ingested. Plasma nitrogen concentration did not show any effects (P &amp;gt; 0.05), averaging 13.11 mg dL?1. Supplementing heifers during the dry season, at 0.7% BW, using up to 16% crude glycerin in the diet composition, did not elicit positive responses from feeding behavior and had little influence on microbial synthesis.

Performance, rumen development, and carcass traits of male calves fed starter concentrate with crude glycerin

The objective of this study was to assess the effects of including crude glycerin in the diet on intake, performance, rumen development, and carcass traits of dairy crossbred veal calves fed starter concentrate containing 0, 80, 160, and 240 g kg−1 crude glycerin. Twenty-eight calves with an average weight of 38.03±6.7 kg and five days of age were distributed in a completely randomized design with four treatments with seven replications. Calves were individually housed in covered stalls equipped with feeders and drinkers for 56 days. The calf response to inclusion of crude glycerin in the concentrate changed over the weeks and the inclusion level of 240 g kg−1 resulted in greater dry matter intake and average daily gain. There was no effect on the final weight and total weight gain of the animals, with mean values of 73.60 and 35.16 kg, respectively. The weight of the rumen-reticulum adjusted for body weight, empty body weight, and total stomach weight increased linearly with the inclusion of crude glycerin. Blood total protein, globulin, urea, cholesterol, gamma glutamyl transferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase concentrations did not differ among treatments. Carcass traits and meat color were not affected. Crude glycerin can be added to dairy calf starter concentrate up to 240 g kg−1 dry matter because it benefits concentrate intake, performance, and rumen development without affecting animal health.

Crude glycerin as a replacement for corn in starter feed: performance and metabolism of pre-weaned dairy calves

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of partial replacement of corn in the starter feed with crude glycerin on performance and energy metabolism of liquid-fed dairy calves. Twenty-four newborn individually housed Holstein calves were blocked according to weight and date of birth and randomly assigned to different starter feed treatments during 8 weeks: no crude glycerin; 5% crude glycerin; 10% crude glycerin on dry matter basis. All calves were individually fed daily 4 L of a commercial milk replacer (22.3% crude protein and 19.3% fat). Calves had individual access to starter diet and ad libitum access to water daily. Individual feed intake and faecal scores were recorded daily. Bodyweight and corporal measurements (heart girth, hip width, and withers height) were weekly recorded. From the second week of age, blood samples were collected weekly, 2 h after morning feeding, for determination of plasma glucose and β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations. Ruminal fluid was collected at 4, 6 and 8 weeks of age for determination of pH and short-chain fatty acids. At the end of the eighth week, animals were harvested to evaluate development of the proximal digestive tract. Feed intake, average daily gain, bodyweight or body measurements were not affected (P &gt; 0.05) by the inclusion of crude glycerin in the starter feed. Faecal scores indicated that most of the calves had mild diarrhoea, with no treatment effect. Total short-chain fatty acids and the concentration of individual acids, as well as blood parameters, were not affected (P &gt; 0.05) by the feed treatments. The total forestomach weight, the average weight of each compartment, the maximum capacity of reticulum-rumen, and papillae number, height and width were not affected (P &gt; 0.05). In conclusion, crude glycerin can be used as an alternative energy source, replacing corn up to 10% in the starter feed for liquid-fed dairy calves without affecting growth, rumen development or metabolism.

Inclusion of crude glycerin with different roughages changes ruminal parameters and in vitro gas production from beef cattle

ABSTRACT: The increasing availability of crude glycerin from biodiesel production has generated great stock in the industries. To solve this problem, crude glycerin is being used as an energy source to replace corn in livestock diets. This study evaluated the effects of the association of crude glycerin (10% on DM of diets) with different roughages in Nellore cattle diets on ruminal pH and ammonia, degradability, digestibility of dry matter and nutrients, and greenhouse gas production. Six ruminally cannulated Nellore steers were assigned to a 6×6 Latin square design. The following treatments were evaluated: Hydrolyzed Sugarcane associated or not with crude glycerin, Corn Silage associated or not with crude glycerin or Tifton-85 Hay associated or not with crude glycerin. Association of crude glycerin with roughages did not affect the rumen ammonia concentration and pH and dry matter intake, but reduced the intake of NDF for diets with Hydrolyzed Sugarcane and Corn Silage and reduced the digestibility of DM, OM, NDF, EE, CNF and starch and decreased the effective degradation at the rate of 8% h-1 for diets with Tifton-85 Hay. The association crude glycerin with Hydrolyzed Sugarcane reduced the production of CH4 and CO2 in mL g-1 of DM. The inclusion of crude glycerin affects differently nutrient utilization in diets with Corn Silage, Hydrolyzed Sugarcane or Tifton-85 hay. Moreover, promotes mitigation of greenhouse gases in diets with Hydrolyzed Sugarcane. Association of crude glycerin with Corn Silage in Nellore cattle diets showed better conditions of ruminal fermentation and utilization of nutrients.

GLICERINA BRUTA NAS RAÇÕES PARA LEITÕES NA FASE DE CRECHE

Resumo Objetivou-se avaliar a inclusão de glicerina bruta para leitões na fase de creche. No ensaio de desempenho, foram usados 80 animais machos, castrados, com peso inicial de 6,64 ± 0,8 kg. O delineamento foi de blocos ao acaso e os tratamentos consistiram em 0%; 2%; 4% e 6% de glicerina bruta. Houve efeito quadrático para peso final, ganho médio diário e consumo de ração, a máxima inclusão de glicerina bruta foi de 2,77% para maior consumo diário. Para o GMD, o nível de 2,76% de glicerina bruta possibilitou o melhor ganho e peso final; contudo, sem efeito na conversão alimentar. Houve diferença sobre a incidência de diarréia (p=0,014), quando se incluiu 2% de glicerina bruta na dieta. Houve efeito linear decrescente na porcentagem do TGI (p=0,006), intestino delgado (p=0,038), rins (p=0,089) e fígado (p=0,037) dos leitões que não receberam glicerina bruta na ração. Observou-se efeito quadrático no peso relativo do baço e do pâncreas dos leitões, o nível de 2,73% de glicerina bruta resulta em menor peso de pâncreas e 3,04% de glicerina aumentou o peso do baço. O nível de 2,76% de glicerina bruta promove o maior ganho de peso para leitões na fase de creche.

Carcass traits and meat quality of Nellore cattle fed different non-fiber carbohydrates sources associated with crude glycerin

Crude glycerin, a potential energy source for ruminant animals, has been evaluated, mainly, in diets with high starch content. However, a limit number of studies have evaluated the inclusion of crude glycerin in low starch diets. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the association of crude glycerin with corn grain or citrus pulp on carcass traits and meat quality of Nellore bulls (n=30, 402±31 kg initial weight). The treatment consisted of: CON=control, without crude glycerin; CG10=10% of crude glycerin and corn grain; CG15=15% of crude glycerin and corn grain; CP10=10% of crude glycerin and citrus pulp; CP15=15% of crude glycerin and citrus pulp. The performance parameters and carcass traits were not affected by treatments (P>0.05). The inclusion of crude glycerin decreased yellow color intensity and increased fatty acids pentadecanoic and heptadecenoic in meat (P<0.05), without affecting neither the concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids nor the relationship of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. The association of crude glycerin with corn or citrus pulp has no adverse effects on carcass characteristics and meat quality.