Digestibility Of Crude Fibre Research Articles

Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility and Ceacal Microbial Population of Weaned Pigs Fed Maize Cob-Cassava Peel Mixture as Partial Replacement for Maize

This study was carried out to determine the growth performance, nutrient digestibility and ceacal microbial population of weaned pigs fed maize cob-cassava peel mixture as partial replacement for maize. A total of 32 cross bred weaned male pigs were stratified based on their body weights into four treatments of eight pigs each in a completely randomized design. Animals in treatment 1 (T1) were fed 0 % maize cob-cassava peel mixture (CPMCM) while CPMCM was used to replace maize at 10 %, 20 % and 30 % in T2, T3 and T4 respectively. Feed and clean water were offered to pigs throughout the experiment that lasted for 60 days. Results obtained revealed that average daily weight gain, average daily feed intake, feed conversion ratio and mortality were not significantly (P>0.05) influenced by the treatments. Nutrient digestibility of crude protein, crude fibre, ether extracts, dry matter and nitrogen free extract were not significantly (P>0.05) different among the treatment. Microbial population of Escherichia coli and Lactobacillus sp were significantly (P<0.05) different among the groups. Conversely, Salmonella sp and Micrococcus luteus counts were not significantly (P>0.05) different among the treatments. It was concluded that CPMCM can be used to replace maize up to 30 % in the diet of weaned pigs without causing any deleterious effect on the performance of animals

Effect of nutmeg essential oil (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) on methane production, rumen fermentation, and nutrient digestibility in vitro

The study evaluated the effect of adding of nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) essential oil (NEO) as a feed additive on methane production, rumen fermentation parameters, rumen enzyme activity, and nutrient digestibility in vitro. This study was divided into three treatments based on the level of NEO addition, which included 0 µL/L (T0), 100 µL/L (T1), and 200 µL/L (T2). The feed substrate composition consisted of king grass as forage and concentrate in a 60:40 ratio. Feed fermentation was conducted using the Menke and Steingass gas production and two-step Tilley and Terry in-vitro digestibility technique. The data obtained from the study were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and if there were differences between means, they were further assessed using DMRT. The results showed that T2 treatment significantly decreased (P < 0.05) ammonia (NH3) levels, total VFA, acetate, propionate, butyrate, and microbial protein (P < 0.05). Methane production and the activity of rumen protease enzyme significantly decreased (P < 0.05) at T1 and T2 treatment. The T2 treatment significantly reduced (P < 0.05) protein digestibility (IVCPD) at 48 h, while IVCPD at 96 h significantly increased (P < 0.05). On the other hand, the addition of nutmeg essential oil did not effect the activity of the amylase, carboxymethyl cellulase, and β-glucosidase enzymes, as well as the in-vitro digestibility of dry matter (IVDMD), crude fiber (IVCFD), and organic matter (IVOMD). The conclusion drawn from this study is that the optimum level for NEO is 200 µL/L, which can reduce methane production and increase crude protein digestibility at 96 h without any negative effect on rumen fermentation and nutrient digestibility.

Оценка эффективности использования конопляного и льняного жмыхов в рационе дойных коз на фоне пробиотического вещества

The paper evaluates the efficiency of hemp and flax cakes in the diet of dairy goats against the background of inclusion of enzymatic probiotic substance, in the conditions of the Southern Urals. Additional inclusion of probiotic preparation Cellobacterin+ promoted a significant increase in digestibility of crude fiber (by 4.9-5.5%), crude protein (by 3.3-4.1%), crude fat (by 3.8-5.1%), as well as an increase in average daily milk yield by 2.1-7% (p≤0.05).

Utilization of marigold leaves (Tagetes erecta L.) in rations and their effect on rumen enzyme activity, fermentation parameters, methane emission, and nutrient digestibility in vitro.

