Crude Ethyl Research Articles

Cressa cretica Pharmacognosy, and Pharmacology (A review )


 Cressa cretica (Shuwwayl) is a halophytic that belongs to Convolvulaceae, naturally grown in the Middle East including Iraq. Traditionally the plant is used as a paste for sore treatment, also it is used for fever, jaundice, and other illness. Regarding nonclinical use it is used as goat, sheep, and camel feed also as an oil source. Flavonoids including quercetin, kamepferol, apigenin, and their glycosides, phenolic acid as chlorogenic acid, and phytosterols mainly ?–sitosterol were the most important phytochemicals that were detected in this halophyte. Crude ethanolic, methanolic extracts and ethyl acetate fraction of the areal parts were used in clinical studies and demonstrated various effects as hepatoprotective, cytotoxic, and genotoxic effect. In molecular docking studies, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid showed antiviral effect vs SARS-CoV-2 (sever acute respiratory syndrome corona virus-2). The purpose of this review was to clarify and discuss all aspects regarding Cressa cretica.

Identification of Flavonoids by LC-MS/MS in Leaves Extract From Protium heptaphyllum(Aubl.) March and Antioxidant Activity in Mice

Background: Protium heptaphyllum (Aubl.) March resin is accepted as an analgesic, healing, expectorant, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive and gastroprotective agent. However, there are no specific studies on leaves of this plant. Objective: This study identified the chemical composition and biological activity of crude ethanolic extract (EE) and ethyl acetate (EA) fraction from P. heptaphyllum. Methods: Mice were intoxicated with acetaminophen (PCM; 250 mg kg-1), and subsequently treated with EE and EA (100 mg kg-1) for 7 days via gavage. Plasma analysis and evaluation of liver and kidney homogenates of the animals were performed. Results: The extract and fraction showed the presence of phenols and flavonoids. Three main flavonoids were identified by HPLC-UV, LC-MS/MS fractionation, quercetin-3-β-D-glycoside, myricetin and quercetin. For total antioxidant potential tests, EE presented EC50 of 75 mg kg-1 and 100 μg mL-1 for EA. ALT, AST and ALP enzymes activity increased in the PCM-exposed plasma, but EA decreased these activities at control levels for ALT and AST. Animal glycemic levels decreased with EE and EA, which may be due to a possible hypoglycemic effect of the plant. In the liver tissue, SOD was unchanged, CAT, GSH and ASA decreased in the PCM group, but EA was able to reverse these effects. TBARS and PC were reduced by both treatments. In the renal tissue, EA fraction recovered the GST activity, GSH levels were restored by EE and EA and PC was reduced by treatments. Conclusion: This antioxidant effect may be due to the presence of the flavonoids identified, which are already well known for their antioxidant properties.

Anti-hyperglyceamic Effects of Psidium guajava LINN Crude Leaf Extracts and Fractions in Alloxan-induced Diabetic Mice

In Nigeria, rural inhabitants often resort to herbal remedies and dietary control for the treatment and management of various forms of diabetes mellitus. This study was conducted to provide the rationale for the use of Psidium guajava leaves as a potent traditional anti-diabetic remedy. The crude leaf extracts of n-hexane, methanol, and ethyl acetate of Psidium guajava were separately prepared by cold maceration. Then, ethyl acetate crude extract of Psidium guajava leaves was fractionated by column chromatography to yield ethyl acetate bulked fractions: EF-I (1-75), EF-II (76-150), and EF-III (151-250). The n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol crude leaf extracts and ethyl acetate bulked fractions (EF-I, EF-II and EF-III) were evaluated for anti-diabetic activity in alloxan-induced diabetic mice. The blood sugar levels of treated and untreated alloxan-induced diabetic mice were assayed as indices of anti-diabetic effect. The phytochemical constituents of both crude extracts and ethyl acetate fractions of Psidium guajava leaves and the mean lethal dose (LD50) of ethyl acetate crude leaf extract of Psidium guajava were determined. The mean lethal dose (LD50) of ethyl acetate crude leaf extract was calculated to be 1500mg/kg b.w. The results indicated that oral administration of ethyl acetate, n-hexane, methanol crude extracts, and ethyl acetate bulked fractions of Psidium guajava leaves at a dose of 100mg/kg b.w on treated groups exhibited much significant[p<0.001, p<0.01and p<0.05]anti-hyperglyceamic effect by ameliorating high blood sugar levels of alloxan-induced diabetic treated mice, while EF-II and EF-III showed non-significant[p>0.05] anti-hyperglyceamic activity for the reduction in blood sugar levels compared with the negative and positive control groups. The anti-diabetic potency of the crude leaf extracts and ethyl acetate fractions were in the order; EC>HC>MC>EF-I>EF-II>EF-III. The results of phytochemical screening of the crude extracts and ethyl acetate bulked fractions showed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, terpenoids, glycosides, and steroids while reducing sugar was absent. The results from this study gives credence to the use of Psidium guajava as an anti-diabetic agent in the management of diabetes mellitus.

