Crude Cottonseed Oil Research Articles

Multiresponsive luminescent metal–organic framework for cooking oil adulteration detection and gallium(III) sensing

A new 3D metal–organic framework {[Cd16(tr2btd)10(dcdps)16(H2O)3(EtOH)]∙15DMF}n (MOF 1, tr2btd = 4,7-di(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)benzo-2,1,3-thiadiazole, H2dcdps = 4,4′-sulfonyldibenzoic acid) was obtained and its luminescent properties were studied. MOF 1 exhibited bright blue-green luminescence with a high quantum yield of 74 % and luminescence quenching response to a toxic natural polyphenol gossypol and luminescence enhancement response to some trivalent metal cations (Fe3+, Cr3+, Al3+ and Ga3+). The limit of gossypol detection was 0.20 µM and the determination was not interfered by the components of the cottonseed oil. The limit of detection of gallium(III) was 1.1 µM. It was demonstrated that MOF 1 may be used for distinguishing between the genuine sunflower oil and oil adulterated by crude cottonseed oil through qualitative luminescent and quantitative visual gossypol determination.

Paper-based sensing of phytotoxicant gossypol in aqueous media through turn-on visible-light emitting lanthanide-luminescence.

Gossypol, a phytotoxicant in cotton-seed oil, has been found to sensitize Tb(III)-luminescence in a supramolecular hydrogel. Based on this observation, a paper-based sensor has been developed to detect gossypol with a limit of detection (LOD) of 2.9 nM. This is the first report of water-based detection with the highest sensitivity involving turn-on time-gated luminescence. This method was also able to sense gossypol in commercial crude cotton-seed oil.

Development and Validation of an Analytical Method for Pesticide Residues Analysis in Crude Cottonseed Oil

This study reports the development and validation of a fast, efficient, and cost effective multiresidue method for determination of 14 lipophilic and analytically problematic pesticides in crude cottonseed oil. Crude cottonseed oil contains high amount of saturated fatty acid and pigments that are problematic in pesticide residues analysis. Modified liquid-liquid partitioning with acetonitrile and n-hexane in 10:1 (v/v) ratio was used to extract pesticides. For clean-up, different combinations of sorbents were used and optimum recovery and minimal matrix effect were obtained with the combination of activated charcoal and primary secondary amine for the selected pesticides. For majority of the analyzed pesticides, the method validation parameters i.e. percent recovery (71.6-140.0%), precision (%RSD 9.7 to 33.0), LOD (0.041 to 0.096 and#181;g/g), LOQ (0.125-0.264 and#181;g/g), linearity (0.998-0.999) and matrix effect (and#177;27%) were in acceptable range as prescribed by EU SANTE guidelines. Two-way Analysis of variance of inter-labs comparison study revealed non-significant interaction effects for most of studied pesticides indicating that the current method can be confidently used in labs for monitoring of these pesticides in crude cottonseed oil.

Histological Effects of Cotton seed Oil on Ovaries and RTWI among Female Albino Rats: RCT

Background: Concerns over the rising infertility rate among humans is now becoming a global health issue. Aim: To observe the histological changes in ovaries while measuring relative tissue weight indices of all ovaries among different groups receiving cottonseed oil. Study Design: Randomized controlled trial. Methodology: Twenty four adult female albino rats (12 weeks of age) were divided into 04 groups. Group-1 (Control) rats were given orally distilled water @ 400mg (equivalent to 400μl)/kg body weight per day. Group-2, Group-3 & Group-4 rats were given cottonseed oil (treatment groups) @ 400mg (equivalent to 432μl)/kg body weight per day, respectively, for a period of 30 days. Results: Cottonseed oil significantly reduced fertility in terms of follicles and ova in all treatment groups than control having non-significant differences among means of different groups. Conclusion: This study concluded that the crude cottonseed oil significantly affected female rat fertility in terms of reduced number of follicles and ova as shown histologically. However, it did not affect relative tissue weight indices among different groups. Hence, its use in edible products may result in increased women infertility. Keywords: Cottonseed Oil, Relative Tissue Weight Indices and Number of Follicles.

Cotton oil refining method

A method for refining cottonseed oil sequentially with solutions of aluminate and sodium hydroxide, characterized in that in order to intensify the process, increase the yield and quality of refined oil, the solutions used are pretreated in an electromagnetic field. Known methods of refining vegetable oils and fats in the presence of various types of alkaline solutions and other chemical reagents by periodic and continuous methods in order to obtain refined fats of various qualities and chemical composition. Process intensification, increasing the yield and quality of refined oil. This goal is achieved by pretreating alkaline solutions of aluminate and sodium hydroxide in an electromagnetic field of various strengths in a two-stage crude cottonseed oil refining technology.