This study evaluated the utilization of marigold leaves (MGLs) in rations and their impact on rumen enzyme activity, fermentation parameters, methane (CH4) emission, and nutrient digestibility in vitro. The experimental diets comprised different proportions of MGL incorporated into the dry matter (DM) rations. Experimental design: The MGL treatments in diets include 0% (MGL-0), 7% (MGL-7), and 14% (MGL-14). Results indicated that MGL-14 substantially raised (p < 0.05) the rumen parameters, including NH3-N and microbial protein, total volatile fatty acids, acetate (C2), propionate (C3), butyrate (C4), and the C2:C3 ratio. In contrast, the MGL-7 and MGL-14 groups experienced a noteworthy reduction (p < 0.05) in the total protozoa population. The MGL-7 and MGL-14 treatments also led to a substantial increase in the digestibility of DM, organic matter (OM), and crude fiber (CF) in the rumen. However, they also resulted in a decline (p < 0.05) in crude protein (CP) digestibility. The DM and OM total digestibilities were higher (p < 0.05) in the MGL-14 and MGL-7 groups. The utilization of MGL did not influence (p > 0.05) the ruminal enzyme activities (carboxymethyl cellulase, amylase, protease), cumulative gas production, kinetics, ruminal pH value, CH4 and CO2 production, total CF, and CP digestibility. The utilization of MGL until 14% DM in diets can enhance ruminal fermentation parameters and nutrient digestibility in vitro without negatively affecting gas production kinetics or ruminal enzyme activities. However, it did not have any impact on CH4 production.

Effect of dietary supplementation with zinc-methionine on ruminal enzyme activities, fermentation characteristics, methane production, and nutrient digestibility: An in vitro study.

The principal objective of this research was to examine the influence of zinc-methionine (Zn-Met) addition on feed on the in vitro ruminal enzyme activities, fermentation characteristics, methane production, and digestibilities of feed nutrients. The dosage of Zn-Met as a source of organic Zn was added to feed based on dry matter (DM) as follows: 0-without Zn addition (CON), 30 Zn mg/kg-low (LZM), 60 Zn mg/kg-medium (MZM), and 90 Zn mg/kg-high (HZM). The results indicated significant impacts of Zn-Met addition on various parameters. Compared to the CON group, all Zn-Met treatments resulted in increased total volatile fatty acids (VFA) (linear; p < 0.001), carboxymethyl-cellulase activity (linear; p < 0.001), and gas production at 48-h of incubation (linear; p < 0.001, quadratic; p < 0.001). Additionally, the MZM and HZM groups exhibited higher levels of amylase activity (linear; p < 0.001), protease activity (linear; p = 0.006), microbial protein (linear; p = 0.009), DM digestibility (linear; p < 0.001), organic matter (OM) digestibility (linear; p < 0.001), crude protein (CP) digestibility (linear; p = 0.004), and crude fiber (CF) digestibility (linear; p = 0.003) than CON treatment. However, the treatments did not have any noteworthy effects on pH, the individual VFA (acetate, propionate, and butyrate) proportions, NH3-N concentration, and methane production (p > 0.05). It could be summarized that supplementing 60 and 90 Zn mg/kg DM as Zn-Met could improve the in vitro ruminal enzyme activities, fermentation characteristics, and nutrient digestibility without affecting methane production.

Evaluation of Leucaena Leaves (Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) De Witt.) Supplementation in Feed on Digestibility in Lactation Period Ettawa Crossbred Goats

