Crude Fat Research Articles

Assessing solvent impact on Moringa oleifera seed cake nutrition: towards sustainable food and feed production

Abstract Moringa oleifera seed cake, a byproduct of oil extraction, represents a valuable resource for animal and human nutrition. However, solvent selection during extraction significantly influences the cake’s composition. This study aims to evaluates Moringa seed cakes extracted with ethanol, methanol, and hexane, employing proximate analysis, metal content assessment, and microbial testing. The drying process involved hexane seed cake at 55°C, and ethanol and methanol cakes at 70°C for one hour. Proximate analysis indicates that all seed cakes surpass quality standards (SNI, 3571-2009) for ash and crude protein. Hexane seed cake, distinguished by the highest ash (6.4972%) and crude protein (42.1169%), is identified as suitable for bakery and snacks, featuring optimal calcium (0.9697%) and minimal crude fiber (1.9386%), aligning with chicken feed standards (SNI, 8173.2:2015). Methanol seed cake, rich in crude fat (15.7618%) and calories (6549.89 Kcal/Kg), proves suitable for fishery feed. Ethanol seed cake, abundant in crude fiber (30.0319%), is advantageous for calf feed and serves as a foundational ingredient in bakery and snacks. Metal content and microbial contamination adhere to Indonesian standards (SNI, 3751-2009) and (SNI, 3148.2:2009), solidifying Moringa seed cake as a viable alternative across diverse applications.

Comparison between high-pressure steam and vinegar stir-frying on grinding characteristics and nutrient components of turtle shells: Difference between carapace and plastron

The nutritional differences between the carapace and plastron of turtle shells, and their grinding challenges, are not well understood. This study aimed to evaluate the nutritional differences between a turtle shell’s carapace and plastron, and the effects of high-pressure steam (HP) and vinegar stir-frying (VS) pretreatments. The carapace showed higher crude protein and fat but lower ash than the plastron. Both pretreatments reduced grinding energy and increased ash content while decreasing protein and amino acids levels. HP resulted in more water-soluble extract (15.13 %), protein (17.26 %), and peptide (20.77 %), whereas total free amino acids (FAAs: 545.62 mg/100 g) were increased by VS. Nutritional value was comparable between carapace and plastron. Additionally, in contrast to the conventional VS pretreatment approach, the HP method not only enhances the grinding process of turtle shells but also promotes the release of their water-soluble constituents. This advancement sets a solid foundation for future comprehensive studies aimed at exploring the nutritional potential of turtle shells.

Preparation and Compositional Analysis of Lignocellulosic Plant Biomass as a Precursor for Food Production During Food Crises.

In the event of a sunlight-blocking, temperature-lowering global catastrophe, such as a global nuclear war, super-volcano eruption or large asteroid strike, normal agricultural practices would be severely disrupted with a devastating impact on the global food supply. Despite the improbability of such an occurrence, it is prudent to consider how to sustain the surviving population following a global catastrophe until normal weather and climate patterns resume. Additionally, the ongoing challenges posed by climate change, droughts, flooding, soil salinization, and famine highlight the importance of developing food systems with resilient inputs such as lignocellulosic biomass. With its high proportion of cellulose, the abundant lignocellulosic biomass found across the Earth's land surfaces could be a source of energy and nutrition, but it would first need to be converted into foods. To understand the potential of lignocellulosic biomass to provide energy and nutrition to humans in post-catastrophic and other food crisis scenarios, compositional analyses should be completed to gauge the amount of energy (soluble sugars) and other macronutrients (protein and lipids) that might be available and the level of difficulty in extracting them. Suitable preparation of the lignocellulosic biomass is critical to achieve consistent and comparable results from these analyses. Here we describe a compilation of protocols to prepare lignocellulosic biomass and analyze its composition to understand its potential as a precursor to produce post-catastrophic foods which are those that could be foraged, grown, or produced under the new climate conditions to supplement reduced availability of traditional foods. These foods have sometimes been referred to in the literature as emergency, alternate, or resilient foods. © 2024 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Convection oven drying (1 to 2 days) Alternate Protocol 1: Air-drying (2 to 3 days) Alternate Protocol 2: Lyophilization (1 to 4 days) Support Protocol 1: Milling plant biomass Support Protocol 2: Measuring moisture content Basic Protocol 2: Cellulose determination Basic Protocol 3: Lignin determination Basic Protocol 4: Crude protein content by total nitrogen Basic Protocol 5: Crude fat determination via soxtec extraction system Basic Protocol 6: Sugars by HPLC Basic Protocol 7: Ash content.