Determination of Gossypol in Hamid and Bt (Seeni 1) Cottonseed Oil using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy

This study was conducted to determine the gossypol content in Bt cottonseed (Seeni-1) oil by using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy with an Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) element. The wavelengths used were selected by spiking refined, bleached deodorized palm oil (RBDPO) to gossypol concentrations of 0-5% and noting the regions of maximal absorbance. Absorbance values of the wavelength regions 3700-2400 & 1900-750 cm-1 and a partial least squares (PLS) method were used to derive calibration models for Hamid cottonseed oil, Seeni-1 cottonseed oil, and gossypol-spiked RBDPO. The coefficients of determination (R2) for the calibration models were computed for the FTIR spectroscopy results against those found by using the wet chemical method AOCS method Ba 8�78. The R2 was 0.8916, 0.9581, and 0.9374 for Hamid cottonseed oil, Seeni-1 cottonseed oil, and gossypol-spiked RBDPO, respectively. The standard error (SE) of the calibration was 0.053, 0.078, and 0.062, respectively. The calibration models were validated using the cross-validation technique within the same set of oil samples. The results of FTIR spectroscopy as a useful technique determining gossypol content in crude cottonseed oil showed that there is a significant difference (p <0.05) in the amount of gossypol content in Hamid and Bt Seeni-1 cottonseed oils.

An Analysis of the Tariff and Non-tariff Barrier on Global Cottonseed Oil Trade

This study is conducted to estimate the effect of both tariff and non-tariff barriers on global crude cottonseed oil, refined cottonseed, and cottonseed oil. This effect is estimated for a sample of developed and developing countries using data over the period 2005 to 2015. The study employed three maximum residue limits (MRL) indices, namely Li and Beghin, Actual Heterogeneous Index (AHI) and Heterogeneous Index (HI) as well as two estimation techniques, Poisson and Ordinary Least Square method (OLS). Marginal effects are obtained by using the Poisson technique. Estimated parameters such as distance, common border, PTAs, are found significant and according to prior expectations. The role of tariffs is more substantial in the oilseed trade compared to the trade in cottonseed crude oil. It is also found that the estimated elasticity by using Poisson technique is highly elastic as compared to OLS method. However, the aggregation of commodities at a higher level, as in the case of cottonseed oil, shows that the effect of the tariff on trade becomes statistically insignificant. Further, cottonseed crude oil is a major commodity affected by tariffs, particularly in the case of trade between North-North and North-South countries. Finally, the effect of tariffs on cottonseed refined oil trade was found insignificant.

LC/MS Analysis of Cyclo Fatty Acid-containing Triacylglycerols in Cottonseed Oil

We measured the constituent triacylglycerol of cotton oil, the only edible oil containing a cyclo fatty acid. Due to the difficulty of obtaining a standard for triacylglycerols containing cyclo fatty acids, cotton oil is analyzed using cyclo triacylglycerol in kapok oil as a reference. Analytical methods used liquid chromatography fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry (LC / FAB-MS) using a matrix of 3% m-NBA containing 3 mM NaCl, and orthogonal transfer method for APCI / TOF-MS. FAB mass spectral properties of triacylglycerols containing cyclo fatty acids can be observed with [M + Na]+, [M-1]+ molecular ions, and [M- (RCOO)] + fragments. In the orthogonal APCI / TOF-MS spectrum, only the [M-1] + molecular ion appears, so that the presence of triacylglycerol containing CPFA becomes apparent. On the other hand, chain triacylglycerol can be observed as [M + 1]+ molecular ions and [M- (RCOO)]+ fragments. Based on these observations, triacylglycerols containing ten types of cyclo fatty acids were successfully successfully detected in crude cottonseed oil. In addition, the APCI/TOF-MS technique successfully detected dilinoleoyl-marvalyl-glycerol and palmtoyl-linoleoyl-marvalyl glycerol in the purified cottonseed oil.