This study evaluated the effect of Leucaena leaves (Leucaena laucochepala) supplementation on the digestibility of Ettawa Crossbred goats. Twelve Ettawa Crossbred goats during the lactation period divided into six groups were allocated in a group randomized design with two treatments and six replicates (two goats per replicate). Treatments consisted of T1 in the form of 100% Leucaena leaves and T2 in the form of 50% Leucaena leaves and 50% concentrate. This study began with the preliminary stage, adaptation stage, data collection and analysis. Data from this study were tabulated using Microsoft Excel program, then analyzed using double T-test analysis with Randomized Group Design. The results showed that the Crude Fiber Digestibility value had a significantly different effect (P&lt;0.05), Leucaena leaves high Crude Protein content can affect digestibility to be higher than T1 which is composed of 50% Leucaena leaves + 50% concentrate. ADF digestibility value showed no significant difference (P&gt;0.05). NDF digestibility showed no significant difference (P&gt;0.05). Hemicellulose digestibility showed no significant difference (P&gt;0.05). The digestibility of organic matter showed no significant difference (P&lt;0.05). Dry matter digestibility showed significantly different effects (P&lt;0.05). The digestibility value of crude protein showed a significantly different effect (P&lt;0.05). The results of the study can be concluded that Leucaena leaves supplementation can increase the feed digestibility value.

HEMPSEED CAKE IN RABBIT NUTRITION: LIVESTOCK PERFORMANCES, QUALITY OF MEAT, DIGESTIBILITY OF NUTRIENTS AND ANIMAL HEALTH STATUS

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of dried hempseed cake (by-product of oil production) supplementation (5 % − EG1 and 10 % − EG2) to rabbit feed mixture on livestock performances, quality of meat, digestibility of nutrients and animal health status. The chemical composition of the Longissimus thoracis and lumborum muscle including the content of fatty acids and amino acids, and the biochemical parameters in caecum and blood of growing rabbits were investigated. No significant differences among the experimental groups in feed intake, body weight and carcass parameters were found. The digestibility trial was performed using the balance method. Feed mixtures differed in digestible energy content i.e., crude protein, crude fibre and fat. The resulting digestibility coefficients for protein fell within the range of 66.72 − 74.18 %, fat digestibility was in the interval from 88.73 to 89.34 % and crude fibre digestibility was in the range from 27.56 to 34.59 %. Fatty acid profile in intramuscular lipids represents the highest content of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA; 47.72 − 48.51 %), followed by the content of saturated acids (SFA; 33.75 − 33.87 %) and a low content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA; 11.23 − 12.08 %). Hempseed oil cake could be included in rabbits' diet with beneficial effect on carcass quality and can enhance the nutritional quality of rabbit meat with the focus on essential amino acids. The tested blood serum parameters were within the range of the physiological reference values with no statistical differences between experimental groups, except for glucose and cholesterol content. The data on volatile fatty acids (VFA) show that most intensive process was in the caecum of rabbits in the experimental groups EG1 and EG2. All obtained data let us to recommend the inclusion of hempseed cake up to 10 % in rabbit diet without any negative effect on animal welfare, livestock performance and quality of meat.

Improving the Quality and Nutritional Value of a Mixture of Sago Pith and Indigofera leaves Fermented with Rhizopus oligosporus

The nutritional value of sago pith is limited due to its low protein content, making it less suitable for poultry feed. To increase the benefit values of the sago pith, it is necessary to process it through fermentation. The current study aimed to determine the effects of substrate composition and fermentation time of fermented sago (Metroxylon sagu) pith (SP) and Indigofera (Indigofera zollingeriana) leaves (IL) mixture using Rhizopus oligosporus as an inoculum on crude protein, crude fat and crude fiber content of fermented SP and IL, nitrogen retention, crude fiber digestibility, and energy metabolism in broiler chickens. The study was performed on 30 broiler chickens, average weighing ± 1.5 kg at 6 weeks of age, along with SP, IL, and R. oligosporus. This experiment was conducted using a randomized design in a 3×3 factorial with three replications. Substrate composition, or factor A, was made up of A1 (80% SP + 20% IL), A2 (60% SP + 40% IL), and A3 (50% SP + 50% IL). Fermentation time as Factor B entailed B1 (2 days), B2 (3 days), and B3 (4 days). The findings demonstrated a significant interaction between the time of fermentation and the composition of the substrate in relation to crude protein content, nitrogen retention, crude fat, crude fiber digestibility, and energy metabolism. It can be concluded that the composition of substrate 50% SP and 50% IL with 3 days of fermentation yielded the best result, with crude protein at 25.45%, nitrogen retention at 59.72%, crude fat at 0.020%, crude fiber at 6.40%, crude fiber digestibility at 57.34%, and metabolic energy at 2658.44 kcal/kg.