Predicting the chemical composition of pet food with hyperspectral imaging

Performing fast analyses to control the nutritional quality of pet food products is of great interest in the pet food industry. The purpose of this study was to test the efficacy of near-infrared hyperspectral imaging (HSI) in determining chemical composition content of cat and dog food, and evaluate the influence of mixed model and characteristic wavelength on the performance of the quantitative model. Seventy cat food and thirty-six dog food samples were characterised using reference methods for moisture, crude protein (CP), crude fat (CF), crude fibre (CFe), crude ash (CA), calcium (Ca) and total phosphorus (TP) content. The Partial Least Squares regression (PLSR) was used to establish the quantitative models that involved the cat food model and mixed model. The characteristic wavelength was selected using a competitive adaptive reweighted-sampling (CARS) algorithm. Results showed that, except for CFe, the performance of the cat food model was similar to the mixed model. When using feature band, the prediction results of the mixed models for CP, CF, moisture, and CFe were optimized with R2p between 0.73 and 0.96 and RPD in the range 2.22–5.20, but the prediction results of TP, CA, and Ca did not meet the actual demand. Optimal quantitative models were used to visualise the sample chemical composition distributions. The results of this study provide theoretical and technical support for the rapid online quality control of pet food.

Partitioning among-animal variance of energy utilization in lactating Jersey cows

Animals vary in the way in which they utilize energy due to diet, genetics, and management. Energy consumed by the animal supports milk production, but considerable variation among-animals in energy utilization is thought to exist. The study objective was to estimate the among-animal variance in energy utilization in data collected from Jersey cows using indirect calorimetry. Individual animal-period data from 15 studies (n = 560) were used. The data set included 115 animals from 44 to 410 DIM producing 11.5 to 39.1 kg/d of milk. On average, the 63 treatments in the data set ranged 14.8 to 19.5% CP, 21.4 to 43.0% NDF, 16.2 to 33.3% starch, and 2.21 to 6.44% crude fat. Data were analyzed with the Glimmix procedure of SAS (9.4) with random effects of cow, treatment nested within period, square, and experiment. The percentage of among-animal, dietary treatment, and experimental variance was calculated as the variance associated with each fraction divided by the sum of variance from animal, dietary treatment, experiment, and residual which was considered the total variance. The percentage of among-animal variance was characterized as high or low when the value was greater than or less than the mean value of 29.2%. Among-animal variance explained approximately 29.3 - 42.5% of the total variance in DM intake (DMI), gross energy (GE), digestible energy (DE), metabolizable energy (ME), and net energy of lactation (NEL) in Mcal/d. When energetic components of feces, urine, and heat in Mcal/d were expressed per unit of DMI the among-animal variance decreased by 20.4, 4.82, and 9.55% units, respectively. However, among-animal variance explained 4.80, 8.78, and 5.02% units more of the total variation for methane energy, lactation energy, and tissue energy in Mcal/d when expressed per unit of DMI. Variance in energetic efficiencies of DE/GE, ME/GE, and ME/DE were explained to a lesser extent by among-animal variance (averaging 17.8 ± 1.95%). The among-animal contribution to total variance in milk energy was 28.8%. Milk energy was a large proportion of the energy efficiency calculation which included milk energy plus corrected tissue energy over net energy intake which likely contributed to the 22.2% of total among-animal variance in energy efficiency. Results indicate that among-animal variance explains a large proportion of the total variation in DMI. This contributes to the variance observed for energy fractions as well as energy components when expressed in Mcal/d. Variation in energetic loss associated with methane was primarily explained by differences among-animals and was increased when expressed per unit of DMI highlighting the role of inherent animal differences in these losses.