BRINE SHRIMP LETHALITY ASSAY AND LARVICIDAL ACTIVITY OF N-HEPTADECYL-N-(8-OCTA-1, 3-DIENE-6-YNYL)AMINE (C25H44N) ISOLATED FROM COMBRETUM MOLLE R.

The extracts of leaves of Combretum molle were tested against the larvae of Artemia salina, i.e. Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BST) and Culexquinquefasciatus Say (filaria disease vector) i.e. Larvicidal Test, using crude ethanol, n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts. The methanolic extract proved to be the most effective in inducing complete lethality at minimum doses both in the BST and the Larvicidal activity test. The LC50­ values obtained are 24.85 µg/ml and 0.4µg/ml respectively. The Bioactivity result was used to guide the column chromatography which afforded the pure compound ACM 2 which was not active in the BST with LC50 value of 1259 µg/ml but was active in the Larvicidal activity test with LC50 value 15.14 µg/ml. ACM 2 was proposed to be N-heptadecyl-N-(8-octa-1, 3-diene-6-ynyl)amine (C25H44N).

Acute and sub-acute toxicity profile of crude extract and fractions of Gymnema sylvestre

BackgroundGymnema sylvestre is a reputable medicinal plant commonly explore for the management of diabetes and other ailments in traditional medicine. In the present study, we investigated the phytochemical compositions and effect of crude extract, hexane, and ethyl-acetate fractions of Gymnema sylvestre on biochemical and hematological parameters of Wistar rats.MethodsAlbino rats were distributed randomly into a control group and nine treatment groups orally administered crude extract and fractions of Gymnema sylvestre (100, 300, and 600 mg/kg BW) for 21 days. Liver and kidney function indices, as well as hematological parameters, were monitored.ResultsOur results revealed that the crude methanol extract contains flavonoids (8.56 ± 0.50 mg/g), alkaloids (13.84 ± 0.67 mg/g), total phenol (1.98 ± 0.50 mg/g), saponins (23.85 ± 0.35 mg/g) and tannins (16.00 ± 0.34 mg/g). The crude methanol, ethyl acetate and n-hexane fractions of Gymnema sylvestre had LD50 greater than 5000 mg/kg BW in acute oral toxicity test. The extract and fractions at 300 and 600 mg/kg BW cause loss of body weight of the rats, significantly altered (p < 0.05) the levels of biochemical indices including the aspartate transaminases, alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphates, bilirubin, proteins, urea, creatinine, and white blood cells (WBC) counts when compared with the non-treated control. However, the extract and fractions at 100 mg/kg BW did not cause any significant (p > 0.05) alterations to the levels of biochemical and hematological parameters when compared with the non-treated control.ConclusionGymnema sylvestre at sub-acute doses of 300 and 600 mg/kg BW could compromise the functional integrity of the rats’ liver and kidney. The study, therefore, suggested the use of Gymnema sylvestre for oral remedy at a dose of 100 mg/kg or below.

Evaluation of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of Sedum sediforme extracts

Purpose: To evaluate the in vivo anti-inflammatory effect and in vitro antioxidant activity of the areal part of Sedum sediforme (Jacq.) extracts.Methods: The plant was extracted with solvents of varying polarity (Methanol, chloroform and ethyl acetate, respectively) allowed its separation into three sub-fractions: crude extract, chloroform extract and ethyl acetate extract (CrE, ChE and EaE, respectively). Total polyphenol contents of the extracts were determined. The phorbolmyristate acetate (PMA) induced mice ear edema method was using to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity. The in vitro scavenging activity was evaluated using enzymatic and non-enzymatic methods. Chelating ability of extracts was assessed using Fe2+–ferrozine complex.Results: The highest content of phenolics compound was in EaE. The administration of CrE (12.5 and 25 mg/kg) reduced ear edema induced by PMA (%I = 35.81 ± 3.18 % and 38.57 ± 2.80 %, respectively), the effect was comparable with that of diclofenac used as a reference drug (%I = 38.84 ± 1.87 %). The in vitro scavenging activity of S. sediforme extracts confirmed that the CrE has the highest enzymatic and non-enzymatic activity with a half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) = 0.063 ± 0.005 mg/mL and 0.178 ± 0.006 mg/mL, respectively. However, the ChE present an excellent chelating activity with a half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) of 0.397 ± 0.001 mg/mL.Conclusion: The results show that S. sediforme extracts have a strong antioxidant and antiinflammatory activities which lend some support their use in the traditional medicine.&#x0D; Keywords: Sedum sediforme, Anti-inflammatory, Superoxide scavenger, Cytochrome C, Metal chelating