Dietary of different forms of Humulus scandens on growth performance and intestinal bacterial communities in piglets.

The present study was aimed at elucidating the effects of feeding different forms of Humulus scandens (Hu) on performance and bacterial communities in piglets. A total of 160 piglets were divided into four groups: (1) a control (CG, basal diet); (2) a basal diet with Hu pulp (HS), basal diet + Hu pulp; (3) a basal diet with Hu juice (HSJ), basal diet + Hu juice; and (4) a basal diet with Hu residue (HSR), basal diet + Hu residue. Results showed that HS, HSJ, and HSR supplementation led to rich average daily gain (ADG) and poor feed conversion ratio (FCR) during 28 to 70 d of age, increased 120 d body weight (BW), average daily feed intake (ADFI) and ADG and decreased FCR during 71 to 120 d of age. Three experiment groups presented greater (P < 0.05) IgA, IgG, and IgM and lower (P < 0.05) glucose, and blood urea nitrogen. The content of diamine oxidase significantly decreased (P < 0.05) in HS group. The crude protein and crude fiber digestibility were improved (P < 0.05) in HS group and the Ca digestibility was increased (P < 0.05) in HS and HSJ groups. HSR supplementation improved the abundance of Firmicutes and decreased the abundance of Bacteroidetes. Hu supplementation with different forms increased the proportion of Lactobacillus in cecum content. These results indicated that supplemental feeding of Hu with different forms improved serum immunity, nutrient digestibility, and bacterial communities in piglets, promoting growth and development, which may be regarded as a reference for developing novel feed resources for piglets.

Apparent digestibility of fish waste oil in diets for laying hens

This study aimed to assess the impact of incorporating fish waste oil into laying hens' diets on apparent nutrient digestibility and apparent metabolizable energy. A total of 72 Hisex White laying hens (25 weeks old) were employed in a completely randomized design, with treatments consisting of a control diet and an experimental diet (containing 3.5% fish oil), each with six replicates of six birds. The collected data underwent polynomial regression analysis at a 5% significance level. No significant differences (p &gt; 0.05) were observed in the digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, mineral matter, crude fiber, and non-nitrogenous extract between the reference diet and the experimental diet containing fish waste oil. However, there were significant differences (p &lt; 0.05) in the digestibility of ethereal extract (fat). Despite this, values for apparent metabolizable energy and apparent metabolizable energy corrected by nitrogen balance did not exhibit significant differences (p &gt; 0.05) between the reference and experimental diets. In conclusion, the incorporation of 3.5% fish waste oil in laying hens' diets led to satisfactory nutrient digestibility and enhanced fat digestibility. Importantly, this inclusion did not adversely impact energy metabolism.

Performance and feed digestibility of sentul chicken fed hydrolyzed maggot (Hermetia illucens) meal produced by crude enzymes from tempeh yeast