Investigation of Suitable Pakistani Wheat Cultivars for Preparation of Quick Cooking Bulgur

The purpose of this research was to evaluate the aptness of Pakistani commercial wheat cultivars Durum-97, Faisalabad-8, Punjab-11, Galaxy-13, Ujala-16 and Annaj-17 aptnessfor bulgur preparationthrough thousand kernel weight (43-47 g), grain size (length 5-7, width 2-3, thickness 2-3 mm), particle size index (16-24 %), single kernel characterization system (hardness 45-74 HI, weight 34-36 mg, moisture 9-10 %, diameter in-between 2mm) respectively. All varieties were parboiled for 3 suitable periods (regarding in dimensions40, 60, 80 min) at constant temperature. Bulgur was evaluated in various nutritional and quality attributes. Color analysisvalue was (L* 56-64, a* -1˗ -3, b* 17-21 of colorimeter). SDS-sedimentation test (19-25 mL), zeleny value (46-60 mL) and SDS-PAGE friabilin protein (presence and absence) while Durum-97 and Anaj-17 lack these proteins. Proximate analysis of wheatcarries (ash 0-1, crude protein 12-15, crude fiber 1-2, and crude fat 1-3 %). Likewise proximate analysis of bulgur shows (0-1 ash, 12-15 crude protein, 1-2 crude fat and crude fiber). Mineral analysis revealed (Ca 367-534, Fe 49-33, Zn 23-18, Na 311-171, K 774-952 mgkg-1). Consumers overall acceptance (sensory evaluation) recommends Anaj-17 and Punjab-11 among allvarieties. Conclusively, there is a need to explore more indigenous wheat cultivars as this is the staple food and a value added product.

Physicochemical properties of Capsicum annum (red chilli) and Capsicum frutescens (bird’s eye chilli) seed powder

Capsicum annuum and Capsicum frutescens are the most widely cultivated species in Malaysia. Vegetable processing wastes, such as seeds, have been used as an alternative resource to manage waste and as a food source in the food industry. This research aimed to determine the potential of chilli seed powder as functional ingredient. Following this analysis, the proximate, phytic acid, and mineral were conducted for chemical analysis. Water and oil holding capacity and colour analysis were done for the physical study of chilli seed powder. Results showed that the crude fat, crude fibre, and protein contents were 22.24±0.50 g/100 g, 30.87±1.59 g/100 g and 17.57±0.28 g/100 g for C. annuum seed powder and 17.68±0.44 g/100 g, 24.07±1.57 g/100 g, 16.1±0.48 g/100 g for C. frutescens seed powder, respectively. Both chilli seed powders displayed low amounts of mineral contents, such as calcium (Ca), sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg) and zinc (Zn). In addition, C. frutescens seed powders exhibited phytic acid content (6.03±0.36 g/100 g) and red C. annuum seed powder (8.64±1.96 g/100 g). The low amount of phytic acid in both samples may be due to the low amount of minerals. The L* values of C. frutescens seed powder (68.21±0.35) were significantly higher than that of C. annuum seed powder (66.17±0.35), indicating the lightness in colour of both samples. As the L* value increased, the sample became lighter in colour. Positive a* and b* values led to a yellowish colour. The waterholding capacity (WHC) and oil-holding capacity (OHC) were 2.25±0.38 and 0.87±0.07, for C. annuum seed powder and 1.40±0.55 and 0.43±0.75 for C. frutescens seed powder, respectively. Both powders exhibited low averages of WHC and OHC due to the low amount of protein. Hence, C. annuum and C. frutescens seed powders may be used to improve colour for the development of food products.

Changes in biochemical composition of Ethiopian Coffee arabica with growing region and traditional roasting.