Dissipation and safety evaluation of afidopyropen and its metabolite residues in supervised cotton field

The novel insecticidal mechanism of afidopyropen can be substituted for traditional pesticides to control sap-sucking pests in cotton field. The data of residue amounts of afidopyropen and its metabolite M440I007 in cotton matrix and the environment soil are important to evaluate the safe use of the target compound and establish maximum residue limit (MRL). In this work, the dissipation and residue of afidopyropen and its metabolite M440I007 in cotton and field soils were investigated. The analytical methods of the target compound in cotton plants, cottonseed, crude cottonseed oil, cottonseed oil and soil were developed and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS), which satisfied the rules of pesticide residue determination. The dissipation half-lives of afidopyropen in cotton plants and soil ranged from 1 to 3 days and 4–13 days, respectively. After 14 days from the last application, the residues of afidopyropen were below 0.01 mg/kg in cottonseed and were <0.005–0.0099 mg/kg in soil, and the residues of M440I007 were below 0.02 mg/kg in cottonseed and below 0.01 mg/kg in soil. The total national estimated daily intake (NEDI) of afidopyropen was 1.41 mg and the risk quotient (RQ) was 28.0%. The results showed that the risk of application of afidopyropen with the recommended dosage was acceptable.

Evaluation of Dominant Parameters in Lipase Transesterification of Cottonseed Oil

Abstract. Eversa Transform was used as an enzymatic catalyst to transform glandless and crude (heavy pigment) cottonseed oils into biodiesel. The oils were reacted with methanol at a 6:1 molar ratio with modified amounts of water, lipase, and temperature. Reactions were conducted in the presence of lipase and water at doses of 2, 5, and 8 wt% and 1, 3, and 6 wt%, respectively. Product composition and conversion were determined using the gas chromatography method of ASTM D6584. Oxidative stability was determined following EN 15751. The conversion to fatty acid methyl esters averaged 98.5% across all samples. Temperature had the most significant effect on conversion (p &amp;lt; 0.0035). Lipase and water dosages did not affect conversion, while each had an effect with temperature that was significant across the difference between 3 and 1 wt% water content and between 8 and 5 wt% enzyme content between the two temperatures (p = 0.0018 and 0.0153), respectively. Induction periods (oxidative stability) of the glandless and crude cottonseed oils were significantly different, but there was no difference between the two oil conversions based on oil type. Keywords: Biodiesel, Cottonseed oil, Fatty acid methyl esters, Lipase, Oxidative stability, Transesterification.

Biodiesel Production in Tubular Microreactor: Optimization by Response Surface Methodology

Transesterification of crude cottonseed oil with methanol in the presence of catalyst (NaOH) in tubular microreactor has been investigated experimentally. The transesterification reaction was performed in a silicon tube of 0.8 mm inner diameter, mounted in serpentine manner configuration on an acrylic sheet. Influence of process variables such as reaction temperature \((35{-}45\,{^{\circ }}\hbox {C})\), NaOH concentration (0.5–1.5 wt%) and oil/methanol molar ratio (1:7–1:9) on fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) was studied. In order to further improve biodiesel yield, an experimental design was employed using the Box–Behnken method and analysis of variance. The %FAME was calculated by gas chromatography using methyl arachidate as an internal standard. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to investigate the functional groups present in biodiesel. Thermal stability of biodiesel was evaluated using a thermogravimetric analyser. The optimal condition found was oil/methanol molar ratio (1:8), catalyst concentration (1 wt%) and reaction temperature \((45\,{^{\circ }}\hbox {C})\) while %FAME yield of about 94.1% at a residence time of 90 s.

The Political Economy of Standards: Does MRLs Matter in Cottonseed and its Trade?

In this paper, we introduce three indices of trade which are consequently applied to the case maximum residue level, MRLs of pesticide. The aggregation indices of NTM i.e Li and Beghin index of trade, Heterogeneous index of trade (HIT) and actual heterogeneous index of trade (AHIT) regulations to compute their protectionism relative to international standards. The application of indices to Maximum Residue Limit (MRL) affecting cottonseed and its by-product i.e crude cottonseed oil and refined cottonseed oil, using a science-based standards Codex Alimentarius. In this analysis, the main aim of the article is to show the response of the maximum residue limits (MRLs) adopted by 50 importing countries on exports of the cottonseed commodities for the year 2005 to 2014. In this study, we estimate the augmented gravity model using the ordinary least squares (OLS) and Poisson regression estimators. The results show that maximum residue limits (MRLs) have a trade increasing effect on exports of the cottonseed commodities.

The Political Economy of Standards: Does MRLs Matter in Cottonseed and its Trade?

In this paper, we introduce three indices of trade which are consequently applied to the case maximum residue level, MRLs of pesticide. The aggregation indices of NTM i.e Li and Beghin index of trade, Heterogeneous index of trade (HIT) and actual heterogeneous index of trade (AHIT) regulations to compute their protectionism relative to international standards. The application of indices to Maximum Residue Limit (MRL) affecting cottonseed and its by-product i.e crude cottonseed oil and refined cottonseed oil, using a science-based standards Codex Alimentarius. In this analysis, the main aim of the article is to show the response of the maximum residue limits (MRLs) adopted by 50 importing countries on exports of the cottonseed commodities for the year 2005 to 2014. In this study, we estimate the augmented gravity model using the ordinary least squares (OLS) and Poisson regression estimators. The results show that maximum residue limits (MRLs) have a trade increasing effect on exports of the cottonseed commodities.