Maggot is the larva of the Black Soldier Fly (BSF) which has the potential as an alternative protein source for poultry. The study aimed to examine the supplementation of hydrolyzed and non-hydrolyzed maggot meals to increase the performance and feed digestibility of Sentul chicken feed. Crude enzymes produced from Tempeh yeast were used as inoculum starters. The research method used was a completely randomized design (CRD) with 7 treatments and 3 replications, each replication consisted of five Sentul chickens of four weeks old. The treatments were R0 = basal feed (control), R1 = R0 + 2% non-hydrolyzed maggot, R2 = R0 + 4% non-hydrolyzed maggot, R3 = R0 + 6% non-hydrolyzed maggot, R4 = R0 + 2% hydrolyzed maggot, R5 = R0 + 4% hydrolyzed maggot, R6 = R0 + 6% hydrolyzed maggot. Variables observed were feed intake (FI), total weight (TW), weight gain (WG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), crude protein digestibility (CPD), and crude fiber digestibility (CFD). The data were analyzed utilizing Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's honestly significance difference (HSD) test was also conducted. The results demonstrated that the addition of maggot meal had a significant impact (P&lt;0.01) on the variables TW, WG, FCR, and CPD, and a moderately significant impact (P&lt;0.05) on FI and CFD. When supplemented with 4% and 6% non-hydrolyzed maggot meal, FI and CFD were raised. However, when supplemented with the same percentage of hydrolyzed maggot meal, there was a significant increase in WG and TW while also decreasing the FCR value. Incorporation of 4% hydrolyzed (R5) maggot meal optimized WG, TW and FCR values, and boosted the CPD coefficient from 82.16 ± 1.46 (R0) to 93.14 ± 0.15 and CFD from 60.01 ± 2.40 (R0) to 83.90 ± 0.40 (R6) at the 6% level. In conclusion, the supplementation of hydrolyzed maggot (Hermetia illucens) meal, with crude enzymes from Tempeh yeast, significantly enhanced the performance and feed digestibility of Sentul chicken diets. Supplementation of 4 and 6% gave relatively the same performance, but the best digestibility was found in addition of 6%. Key words: enzymes, digestibility, larvae, performance, sentul-chicken, tempeh, supplementation, hydrolysis

Replacing Soybean Meal with Azolla Plant as a Source of Protein on Performance of Iraqi Awassi Lambs

This study was executed in the animal field of the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences at the University of Baghdad from November 15, 2022, to January 1, 2023. It was preceded by a 14-day trial period using 20 Awassi male lambs, whose ages ranged from 3.5 to 4 months. Moreover, starting with 18 to 19 kg. They were divided into four treatments at random: T1, which contained 6% soybeans and no azolla plant; T2, which contained 4% soybeans and 4% dry azolla plant; T3, which contained 2% soybeans and 8% dry azolla plant; and T4, which contained 12% dry azolla plant The results showed that there was a significant difference (p>0.05) in the daily and total weight gain as well as the digestion coefficient for some of the digested nutrients. Treatment T4 performed better than the other treatments in terms of increasing daily and total weight, while treatments T1 and T3 did not differ from each other The table of total nutrients digested and the field digestion coefficient did not change between the treatments T1 and 3T, which were better than treatment T2. There was no difference between treatment T1 and T3, which was superior to treatment T2, and there was a significant rise (P 0.05) for crude fiber and ether extract in treatment T4. The study found that adding 12% more Azolla plant to soybean meal resulted in the best weight growth and the highest digestibility of crude fiber and ether extract.

Evaluation of Voluntary Feed Intake and Digestibility Organic Feed Ingredients for Adult Female Goats

Limited forage for livestock during the dry season has an impact on low livestock productivity, so a source of feed other than grass is needed as an effort to utilize local resources.The purpose of research is voluntary feed intake level and organik matter digestibility adult female goat given by 3 different feed. It was carried out on experimental farm of Hasanuddin University for 3 months. A total of six a head of adult male goats aged around 1.5 years with preliminary weights 11-15 kg were used and place at individual pen of 100 x 50 x 100 cm with 80 cm above ground level. This research was designed using RBSL with 3 treatments and it was used 2 heads of goat replication. The feed treatment covered 3 kinds of leaves, namely mango (R1), jackfruit (R2), and banana (R3). The voluntary feed intake (kg/day) was measured based on difference between given and remained feed weights. The measurement of feed digestibility (%) using Total Collecting Method, covering total of feed comsumption and total of goat faeces (24 hours) separeted with urine. The research result showed that the voluntary feed intake level R1 leaves was heigher than R2 and R3 leaves, whereas the level of crude fiber digestibility and crude fat of R1 higher than R2 and R3, but digestibility of crude protein R3 higher than R1 dan R2.