Updating the biochemical composition of coffee beans across the years is necessary. This is important to understand the vulnerability of coffee toward climate adaptation longitudinally. Accordingly, in this study the influence of growing area and traditional roasting on the biochemical composition of five common Ethiopian Arabica coffee beans collected in the harvest year of 2021/22 were investigated. With an average of 11.34 g/100 g, the Hararge and Jimma coffee beans had the highest crude fat content (p < 0.05). The crude protein content of the five varieties was in the range of 13-15 g/100 g, with respective highest and lowest contents in the (Hararge and Nekemte) and (Sidama and Yirgachefe) coffee beans (p < 0.05). The total phenolic content (TPC) of the coffee beans was in the order of Jimma (46.52) > Nekemte (44.55) > Sidama (44.31) > Hararge (39.02) > Yirgachefe (34.25) mg GAE/100 g. The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of ascorbic acid, coffee bean extract from Jimma and Hararge against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical was 19.86, 20.22 and 20.02 μg/mL, respectively. The respective highest and lowest caffeine concentration was obtained in the Yirgachefe (10.38) and Hararge (7.55 g/100 g) coffee beans (p < 0.05). The Jimma, Sidama, and Nekemte coffee varieties had the highest chlorogenic acid content of 45 g/100 g (p > 0.05); whereas the lowest content was in Hararge coffee (36.78 g/100 g). While the caffeine concentration did not show significant (p > 0.05) difference, with all the coffee beans the roasting has reduced significantly the TPC, trigonelline and mainly the chlorogenic acid (p < 0.05). These data can update the existing facts on biochemical diversity of coffee beans in the country which can be used for evidence based innovations of climate adaptation in predicting the quality of coffee. Further recommendation of optimizing the traditional coffee processing method is supported from this study.

Effects of Increasing Glycerin Levels in Broiler Chickens.

Glycerin contributes to the animal's energy metabolism as an important structural component of triglycerides and phospholipids. The present study was carried out to evaluate the effect of replacing corn with 0, 5, 10, and 15% of glycerin in terms of performance, digestibility, carcass yield, relative weights of gastrointestinal tract (GIT) organs, and nutrient metabolism. Four hundred chickens (40.0 g ± 0.05 g) were distributed in a completely randomized design with four treatments and five replicates. Growth parameters were measured at 7, 14, 21, and 42 days. Digestibility of crude protein and fat, carcass yield, relative weights of GIT organs, and biochemical blood profile were measured. The results were subject to an analysis of variance by Tukey's HSD test (p > 0.05). The inclusion of 5%, 10%, or 15% of glycerin did not influence performance or affect the crude protein and fat digestibility in broilers (p > 0.05) when compared to that of the basal (0%) diet. Similarly, the supplementation of glycerin levels showed no significant influence (p > 0.05) on the relative GIT organ weights, carcass yield, or nutrient metabolism. Thus, we concluded that glycerin may be included in the broilers' diets in rations of up to 15%.

Effect of variety, growing location and year on composition, certain antinutritional factors, and functionality of faba beans (Vicia faba) grown in Canada

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesFaba bean is a rich source of proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals. It serves as a staple food in Asia, Africa, and the Mediterranean region. Faba bean production in Canada has recently increased due to the interest in sustainable plant‐based proteins. Identifying faba bean varieties that can grow across different environments and provide good quality, nutrition, and functionality is important. This study aimed to determine the effect of variety, growing location, and year on the composition, certain anti‐nutrients, and functionality of the faba bean varieties grown in Canada.FindingsVariety, growing location, and year had significant effects on the protein content, crude fat, ash, phytic acid, stachyose, verbascose, trypsin inhibitor activity, and functional properties of faba beans, including oil emulsion and water holding capacity. Starch content, total dietary fiber, and least gelling concentration were significantly affected by variety and growing location, whereas raffinose, oil absorption capacity, foaming capacity, and stability were significantly affected by variety and growing year. Significant interactions of variety, growing location, and year were observed for most characteristics. Environment played a greater role in affecting faba bean characteristics than variety except for starch content, total dietary fiber, oligosaccharides, and foaming stability.ConclusionsIt was found that varietal and environmental factors affected each trait differently. Selecting suitable varieties and growing conditions would improve the quality of faba bean.Significance and NoveltyInformation from this study will be useful to breeders, growers, and food manufacturers to improve the production and utilization of faba beans.