Inhibitory activity of acetylcholinesterase by Pterodon pubescens (Benth.) Benth. (Leguminosae-Papilionoideae) leaf extracts

Pterodon pubescens (Benth.) Benth is native species from the Brazilian Cerrado, popularly known as “sucupira-branca,” and rich in bioactive metabolites. This study aimed to assess the inhibitory activity of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase by leaf extracts of P. pubescens Benth. Phenolic constituents and flavonoids were analyzed by LC-DAD and LCMS. The qualitative and quantitative enzymatic inhibitory profile was performed by 96-well microplate in ELISA reader. The statistical analysis was reached with a significance limit of p &lt; 0.05 applied by the Tukey’s test. Bioactive components detected were terpenoids, phenolic acids (gallic acid, ferulic acid, and rosmarinic acid), and flavonoids (kaempferol, luteolin, apigenin, rutin, and quercetin). There were no significant differences of inhibition between the crude methanolic and ethyl acetate extracts and between the hydroalcoholic and ethyl acetate phases at the concentration of 80 µg mL-1. The phytochemical profile in LCMS are related to the acetylcholinesterase inhibitory effect. This species has an importance for future in vivo studies, purification, and isolation of molecules with a possible biopesticidal effect.

Antimicrobial screening and hemolytic activity of products obtained from Piper montealegreanum Yuncker and effect in vitro on growth of Staphylococcus aureus

This study aimed to determine spectrum of antimicrobial activity of crude ethanolic extract (CEE), chloroform (CHCl3) and ethyl acetate (EtOAc) fractions, to determine influence of CHCl3 fraction on Staphylococcus aureus growth and hemolytic activity. Antimicrobial screening of CEE, CHCl3 and EtOAc fractions was carried out using broth microdilution technique against standard strains: Staphyloccocus aureus ATCC25923, Escherichia coli ATCC25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC27853 and Candida albicans ATCC76645 to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Time kill curves were performed to determine influence of CHCl3 fraction on MIC and ½ MIC concentrations on S. aureus growth. Hemolytic activity of CHCl3 was performed in human erythrocytes to report the cytotoxic effect. CHCl3 fraction showed activity against S. aureus with MIC=1024 µg mL-1 and MBC=2048 µg mL-1. This fraction did not show activity against other tested strains, as well as the CEE and EtOAc fraction. Time kill curve of S. aureus treated with CHCl3 fraction showed that at MIC this fraction has bacteriostatic activity, which was not observed with the ½ MIC. Hemolytic activity demonstrated that when CHCl3 fraction in MIC does not present membrane damage of erythrocytes, since it did not cause hemolysis. Studies should be conducted to evaluate the activity of CHCl3 fraction against S. aureus with different antimicrobial resistance profiles, in addition to evaluating the potential for resistance reversion by in vitro combination studies. The study demonstrated that the species P. montealegreanum can be an important source of compounds of importance for combating microorganisms of clinical importance.

Identification of the Anti-sickling Activity of Anogeissus leiocarpus and In Silico Investigation of Some of Its Phytochemicals