Impact of oxygenated cottonseed biodiesel on combustion, performance and emission parameters in a direct injection CI engine

ABSTRACTIn the present study, biodiesel production from the crude cotton-seed oil (CSO) and its feasibility to be used as fuel in compression ignition engine was analysed. Single-stage transesterification at molar ratio of 8:1 on crude CSO yielded 94% of cottonseed biodiesel (CBD). Gas chromatogram/mass spectrometry analysis revealed the presence of 19.5% unsaturated and 80.5% saturated esters in cotton seed biodiesel. Taguchi approach identified the stable fuel blend with oxygenate concentration. Increased oxygen concentration up to 20% were also analysed to understand the variation. Higher peak in-cylinder pressure was observed in D80CBD20 fuel blend. Diesel–biodiesel blend with oxygenate significantly affected the ignition delay and also resulted in varied exhaust gas temperature. D80CBD20nB10 showed an increase in brake thermal efficiency, whereas D80CBD20 exhibited higher brake specific energy consumption at full load. Carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon and smoke emission was found to be high in diesel with higher oxides of nitrogen in D80CBD20nB10. This experimental investigation finally revealed that, D80CBD20nB10 improved the combustion and performance characteristics with minimal emissions.Abbreviations ASTM: American Society for Testing and Materials; BP: brake power; BSEC: brake specific energy consumption; BTE: brake thermal efficiency; CBD: cottonseed biodiesel; CI: compression ignition; CO: carbon monoxide; CO2: carbon dioxide; CSO: cottonseed oil; DEE: diethyl ether; DOE: design of experiments; EGT: exhaust gas temperature; FTIR: Fourier transform infrared spectrometry; GC/MS: gas chromatogram/mass spectrometry; HC: hydrocarbon; HRR: heat release rate; HSDI: high speed direct injection; IDI: indirect injection; KOH: potassium hydroxide; MFB: mass fraction burned; NaOH: sodium hydroxide; NMR: nuclear magnetic resonance; N2O: nitrous oxide; NO: nitric oxide; NO2: nitrogen dioxide; NOx: oxides of nitrogen; ROHR: rate of heat release; ROPR: rate of pressure rise; SOC: start of combustion; aTDC: after top dead centre; bTDC: before top dead centre

Polymeric efficiency in remove impurities during cottonseed biodiesel production

This paper describes a new process for developing biodiesel by polymer from crude cottonseed oil. The study was conducted to examine the effectiveness of the alkali transesterification-flocculation-sedimentation process on fast glycerol and other impurities in the separation from biodiesel by using quaternary polyamine-based cationic polymers SL2700 and polyacylamide cationic polymer SAL1100. The settling velocity of glycerol and other impurities in biodiesel was investigated through settling test experiments; the quality of the biodiesel was investigated by evaluating the viscosity and density. The results revealed that SL2700, SAL1100 and their combination dramatically improved the settling velocity of glycerol and other impurities materials than traditional method. SL 2700 with molecular weight of 0.2 million Da and charge density of 50% then plus SAL1100 with molecular weight of 11 million Da and charge density of 10% induced observable particle aggregation with the best settling performance.

Cottonseed oil in diets for growing broilers

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of three levels of crude cottonseed oil on performance, organ weights, and blood parameters of growing broilers. Carcass and cut yields after 33 and 42 days of age and the economic viability of the diets were also evaluated. Male broilers of the Ross line were distributed in a completely randomized design, in a 4 × 2 factorial arrangement (0, 2, 4, and 6% inclusion of cottonseed oil, with and without ferrous sulfate) with five replicates. In the period from 22 to 33 days, quadratic and increasing linear effects were observed on feed intake and weight gain, respectively. Feed conversion during the same period was better with the addition of ferrous sulfate. The addition of ferrous sulfate caused a reduction in heart weight. From 22 to 42 days, carcass and cuts yield, organ weight, and intestine length were not influenced by the levels of oil or by the addition of ferrous sulfate. Supplementation with iron salts provided a lower red blood cell count and increased mean cell volume. Balanced diets formulated with up to 6% of crude cottonseed oil for broilers from 22-33 and 22-42 days of age do not affect their performance or the weight of their organs. Supplementation with ferrous sulfate improved feed conversion up to 33 days. Diets formulated with 4% cottonseed oil supplemented with ferrous sulfate are economically viable in the period from 22 to 42 days.