Nutrient Content of Corn Straw (Crude Fibre, Crude Fat and TDN) Caused by Different Doses of Urea

Nutrient Content of Corn Straw (Crude Fibre, Crude Fat and TDN) Caused by Different Doses of Urea

Inactivated lactobacillus plantarum promoted growth performance, intestine health and antioxidant capacity of juvenile largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides

To evaluate the effects of inactivated Lactobacillus plantarum (LPM) on carnivorous fish, juvenile largemouth bass [initial body mass: (5.62±0.13) g] were fed five isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets containing 0 (M0), 200 (M1), 400 (M2), 600 (M3), and 800 (M4) mg/kg LPM for 8 weeks. The results showed that in terms of growth, weight gain rate (WGR) and specific growth rate (SGR) showed significant second-order polynomial trend with increasing LPM supplementation. WGR and SGR of the M3 group were significantly increased by 14.18% and 5.62%, respectively, compared with the M0 group. Significant linear and second order polynomial trends were observed for feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and protein deposition rate (PDR) with the increase in dietary LPM. FCR was significantly reduced by 8.9% in the M2 group compared to the M0 group. In terms of intestinal health, intestinal amylase, intestinal villi number, length and width showed significant second order polynomial trends with increasing LPM supplementation. Significant linear and second order polynomial trends were observed for intestinal lipase activity, liver crude fat content with increasing dietary LPM. Dietary LPM supplementation of 600 mg/kg significantly increased the abundance of beneficial bacteria. In terms of antioxidant capacity, with the increase of LPM supplemental level, superoxide dismutase activity, malondialdehyde content of serum and liver, and liver Cu/Zn-SOD, Keap-1 and TGF-β1 mRNA expression levels showed significant linear and second-order polynomial trend, and Nrf2 mRNA expression level showed a significant second-order polynomial trend. Overall, the appropriate level of LPM (400–600 mg/kg) promoted the growth performance and feed utilization of largemouth bass by increasing the abundance of intestinal bacteria, improving the activities of digestive enzymes and antioxidant enzymes, and up-regulating the mRNA expressions of genes related to antioxidants.

Effect of auxins on biochemical composition of apical cuttings of Mulberry (Morus indica l.) Using mini clonal technology

A research study was carried out to examine the effects of auxin and rooting hormone on the biochemical composition of the mini clonal mulberry leaves raised using mini-clonal technique of (Morus indica L.) variety 'V1'.Two hormones, such as indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and napthalene acetic acid (NAA), were used in the experiment. The hormones were replicated four times in each of the following concentration ranges: 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, and 5000 ppm. Different hormone concentrations were applied to apical shoot cuttings before they were planted in the appropriate rooting medium in a greenhouse condition. The biochemical parameters analysed during the research study include leaf moisturecontent, nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b, carotenoid, total chlorophyll, crude protein, total carbohydrates, crude fat, total protein content present in mulberry leaves. The nutritive value of mulberry varieties depends on its biochemical constituents present in it. The results indicated that V1 mulberry mini clones have recorded better biochemical constituents and suitable for rearing of mulberry silkworms to get successful cocoon crop.

Effects of phytase inclusion in diets containing rice protein concentrate (RPC) on the nutrient digestibility, growth and chemical characteristics of rohu (Labeo rohita).