Background: The anti-sickling activity of Anogeissus leiocarpus, a plant used for managing sickle cell disease (SCD), has been previously proven. Objectives: This study investigated the anti-sickling mechanism of A. leiocarpus by probing its effects on Gardos channel (KCNN4), erythropoietin (EPO), erythropoietin receptor (EPOR), catalase (CAT), G6pD, D-type cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (p21) gene expression as well as assessing in silico drug-likeness of reported compounds as EPOR agonist. Methods: A total of 18 rats (45-76 g) were selected and divided into 6 groups (n=3). The control group was given water ad libitum, standard group was given 0.1 mL/kg of Ciklavit® and experimental group was given daily oral doses of 50-100 mg/kg body weight of crude methanol extract or ethyl acetate fraction (EA-PF). Haematological parameters were analyzed while histopathological and molecular studies of kidney and bone marrow were carried out, followed by RT-PCR analysis of KCNN4, EPO, EPOR, CAT, G6pD, p21, and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors. Docking studies of the reported compounds were also done. Results: EA-PF had an insignificant (P&gt;0.05) effect on haematological parameters compared to the basal group. While CAT and p21 acted in a positive feedback loop, G6pD was downregulated in the experimental groups. KCNN4 acted in a negative-feedback mechanism and the upregulation of EPO and EPOR was followed by increased reticulocytes. Kaempferol, quercetin, and catechin showed non-violation of Lipinski’s rule and high binding affinities of 6.5 kcal/mol, 6.7 kcal/mol, and 6.7 kcal/mol, respectively, for EPOR pocket compared to the co-crystallized ligand. Conclusion: Results suggest that ethyl acetate fraction of Anogeissus leiocarpus achieved a steady state level of the Gardos channel and stimulation of EPO expression via EPOR agonist.

Preliminary screening of Houttuynia cordata for biological potential and chemical components using TLC and GC–MS analysis

The objective of the study is to ascertain the biological potential and to identify the bioactive compounds of the four crude extract hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol from the roots of Houttuynia cordata. The chemical compounds of the extracts have analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS) and Thin Layer Chromatography. The biological potential of H. cordata extract was investigated by an antibacterial assay using the disc diffusion method. The four crude extracts of H. cordata, examined on five test microorganisms Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Klepsilla pneumoniae, Shigella dysentriae, and Bacillus subtilis at a consistency of 1 mg/ml in the study. The outcomes illuminated that ethyl-acetate extract and chloroform extract exhibited significant activity than those of methanol and hexane extract. The GC–MS analysis revealed the presence of sixteen bioactive compounds, three of them are novel (14-Bromo-2-methyltetradec-1-en -3-ol, 6-[4-Hydroxymethyl-4-methylpentyl amino] purine, and Cholest-5-en-3-ol (3Beta), propanoate) and their biological attributes are not yet proclaimed. The effects of the investigation exhibited the presence of the bioactive components in the odorous herb possesses antibacterial activity and may find a place in the pharmaceutical industry as an element of antibiotics.

Phytochemical characterization, in-vitro antioxidant and an bacterial activities of somes extract of Ammodaucus leucotrichus Coss. &amp; Dur. from Bechar, Algeria

The extracts of plants have raised benefit as sources of natural products. They have been examined for their potential uses as alternative solution for the treatment of many infectious diseases. To this end, the present study examines the phytochemical screening, an oxidant and an bacterial properties of crude aqueous, ethyl acetate and methanolic extracts of Ammodaucus leucotrichus Coss. &amp; Dur. seeds growing spontaneously in the Wilaya of Bechar. Phytochemical invesyigation was carried out to determine the possible bioactive components in the extracts of plant . The total phenol content and avonoids were also determined for all extracts. The an oxidant ac vi es were es mated by DPPH scavenging method compared to the ascorbic acid an oxidant. The methanolic extract showed a good scavenging ac vity comparable to ascorbic acid, with an IC50 value of 0.10±0.14 mg/l. An bacterial activity was tested against seven pathogenic strains by using Disc diffusion method and agar dilution method. Among the extracts tested, methanolic extract showed significant an bacterial activity against bacteria with MIC between 0.95 to 6.02 mg/ml. These results are promising and provide scientific that this species can be used as good an oxidant and an bacterial agents.

Identification of flavonoids in Hymenaea martiana Hayne (Fabaceae) by HPLC-DAD-MSn analysis

Hymenaea martiana is a native tree known in Brazil as ‘jatobá’ and used in folk medicine to treat pain and inflammation. The aim of this work was to identify the flavonoids present in the crude ethanolic extract and ethyl acetate fraction using HPLC-DAD and LC-MSn analysis. The ethanolic extract was partitioned to obtain the ethyl acetate fraction. The analysis of astilbin content also was carried out by HPLC analysis. HPLC-DAD-ESI/MSn analysis of the ethanolic extract and ethyl acetate fraction revealed the presence of eleven peaks in the chromatograms, and all these peaks were identified: taxifolin, eucryphin, astilbin and 3 diastereoisomers, engeletin and 2 diastereoisomers, quercitrin and 2,6,3',4'-tetrahydroxy-2-benzylcoumaran-3-one. The ethyl acetate fraction had a higher astilbin concentration (151.87 µg/mL) than the ethanolic extract (40.13 µg/mL). In conclusion, the species could be considered a good source of flavonoids, which can be related to the main chemotaxonomic markers for the genus Hymenaea.