Preparation of cottonseed‐based epoxy fatty acid methyl esters by an integrated approach

An integrated approach was developed for preparing epoxy fatty acid methyl esters (EFAMEs) from cottonseed using a two‐phase solvent extraction (TPSE) process followed by sequential base‐catalyzed transesterification and epoxidation reactions. The TPSE process was performed to achieve simultaneous production of high‐quality crude cottonseed oil and nontoxic cottonseed meal. The base‐catalyzed transesterification of the cottonseed oil proceeded smoothly at 30 °C over 2 h to provide a high yield of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs). Subsequent epoxidation of the unsaturated FAMEs using petroleum ether as a non‐polar solvent, H3PO4 as a catalyst, 0.3 g/g H2O2 as an oxygen donor, and HCOOH as an oxygen carrier gave the corresponding EFAMEs with a conversion to oxirane of 0.85 g/g. The order of effectiveness of catalysts was found to be H3PO4 &gt; TiO2 &gt; H2SO4 &gt; strong‐acid cation exchange resin. The bio‐based integrated process and new methods for the preparation of modified EFAMEs show great promise for comprehensive development and commercial applications of cottonseed with fewer steps and lower cost.

Cottonseed Oil in Diets for Broilers in the Pre-Starter and Starter Phases.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different levels of crude cottonseed oil in isoenergetic diets, with or without supplementation of ferrous sulfate, on performance variables, relative weight of organs, and blood parameters of broilers, and on the economic viability of diets in the periods from 1 to 7 and 1 to 21 days of age. A total of 600 male birds of the Ross line were distributed in a completely randomized design in a (4×2) factorial arrangement with eight treatments (0, 2, 4, and 6% cottonseed oil with and without ferrous sulfate), and five replicates. The following variables were studied: feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion, weight of organs, blood parameters, and yield of carcass and cuts at 21 days. No effects of the levels of cottonseed oil were found on the performance of animals aged 1 to 7 days, or on the relative weights of the organs. In this same period, the weight gain, and the relative weights of heart, liver, and intestine of the animals that received ferrous sulfate were decreased, and feed conversion was worsened. In the period from 1 to 21 days, weight gain increased linearly with the increase in the levels of cottonseed oil. Blood parameters were not influenced by the diets. Crude cottonseed oil can be utilized in diets for broilers in the periods from 1 to 7 and 1 to 21 days of age at up to 6% of inclusion, and supplementation with ferrous sulfate is unnecessary if the differences in metabolization of the cottonseed oil are considered, with and without, it during the diet formulation process.

A method to refine crude cottonseed oil using non-toxic polyamine-based cationic polymers

The traditional method to refine crude cottonseed oil is time-consuming and expensive. This study evaluates the effectiveness of coagulation–flocculation–sedimentation process using quaternary polyamine-based polymers in refining crude cottonseed oil. Flocculated by four commercial polyamine-based cationic polymers (SL2700, SL3000, SL4500 and SL5000) with varied molecular weight (MW) and charge density (CD) and followed by coagulation with sodium hydroxide, crude cottonseed oil can be effectively purified. Free fatty acids, gossypol, pigments and trace elements are all effectively and sufficiently removed by the four polymers in a MW- and CD-dependent manner. Our results suggest that the use of polyamine-based cationic polymers may offer an effective and feasible alternative to the traditional method for crude cottonseed oil refining.

Effect of crude cottonseed oil containing gossypol on fertility of male and estrous cycle of female Bandicota bengalensis Gray and Hardwicke

Crude cottonseed oil (CCSO) containing 0.01% gossypol was evaluated in the present studies to record its effect on fertility of male and estrous cycle of female lesser bandicoot rat, Bandicota bengalensis Gray and Hardwicke. Laboratory feeding of bait (cracked wheat and powdered sugar in 98:2) containing 5 and 10% CCSO to female B. bengalensis for 13 days in no-choice feeding test, had no significant effect on the duration of the estrous cycle. However, laboratory feeding of bait containing 10% CCSO to male B. bengalensis for 15 and 30 days duration in a no-choice feeding test, significantly (P≤0.05) reduced sperm motility (%) and viability (%) in cauda epididymal fluid of treated rats compared to untreated ones. The weight of seminal vesicles of rats treated for 30 days was found to be significantly less (P≤0.05) than that for rats treated for 15 days. No significant effect of treatment was observed on the breeding success of rats, diameter of seminiferous tubules, cell count and association of various germ cells in testis. Further studies may be conducted by increasing the duration of treatment or by using CCSO containing a higher concentration of gossypol.