The objective of the current study was to assess the impact of dietary phytase supplementation on Labeo rohita fingerlings and to examine the effects on growth, nutrient digestibility and chemical characteristics of diets containing rice protein concentrate (RPC) as a major protein source. Six experimental diets were made, i.e., a positive control (fishmeal-based diet with no phytase), FM0; a negative control (RPC-based diet with no phytase), RPC0; and four supplemental phytase levels (250, 500, 1000, and 2000 FTU/kg). Fingerlings with an average weight of 9.42 ± 0.02 grams (mean ± SD) were randomly distributed into six experimental groups of three replicates, each containing 25 fish per tank (75 liters of water), provided with experimental diets at a rate equivalent to 5% of their body weight for 90 days, and uneaten feed was collected after 2 hours to determine feed consumption. The feces were collected before feeding to estimate digestibility. Phytase in combination with the RPC-based diet significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced phytate phosphorus in vitro hydrolysis; growth performance; nutrient (crude protein, crude fat, moisture and gross energy) and mineral (P, Ca, Mg, Na, K, Zn, Mn and Cu) digestibility; digestive enzyme (protease, lipase and amylase) activity; and mineral deposition up to 1000 FTU/kg phytase. However, the hepatosomatic and viscerosomatic indices and carcass composition were not influenced (p > 0.05) by phytase supplementation. Increasing phytase supplementation in the RPC-based diets led to a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in the serum biochemical parameters (alkaline phosphatase activity, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase), which resulted in improved liver health. In conclusion, phytase-supplemented RPC-based diets improved the growth, mineral/nutrient digestibility, digestive enzymes, serum biochemistry, and mineral deposition of L. rohita fingerlings up to 1000 FTU/kg. Broken line regression analysis revealed that the optimum phytase concentration in the RPC-based diet for L. rohita was 874.19 FTU/kg.

Nutritional Quality and Antioxidant Properties of Roselle-Tiger Nut Beverage

Background: A beverage is a liquid prepared from cereals, grains and leaves/calyxes for human consumption. Beverages are classified into alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages. Objective: The study evaluated the nutritional quality and antioxidant properties of Roselle-tiger nut beverage. Methods: Roselle-tiger nut beverage was produced from the control samples roselle and tiger nut (% v/v) using the ratios 100:0 Roselle beverage, 0:100 tiger nut beverage and 80:20 Roselle-tiger nut beverage. Subsequently, Proximate, mineral, phytochemical compositions, antioxidants properties and sensory properties were determined using established methods. Results: There was an elevation in protein (16.29±2.39a) carbohydrate (11.08±9.59a), crude protein (16.29±2.39a) and ash content (3.09±0.56a) but a decrease in moisture and crude fat content. Also, an increase in Sodium (0.09±0.01b), Zinc (0.21±0.00b) and Copper (0.09±0.00b) content with a decrease in Potassium, Phosphorus, Manganese, Magnesium, Calcium and Iron levels. For phytochemical compositions, an increase in flavonoids (1.73±0.43a), saponins (1.25±0.75a) and alkaloids (1.36±0.13a) contents with a decrease in tannins, oxalates and phytate contents was observed. There was an elevation in free radical scavenging activity (0.36±0.00ab) and ferric reducing power (0.32±0.00c) but a decrease in hydroxyl scavenging activity and metal chelating ability. Sample MNP836 of Roselle-tiger nut beverage was the most preferred by panelists for appearance (8.10), taste (8.24), flavor (8.38), mouth feel (8.38) and overall acceptability (8.48). Conclusion: Substitution of roselle beverage with 20% tiger nut beverage improved the nutritional quality of roselle-tiger nut beverage.

Physicochemical, functional, and antinutritional properties of fermented Bambara groundnut and sorghum flours at different times

This study investigated the effect of fermentation at different times (24 and 48 h) on the proximate composition, physicochemical, antinutritional, and functional properties of fermented Bambara groundnut and sorghum flours. The results showed that fermentation improved the crude protein and crude fibre of the flours, with a decrease in crude fat and ash content. An increase in the mineral contents (potassium, magnesium, phosphorus, zinc, and iron), water absorption capacity, and foam stability were also observed. The oil absorption capacity of the fermented flour samples decreased after 24 h of fermentation, with an increase thereafter. A decrease in foam, emulsification capacity, and antinutritional factors were observed. The redness and yellowness values increased with an increase in fermentation time, while the lightness and total change in colour decreased. In conclusion, this study shows that fermented Bambara groundnut and sorghum flours could be useful ingredients or serve as an alternative for commercial and industrial purposes. Subsequent use of fermented Bambara groundnut and sorghum flours may also help mitigate nutritional issues, particularly in developing nations.