Spectroscopic analysis and anti-inflammatory effects of Milicia excelsa (Moraceae) leaf and fractions

This study evaluated the spectroscopic and anti-inflammatory properties of the ethanol leaf extract of Milicia excelsa and fractions. The anti-inflammatory activities of the extract and various organic fractions were investigated using bovine erythrocyte membrane stabilizing assay. Ultraviolet‐visible (UV-VIS) and Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) methods were used to detect the characteristic peak values and their functional groups. The results showed that the crude extract and ethyl acetate fraction showed minimum percentage inhibitions of 0.88 ± 0.30 and 72.05 ± 0.45% and maximum percentage inhibitions of 81.66 ± 0.23% and 99.07 ± 0.30% respectively compared to the standard anti-inflammatory drug (Indomethacin) which exhibited minimum and maximum percentage inhibitions of 52.64 ± 0.83 and 75.51 ± 1.52% respectively. The UV-VIS profile showed the peaks ranging from 270 to 670 nm with the absorption values from 0.040 – 0.720 which could confirm the presence of aromatic compounds, alkaloids, flavonoids, unsaturated conjugated compounds in the plant. In addition, the FT-IR revealed diagnostic peaks around 3570-3200, 3000-2800, 2865-2845, 2850-2815, 2820-2780, 2070-2000, 1630-1750, 1640-1450, 1340-1250, 1200-1000, 800-700 nm-1 which could confirm the presence of phenols/alcohol/carboxylic acids, alkanes, diazocompounds, aldehyde /ketone/ amide/ester, alkenes/aromatic compounds, ethers/phosphate compounds, aliphatic/chloro compounds respectively in Milicia excelsa. This study therefore demonstrated that ethyl acetate fraction with the highest percentage inhibition contained bioactive principles that protected the erythrocyte membranes effectively from lyses and also exhibited both monophasic and biphasic modes. The study also produced the UV-VIS and FT-IR spectrum profile for Milicia excelsa leaf which could be used to identify the plant biomarkers and chemical markers.

ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY AND ACUTE TOXICITY OF EXTRACT OF UVARIA GRANDIFLORA ROXB. EX HORNEM - ANNONACEAE&amp;NBSP;

Background: Uvaria grandiflora, a naturally occurring medicinal plant in Central Vietnam, showed many significant biological activities. The objective of the study was to evaluate the antioxidant activity through the ability of Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging and the acute toxicity of extract of U. grandiflora. Materials: The aerial part of U. grandiflora. Method: Evaluation the ability of DPPH radical scavenging by the method of Kedare (2011). Evaluation of acute toxicity by the method of Abraham and Turner (1978). Results: The crude methanol extract and ethyl acetat fraction displayed the IC50 values 88.49 µg/ml and 65.57 µg/ml, respectively. On acute toxicity, the LD50 value could not be identified at the maximum dose given to mice (10000 mg/kg mice). Conclusion: Extract of methanol and ethyl acetat fraction of Uvaria grandiflora showed moderate antioxidant activities. The LD50 value could not be identified. Key words: antioxidant, acute toxictity, DPPH, free radical, Uvaria grandiflora

Evaluation of Quisqualis indica and Samadera indica Gaertn as botanical pesticides against Spodoptera litura (F.) in Polyhouse

The crude methanol and ethyl acetate extracts of Quisqualis indica L. and Samadera indica Gaetrn. were evaluated for their antifeedant and insecticidal action against third instar larvae of Spodoptera litura (F.) under laboratory condition. Maximum antifeedant activity was observed in crude methanol extracts of S. indica (45.62%) and Q. indica (31.87%) at 5% concentration. Significantly superior insecticidal action (93.51%) was noticed in Q. indica methanol extract 5%, while S. indica methanol extract 5% showed 73.55% larval mortality after three days of exposure. Results of pot culture study conducted under polyhouse revealed that crude methanolic extract of Q. indica and S. indica at 5% reduced the population to less than half with mean population of 3.2 and 3.8 larvae/plant two weeks after spraying. These reveal that these plants could be exploited as botanical pesticides in polyhouse.