Soursop Leaf and Pumpkin Pulp Diets Concerning Performance, Nutrient Utilization and Blood Profile of Goats

Assessed growth performance, nutrient utilization and blood constituents of goats fed diets containing fluted pumpkin pulp and different proportions of soursop leaf powder. We used twenty- four West African dwarf female goats of about 7 to 8 months old and 7.00 ± 0.15kg. They were randomly allotted to four dietary treatments with three replicates of two goats. The compared diets contained; 6% dried fluted pumpkin pulp without soursop leaf powder (control, PPM1), 6% dried fluted pumpkin pulp with 2% soursop leaf powder (SLP2), 6% dried fluted pumpkin pulp with 2.5% soursop leaf powder (SLO3) and 6% dried fluted pumpkin pulp with 3% soursop leaf powder (SLW4). The results showed that diet PPM1was significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher in feed conversion ratio, digestibility of ether extract, gross energy intake, total nitrogen and energy output, creatinine, urea, serum enzymes, total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein. SLOP3 revealed significantly (P&lt;0.05) better in final, total &amp; daily body weight gain ,dry matter, crude protein and crude fiber digestibility, nitrogen retention, digestible and metabolizable energy, packed cell volume, haemoglobin, red and white blood cells, serum total protein, albumin, glucose, and high-density lipoprotein. Feed and nitrogen intake as well as triglycerides indicated significant (P&lt;0.05) higher values in SLW4. Using 6% dried fluted pumpkin pulp with 2.5 or 3% soursop leaf powder in diets enhanced nutrient utilization for better performance and health status of goats.

Effect of Replacing Fish Meal by Soybean Meal on the Performance, Nutrient Utilization and Egg Quality of Khaki Campbell Ducks in Late Laying Phase

Background: Feed quality in terms of protein source plays an important role in achieving targeted production. The quality of fish meal available in market is of highly variable in nature. Hence, an attempt was made to see the response of laying ducks to diets where fish was replaced by soybean meal with supplementation of critical aminoacids i.e. lysine and methionine over and above the normal requirement. Methods: A 16 week biological trial consisting of 72 Khaki Campbell laying ducks (83 weeks) subjected to three treatments (T1-Control diet with fish meal, T2- fish meal totally replaced by soybean meal, T3-T2 + Supplementation of Lysine and Methionine distributed equally to 9 replications of 8 laying ducks each was conducted following completely randomised design to see the effect of treatments on the performance, nutrient digestibility/retention and egg quality in Khaki Campbell laying ducks. Standard analytical and statistical procedures were followed for proper interpretation of the data. Result: The egg production (nos and dozen) and DDEP percent were significantly (P less than 0.05) higher and FCR was significantly (P less than 0.05) better for ducks reared on T1 compared to other groups. The dry matter, organic matter and crude fibre digestibility was significantly (P less than 0.05) higher for ducks fed fish meal. However, the EE digestibility was significantly (P less than 0.05) higher for T3 group. The egg quality parameters were significantly higher for T3 group. It is concluded that the performance of Khaki Campbell laying ducks fed diet without fish meal was deteriorated but the egg quality was improved.

Digestibility of Native Chicken Rations Containing Fermented Banana Peels

Improving the performance of super native chickens must be balanced by improving the ration. The ingredients used do not need to be “expensive” but are of good quality and readily available throughout the year. One of the feed ingredients that is widely available and is a waste is banana peel. Banana peels contain 3.63% nutrients, 2.52% crude fat, 18.71% crude fiber, 7.18% calcium, and 2.06% phosphorus. In addition to high crude fiber, banana peels also contain antinutrients in the form of tannins, hence the need for fermentation. To see the quality of the ration, it is necessary to test the digestibility. This research was carried out from March to July 2023. The design used in this study was a completely randomized design (CRD) with 5 (five) treatments and 3 (three) replicates. The treatments were as follows: R0 (ration without the addition of fermented banana peel flour/TKPF), R1 = (2.5% TKPF), R2 = 5% TKPF, R3 = 7.5% TKPF, R4 = 10% TKPF. Variables observed were N retention, protein digestibility, crude fiber digestibility, and organic matter digestibility. The results showed that the provision of fermented banana flour in the ration of native chickens significantly (P &lt;0.01) influenced the digestibility of crude protein, crude fiber digestibility, digestibility of organic matter, and N retention of native chicken rations. The best results were obtained in the R2 treatment (5% Fermented Banana peel flour), where the crude protein digestibility gave results of 76.11%, crude fiber digestibility of 45.12%, organic matter digestibility of 70.09%, and N retention of 75.82%