Nutritional and physiological responses to dietary phosphorus levels and phytase in pullets and laying hens

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of dietary available phosphorus (P) levels and dietary phytase added into the very low-P diet on the performance, mineral balance, odor emission, and stress responses in growing pullets and laying hens during 13 to 32 wk of age. One hundred sixty-eight pullets (Hy-Line Brown) were randomly assigned into 1 of 4 dietary treatments with 7 replicates of 6 birds each. Experimental diets were formulated to contain 3 graded P levels at 0.25, 0.35, and 0.45% during 13 to 15 wk (phase 1), 0.25, 0.35, and 0.45% during 16 to 18 wk (phase 2), and 0.20, 0.30, and 0.40% during 19 to 32 wk (phase 3). In addition, dietary phytase (500 FTU/kg matrix values) was added into the very low-P diets (0.20% during 13-15 wk, 0.25% during 16-18 wk, and 0.20% during 19-32 wk) to meet the nutritional adequacy with standard P diets. In all phases, decreasing dietary P levels did not affect (P > 0.05) growth, laying performance, and egg qualities. Decreasing dietary P levels linearly increased the relative duodenal and oviduct weights (P < 0.05), and quadratically increased the relative ovary weight in pullets (P = 0.016). Dietary phytase lowered (P = 0.021) the relative duodenal weight compared with the very low-P diet. Tibia breaking strength and tibia Mg contents in pullets were linearly lowered (P < 0.05) as dietary P levels decreased. Dietary phytase tended to increase (P = 0.091) tibia breaking strength and significantly increased (P = 0.025) tibia Mg content compared with the very low-P diet. Dietary P levels and dietary phytase affected (P < 0.05) ileal crypt depth and ileal villus height: crypt depth ratio in pullets. Decreasing dietary P levels linearly decreased (P < 0.01) crude fat digestibility and P excretion in both pullets and laying hens. Dietary phytase reversed (P < 0.05) the very low-P diet-mediated decrease of crude fat digestibility in pullets and laying hens. Dietary P levels and dietary phytase affected (P < 0.05) odor emission including ammonia in pullets and total volatile fatty acids in laying hens. Finally, lowering dietary P levels increased (P < 0.01) yolk corticosterone concentrations and the increased corticosterone concentration by the very low-P diet was reversed by dietary phytase. Collectively, our study shows that decreasing dietary P levels induced nutritional and physiological responses in pullets and laying hens and these P-mediated negative effects were mitigated by dietary phytase.

Proximate Composition and Phytochemical Analysis of Malaysian Liberica sp. Coffee Bean and Its Pulp

Arabica, Robusta, and Liberica are the three main coffee species cultivated globally. Liberica coffee is a minor species, accounting for less than 1% of global cultivation. Due to favorable climatic conditions in Malaysia, Liberica coffee dominates coffee production, accounting for 73%, while Robusta makes up the remaining 27%. Nevertheless, the substantial coffee production resulted in approximately 15 million tons of discarded skin and pulp, contributing to environmental pollution. This study was conducted due to insufficient information and research on the proximate composition and phytochemical compounds of the coffee bean and pulp from Liberica sp. This study aims to determine the proximate composition of coffee beans and pulp extracts from Liberica sp. and to identify the phytochemical composition using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis. The nutritional values of carbohydrates, protein, crude fiber, crude fat, and ash were obtained using proximate analysis. Coffee beans exhibited the highest value for crude protein (11.96%) and crude fiber (11.83%), whereas coffee pulp has the highest significant value for moisture content (68.81%) and ash (7.31%). LC-MS analysis shows emmotin A and deoxymiroestrol were the major phytochemical compounds. These findings contribute to understanding the nutritional value and phytochemical compounds of coffee beans and pulp from Liberica sp. that may contribute to sustainable waste management and other applications in the food and beverage industry.