Demonstration of biological activities of extracts from Isodon rugosus Wall. Ex Benth: Separation and identification of bioactive phytoconstituents by GC-MS analysis in the ethyl acetate extract

BackgroundSince long, natural sources have been explored for possible managements of various diseases. In this context, the study is designed to evaluate Isodon rugosus Wall. ex Benth for biological potentials including antibacterial, anthelmintic, insecticidal, anti-termites and anti-Pharaoh activities followed by GC-MS analysis of active fraction to identify various bioactive compounds.MethodsI. rugosus was investigated against eight bacterial strains using well diffusion method and microdilution method with ceftriaxone as positive control. Similarly, the insecticidal activity was carried out against Tribolium castaneum, Rhyzopertha dominica, Monomorium pharaonis and Heterotermis indicola following contact toxicity method. Likewise, anthelmintic activity was performed against Ascaridia galli and Pherethima posthuma using albendazole as positive control, in which the paralysis and death times of the worms were observed. The GC-MS analysis of the most active solvent fraction was performed for identifications of various bioactive compounds.ResultsAmong the tested samples of I. rugosus, flavonoids and ethyl acetate fraction exhibited high antibacterial activities. The crude saponins showed highest anthelmintic activity against Pherethima posthuma and Ascaridia galli with death times of 27.67 and 29.22 min respectively at concentrations of 40 mg/ml. In insecticidal activity, chloroform fraction and saponins exhibited notable results against R. dominica (60 and 70%) and T. castaneum (70 and 76%) at concentration of 200 mg/ml. In anti-termite assay, all the plant samples showed overwhelming results, i.e. all the 25 termites were killed on the 3rd day. Similarly, in anti-Pharaoh activity, the chloroform, ethyl acetate and saponins fractions were most potent, each exhibiting LD50 of <0.1 mg/ml. In GC-MS analysis, total of 57 compounds were identified. Some of the bioactive compounds identified in GC-MS analysis are palmitic acid, hinokiol, α-amyrin, phytol, ethyl linolate, cyclohexanone, hinokione, methyl palmitate, ethyl palmitate and stigmasterol acetate.ConclusionsBased on our current results, it can be concluded that I. rugosus possess strong antibacterial, insecticidal and anthelmintic potentials having crude saponins and ethyl acetate as the most active fractions. The GC-MS analysis and biological assays reveal that ethyl acetate fraction is a suitable target for the isolation of diverse array of bioactive compounds.

Antimalarial and Antiplasmodial Activity of Leaf Extract of Alchornea laxiflora

ABSTRACTAlchornea laxiflora leaf extracts and their fractions used traditionally in the treatment of malaria by Nigerian tribal populations were investigated for antimalarial activity against Plasmodium berghei using a rodent malaria model and in vitro activity against chloroquine-sensitive (Pf 3D7) and -resistant (Pf INDO) strains of P. falciparum using the SYBR green assay method. Determination of median lethal dose and cytotoxic activities against HeLa and HEKS cells were carried out. The most active extract fraction was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The leaf extract (200–600 mg.kg−1, p.o.) with LD50 of 2,236 mg.kg−1 were antimalarial against P. berghei infection in suppressive, prophylactive, and curative tests. The crude extract and the fractions exerted prominent activity against both chloroquine-sensitive (Pf 3D7) and -resistant (Pf INDO) strains of P. falciparum. The ethyl acetate fraction exerted the highest activity, with IC50 values of 9.92 ± 0.28 μg.mL−1 (Pf 3D7) and 7.51±0.24 μg.mL−1 (Pf INDO). The crude ethanol extract and ethyl acetate fraction were cytotoxic to the two cell lines tested with TC50 of 1.41–42.04 μg.mL−1 against HeLa and HEKS cell lines.