The Effects of Papaya Leaf Extract and Turmeric Extract Inclusion on Total Apparent Digestibility of Nutrients and Methane Gas Production in Bali Cattle

This research evaluated the effects of papaya leaf and turmeric extract supplementation on the total apparent digestibility of nutrients and methane gas production in Bali cattle. The livestock used were 18 Bali cattle that were distributed into treatment without papaya leaf and turmeric extract supplementation (P0), Supplementation of 0.0075% turmeric extract g/kg live weight/day (P1), and supplementation of 0.00375% turmeric extract per kg live weight per day + 0.00375% papaya leaf extract per kg live weight per day (P2). The basal diets were 60% elephant grass cv. Taiwan (Pennisetum purpureum cv. Taiwan) and 40% concentrate. The ration provision was three per cent dry matter of body weight. The observed parameters included feed consumption, feces production, dry matter digestibility, organic matter digestibility, crude protein digestibility, crude fat digestibility, crude fibre digestibility, nitrogen-free extract digestibility, and methane gas production. The research results indicated that the treatment did not significantly affect feed consumption (P&gt;0.05) but did affect crude protein digestibility, crude fibre digestibility, nitrogen-free extract digestibility, and methane gas production. This study concludes that the feeding of elephant grass cv. Taiwan (Pennisetum purpureum cv. Taiwan), with the addition of papaya leaf extract and turmeric extract, does not have a positive effect on feed consumption and feed digestibility; thus, it cannot suppress methane gas production in livestock.

Growth Performance of Growing Rabbits Fed Graded Levels of Commercial and Locally Produced Groundnut Cakes

Evaluate the growth performance of weaned rabbits fed diets containing varying levels of locally produced and commercial grade groundnut cake. Determine the nutrient digestibility of weaner rabbits fed diets containing varying levels of locally produced and commercial grade groundnut cake. Assess the carcass characteristics of weaner rabbits fed diets containing varying levels of locally produced and commercial grade groundnut cake. The results showed that final body, total body weight gain and daily weight gain and feed conversion ratio of the rabbits were significantly (P&lt;0.05) influenced by the dietary treatments. However, total feed consumed and daily feed consumed of the rabbits were not significantly (P&gt;0.05) different. Crude protein, crude fibre, ether extract and nitrogen free extract digestibility were significantly (P&lt;0.05) affected by the dietary treatments. However, dry matter and ash digestibility are not influenced (P&lt;0.05). Lungs result showed that G3 (5 % CGNC), G4 (10 % LGNC), G6 (20 % LGNC) and G7 (20 % CGNC) had no variation and similar trend was also observed on G2 (5 % LGNC), G4 (10 % LGNC), G5 (10 % CGNC) and G7 (20 % CGNC) respectively. G1 (Control) had least values throughout the treatment groups. The kidney result showed that G3, G5 and G7 were not significantly (P&lt;0.05) different when compared. Likewise, G1 (Control), G2 (5 % LGNC), G4 (10 % LGNC), G5 (10 % CGNC) and G6 (10 % LGNC) were not varied. The result of intestine showed that G3 (5 % CGNC), G5 (10 % CGNC) and G7 (20 % CGNC) had the same intestine value than other groups. Likewise, similar trend was observed on G1 (Control), G2 (5 % LGNC) and G4 (20 % LGNC). On the other hand, lowest intestine value was recorded on G6 (20 % LGNC). Abdominal fat outcome indicated G1 (Control), G3 (5 % CGNC), G5 (10 % CGNC) and G6 (20 % LGNC) had more abdominal fat than other treatments However, least abdominal fat was observed on G2 (5 % LGNC) and G4 (5 % LGNC). Though, G4 (10 % LGNC) and 7 (20 % CGNC) were similar across the groups. It can be concluded that rabbits fed CGNC at 5 %, 10 % and 20 % had significant performance on and daily weight gain compare to those fed LGNC.The dry matter digestibility shows that there was no significant difference among the dietary groups.