Effect of Pergularia daemia (Forssk) and Momordica charantia L. (bitter gourd) leaf extracts on some enteric bacterial species

Medicinal plants are potential sources of new antimicrobial molecules. This study was undertaken to determine the effects of Pergularia daemia (Forssk) and Momordica charantia (bitter gourd) leaf extracts on some enteric bacterial species. Plant leaves were collected from Kerker village of Jos East Local Government Area of Plateau State. Plants were identified, the leaves were shade-dried, pulverized into fine powder. Proximate analysis was carried out using AOAC methods. Extracts were obtained through cold maceration techniques. The extracts were used for phytochemical screening; antibacterial activity was carried out using well diffusion methods. Minimum inhibitory concentration and maximum bactericidal concentration was determined using broth dilution method. The results of proximate analysis showed that the plants powder were rich in carbohydrates, M. charantia 55.59± 0.02 and P. daemia 31.38 ± 0.03, followed by crude fiber and crude fat 19. 62± 0.04 and 16.69± 0.22 in P. daemia compared to 10.66 ± 0.03 and 10.78± 0.03 in M. charantia while ash content and moisture were moderate with 12.86±0.12 in M. charantia and 7.53 ± 0.02 in P. daemia. The phytochemicals showed the presence of alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, tannins and terpenoids in all plant extracts. The antibacterial activity showed that the extracts have a broad spectrum of activity on the test organisms as compared to the standard drug gentamicin. There was a significant difference at p&lt;0.05. Shigella flexneri was the most susceptible to methanolic and aqueous extracts with 22.53± 0.10 at 500 mg/ml as compared to standard drug gentamicin 32.33± 0.18, followed by E. coli with 21.13± 0.13 at 500 mg/ml as compared to the control 29.60±0.15 and Salmonella typhi with 20.47±0.14 at the concentration of 500 mg/ml as compared to standard drug with 38.50±0.36. The results of minimum inhibitory concentration showed that Shigella flexneri was the most susceptible with the MIC of 31.25 mg/ml and 62.5 mg/ml for both methanolic and aqueous extracts of P. daemia while salmonella typhi was the most susceptible with the MIC of 62.5 mg/ml and 125 mg/ml for M. charantia respectively. The presence of alkaloids, saponins, tannins and terpenoids showed that the plants leaves have antibacterial activity. The results of this study support the use of these plants as therapeutic agents for diarrhoea caused by S. flexneri and E. coli.

The use of improved premix recipes in rations of cattle

Complete balanced feeding of farm animals cannot be organized without the use of various balancing additives, in particular premixes. It is important to note that the greatest eff ect from the use of premixes is observed when their recipes are developed taking into account specifi c feeding and housing conditions. The purpose of this work was to study the eff ectiveness of using improved premix recipes based on an analysis of the actual nutritional value of feed in the rations of lactating cows and calves. During the research, two experiments were carried out. The experiments were carried out at the Staraya Chigla livestock complex in the Anninsky district of the Voronezh region. In the experiment on cows, 20 animals were selected, which were divided into two groups (control and experimental) of 10 heads in each using the method of analogue pairs. In an experiment to study the eff ectiveness of the premix in feeding of young animals, two groups of calves of 12 heads in each were similarly formed. Animals of the control groups received farm rations with the premix developed without taking into account the analysis of the nutritional value of the rations. In the experimental groups, cows and calves received new and improved premixes developed based on these specific feeding conditions. The use of the premix with an improved recipe in the rations of cows made it possible to increase the average daily milk yield by 5,61 %, the fat content by 0,05 abs.% and the protein content in milk by 0,15 abs.%. At the same time, there was an increase in the level of digestibility of dry matter by 1,25 abs.%, organic matter by 1,07 abs.%, crude protein by 1,56 abs.%, crude fat by 1,63 abs.%, crude fi ber by 1,08 abs.%, nitrogen-free extractive substances by 1,87 abs.%. Calculation of feed intake for the synthesis of 1 kg of milk showed that they were lower in the experimental group by 0,31 MJ of net lactation energy and 2,97 g of digestible protein. Positive results were also obtained in experiments on calves. The use of the premix developed on the basis of the actual nutritional value of feed and rations, made it possible to increase the live weight of heifers at 12 months of age by 5,04 %, the average daily gain in live weight during the experimental period by 5,74 %, the relative gain by 1,91 abs.%.