English

Current treatment of trypanosomosis in sub-Saharan Africa is associated with widespread inefficiency. There is therefore the need to find more effective drugs against the disease from promising traditional medicinal herbs. This work is aimed at evaluating ex vivo anti-trypanosomal effect of stem-bark extracts of S. longipedunculata against T. brucei brucei. One hundred microlitre of crude methanol, ethyl acetate and aqueous methanol extracts of S. longipedunculata at concentrations of 3 and 6 mg/ml each were mixed with 50 µl of blood containing 8.1 × 106 trypanosomes and incubated at 37°C for 90 min. Similarly, diminazene aceturate (10 µg/ml), physiological saline solution (50 µl) and blood (100 µl) containing trypanosomes only served as treated, negative and untreated controls, respectively. Motility of the parasite was monitored under light microscope (×400) at 5 min interval throughout the 90 min observation period. All experiments were done in duplicate. The mixtures were subsequently inoculated into rats that were not previously infected with trypanosomes. Phytochemical screening of the extracts revealed the presence of carbohydrates, cardiac glycosides, saponins, steroid, triterpenes, flavonoids and tannins. However, aqueous and ethyl acetate fractions were devoid of flavonoids. The crude methanol immobilized the parasites within 75 min, while ethyl acetate and aqueous extracts induced slight reduction in motility of the parasite at 90 min of incubation. However, inoculated rats developed infection and succumbed to the infection. It is concluded that the stem-bark of the plant possesses trypanostatic, but not trypanocidal, activity against the parasite. Key words: Antitrypanosomal, drug incubation infectivity test, in vitro, phytochemical screening, stem-bark.

Allelopathic effects of Psychotria viridis Ruiz &amp; Pavon on the germination and initial growth of Lactuca sativa L.

The effects of aqueous and ethanol extracts and leaf fractions of &lt;em&gt;Psychotria viridis&lt;/em&gt; Ruiz &amp;amp; Pavon (chacrona) at different concentrations on the germination and initial growth of &lt;em&gt;Lactuca sativa&lt;/em&gt; L. were tested, and the phenolic and flavonoid compounds of these extracts and fractions were assessed. The bioassays consisted of the following treatments: crude aqueous extract (CAE) at 25, 50, 75 and 100% concentration, crude ethanol extract (CEE) and ethyl acetate, dichloromethane and methanol fractions at 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50 and 100% concentration and a control group. All treatments consisted of five replicates. The CAE, CEE and the ethyl acetate fraction of &lt;em&gt;P. viridis&lt;/em&gt; caused both positive and negative effects on the seeds and seedlings of &lt;em&gt;L. sativa&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;em&gt; &lt;/em&gt;By contrast, the dichloromethane and methanol fractions only caused negative effects on &lt;em&gt;L. sativa&lt;/em&gt;. The following compounds were identified in the extracts and fractions: gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, ellagic acid, catechin, orientin, vitexin, quercetin, apigenin, rutin and luteolin, and the presence of the alkaloid N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) has also been reported in the literature. &lt;em&gt;P. viridis&lt;/em&gt; had allelopathic effects in all types of plant extracts and fractions tested, and one of these compounds or their combined action may account for these effects.

Synergistic Activity of a Mixture of &lt;i&gt;Lantana camara&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;Ocimum gratissimum&lt;/i&gt; Leaves Extracts against &lt;i&gt;Aedes aegypti&lt;/i&gt; Larvae (Diptera: Culicidae)

Due to the continuous and misuse of synthetic insecticides which led to development of insecticide resistance, the present study was to determine the mosquito larvicidal activity of Lantana camara and Ocimum gratissimum leaf extracts in individual and combined forms to explore eco-friendly plant extracts that have potentials to suppress mosquito larval population. Recommended WHO mosquito larval bioassay method for insecticide was used. Four concentrations ranging from 0.25 to 2 g/L were performed for all extracts and fractions in single and combined forms. In single form of L. camara , the LC 50 values of solvent extracts and fractions were ordered as follows: 0.62>0.72>0.96>2.20>3.36 g/L for ethyl acetate, hexane, methanol crude, chloroform and methanol, respectively. For O. gratissimum the following order of LC 50 values was observed: 0.37>0.60>0.97>1.60>3.23 g/L for hexane, methanol crude, ethyl acetate, chloroform and methanol, respectively. Methanol crude extract, hexane and ethyl acetate fractions were selected to form five combinations in 1:1 ratios. The combination of the two plants’ hexane fraction and hexane ( L. camara ) + ethyl acetate ( O. gratissimum ) showed assumed synergistic actions. However, the two plants’ ethyl acetate and ethyl acetate ( L. camara ) + hexane ( O. gratissimum ) exhibited assumed antagonistic effects. In Conclusion, identifying these possible synergistic compounds within mixtures may lead to the development of more effective biopesticides in reducing the Ae. aegypti population, especially in the areas where surveillance and supervisory mechanism are poor as Nigeria.