Urea molasses mineral block under various feeding systems improved nutrient digestibility, productive performance and blood biochemical profile of Yaks

BackgroundThe study aimed to investigate the effect of urea molasses mineral blocks (UMMB) on nutrient digestibility, productive performance and blood biochemical profile of indigenous yaks under various feeding systems. A total of sixteen yaks were randomly divided into four groups (n = 4 animal per group) and offered the, following feeding systems: (A) stall feeding, (B), urea molasses mineral block (UMMB) + stall feeding, (C) yard feeding and (D) UMMB + yard feeding. Trial lasted for 40 days.ResultsResults showed that nutrients intake (g) and nutrient digestibility (%) of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE) and crude fiber (CF) were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in stall and yard feeding groups with UMMB licking. Blood zinc, cobalt, hemoglobin (Hb), red blood cell (RBC), glucose and serum glutamate private transaminase (SGPT) significantly (p < 0.05) increased in stall and yard feeding with UMMB licking. Milk yield, Ca and monounsaturated fatty acid except milk composition improved significantly (p < 0.05) in stall and yard feeding groups with UMMB licking.ConclusionIt was concluded that feeding of UMMB improved utilization of low-quality roughages and best results were obtained from stall and yard feedings with UMMB licking as compared to other groups.

Effect of Substitution of Corn (&lt;em&gt;Zea mays&lt;/em&gt;) Fodder with Sorghum (&lt;em&gt;Sorghum bicolor&lt;/em&gt; var. Numbu) Fodder on Nutrient Digestibility and Daily Weight Gain of Beef Cattle

Purpose: Corn fodder is often used for fattening beef cattle, which compete for feeding other livestock. However, Sorghum fodder has a nutritional value equivalent to corn fodder. This study aims to determine the effect of substituting of corn fodder with sorghum fodder on the body weight gain of cattle and also the digestibility of nutrients.Research method: Nine local beef cattle with weights ranging from 139-239 kg were allocated in a completely randomized design with 3 treatments and 3 replications. The treatments given were: R0 = basal ration (30% corn fodder + 70% concentrate); R1 =15% corn fodder +15% sorghum fodder +70% concentrate; and R2 = 30% sorghum fodder + 70% concentrate. The data were analyzed using covariance analysis. Body weight gain; digestibility of dry matter, digestibility of organic matter, digestibility of crude protein, and digestibility of crude fibre were measured.Findings: Based on the analysis of covariance, the study showed that there was no significant difference (P&gt;0.05) between substituted sorghum fodder and ration consumption, body weight gain, ration conversion, and digestibility of feed substances (dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, and crude fibre) in beef cattle. The results showed that body weight gain ranged from 0.63-1.18 kg/head/day, feed conversion ratio ranged from 5.12-9.66, and digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, and crude fibre, 76.29%-79.10%; 79.16%-82.16%; 72.47%-76.13%; and 45.46%-46.70% respectively. This study revealed that Tebon corn can be completely (100%) substituted by fodder sorghum in beef cattle rations.Research limitations: This research was conducted at the farmer level, which causes the diversity of cattle used as experimental material to be quite high. Therefore, in analyzing the data, we used covariance analysis.Originality/Value: This research informs that the use of forage sorghum can replace corn fodder up to a limit of 100%.