Cathode Ray Tube Research Articles

Potential Use of Waste Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) Glass as Fine Aggregate in Concrete for Sustainable Built Environment: A Review

Electrical and electronic waste (E-waste) has become a great matter of concern all around the world. Due to the fast growth in kinescope technology, Cathode Ray Tubes (CRTs) are being replaced by lighter and thinner panels with flat displays, namely – Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs), Plasma Display Panels (PDPs) and Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs). The environmental hazards caused by CRTs waste generation have become an extensive dilemma around the globe. Lead is contained in sufficient amounts in the waste CRTs, which causes serious hazards to human health and the environment. The increasing demand for concrete and natural resources due to swift urbanization has made it crucial to replace the natural aggregates in concrete either as a partial replacement or total replacement, without affecting the concrete performance. CRT waste glasses are abundant in silica, have low water absorption property and adequate intrinsic strength. These characteristics of CRT waste glass make it apt for usage as pozzolan or sand in construction materials. They can be partially or totally replaced for natural sand as fine aggregate in concrete. This review work extends an in-depth summary of literature detailing the reuse of CRT glass waste as a fine aggregate replacement in concrete. The properties such as water performance, thermal property, strength and durability of CRT glass waste-based concrete and their method of manufacturing have also been studied in this paper. Furthermore, a comparative performance analysis of CRT glass waste concrete with other E-waste incorporated concrete has also been included in this paper. The current work shall contribute to enhancement towards sustainability and economic development of CRT glass waste incorporated concrete in the construction industry. Thus, the issues related to CRT glass waste such as contamination of soil, environment and water bodies, health issues caused to living beings and simultaneously, the degradation of natural restricted aggregate resources could be reduced considerably by several folds.

How Monitor Characteristics Affect Human Perception in Visual Computer Experiments: CRT vs. LCD Monitors in Millisecond Precise Timing Research

Liquid crystal display (LCD) monitors are nowadays standard in computerized visual presentation. However, when millisecond precise presentation is concerned, they have often yielded imprecise and unreliable presentation times, with substantial variation across specific models, making it difficult to know whether they can be used for precise vision experiments or not. The present paper intends to act as hands-on guide to set up an experiment requiring millisecond precise visual presentation with LCD monitors. It summarizes important characteristics relating to precise visual stimulus presentation, enabling researchers to transfer parameters reported for cathode ray tube (CRT) monitors to LCD monitors. More importantly, we provide empirical evidence from a preregistered study showing the suitability of LCD monitors for millisecond precise timing research. Using sequential testing, we conducted a masked number priming experiment using CRT and LCD monitors. Both monitor types yielded comparable results as indicated by Bayes factor favoring the null hypothesis of no difference between display types. More specifically, we found masked number priming under conditions of zero awareness with both types of monitor. Thus, the present study highlights the importance of hardware settings for empirical psychological research; inadequate settings might lead to more “noise” in results thereby concealing potentially existing effects.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Video Games and Simulations for Designing Learning Experiences for Nursing Student and Educators

The term video game generally means the interaction of games played utilizing a specialized electronic device or any other type of screen that it is programmed on (video game, n.d.). The term ‘video game,’ has been recorded in history as early as 1948 with the invention of the “Cathode-Ray Tube Amusement device” (Brookhaven National Library, n.d.).

Microstructure and leaching characteristics of steel slag and CRT glass

In view of the large amount and types of waste materials generated, an extensive suite of environmental tests is carried out to assess the potential of reusing these materials. This study investigates the morphology and leaching characteristics of steel slag and Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) glass. The morphology and elemental composition of the samples are examined using field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and energy dispersive X-Ray (EDX). The result of the leaching test is analysed and compared with the toxicity characteristics leaching procedure (TCLP) limit for hazardous elements. Results of the FESEM tests show that each sample has different morphological characteristics and texture. The surface of steel slag is rough, uneven, irregular and porous compared to the surface of granite and CRT glass. The outcome of the TCLP test shows that none of the identified hazardous elements exceed the standard limits, which indicates these materials may be suitable for use as construction materials.

Visual Color Difference between Colored-Yarn Mixed Woven Fabrics and Their Instrumentally Measured Colors: the Effects of Individual Yarn Colors and Texture

The study investigated the differences between perceived and instrumentally measured colors of woven fabrics in which different colored yarns are woven together such that they are perceived as solid colors. Cyan, magenta, and yellow yarns were woven together to produce 63 fabrics in a wide range of colors, the values of which were measured spectrophotometrically. The measured colors were generated as solid color images on a calibrated cathode ray tube (CRT) monitor. Then the fabrics were scanned and their scanned images were displayed beside their corresponding solid color images on the CRT monitor to evaluate the visual color difference between them. The results showed that the individual yarn colors and their interlacement on the fabric surface influenced the overall color appearance. Although the woven and solid colors in each pair had identical CIELAB color values, the perceived color difference was as large as 5.68 ΔE*ab,10 on average. Fabrics composed of various colors of yarn were found to have larger visual color differences from their measured colors than those composed of single colors of yarn. The visual color difference varied according to texture, but texture strength, which has been widely reported as a strong parametric factor in visual color difference evaluation, was not shown to have had a consistent effect. This study also examined how the overall color attributes, including the lightness, chroma, and hue, of fabrics affected the visual color difference and developed a predictive model of those effects.

Mechanical and Geotechnical Properties of Recycled Waste Materials: The Feasibility of using Steel Slag – Cathode Ray Tube Glass as Aggregate Replacement for Road Pavements

The volume of waste generated in Malaysia and throughout the globe continues to increase. Waste management and protection of the environment should be given a priority, and this requires for studied to be carried out on the problem of waste management. One of the approaches that can be adopted in this regard is to reuse waste materials as recycled products. Mechanical and geotechnical tests, namely the Los Angeles abrasion tests, the Atterberg limit test, and the sand equivalent value, were carried out to determine the suitability of using steel slag and CRT glass in the construction of road pavements. The value obtained from the laboratory test is within the JKR standard specification (JKR/SPJ/2008-S4). The objective of this study is to investigate the mechanical and geotechnical properties of steel slag and cathode ray tube (CRT) glass in order to determine the feasibility of using both materials as a natural aggregate replacement in the construction of road pavements. The result for the Los Angeles abrasion test showed that steel slag has better wear resistance and mechanical properties compared to those of the natural aggregates (granite) use in this study. The result for the Atterberg limit test showed that all three samples (granite, steel slag and CRT glass) are non-plastic. While the result for the sand equivalent value test showed that the granite sample has the highest value, followed by CRT glass and steel slag. Thus, it can be concluded that steel slag and CRT glass are suitable substitutes for natural aggregates (granites) since they have been proven to meet the requirements for the natural aggregates with similar properties. This provides an alternative use for recycled materials and the possibility of using these materials as an aggregate replacement in the construction of road pavements.

A EFFECT OF DIFFERENT ADDITIVES ON METALLIC LEAD RECOVERY FROM CRT FUNNEL GLASS USING THERMAL METHOD

Cathode ray tube like as electronic waste is a green crisis due to its toxicity. Remove of the lead from CRT funnel glass can prevent it from release into the environmental and allow it reuse. There are several ways to separation lead from its CRT funnel glass and then recovered from it. In this research, CRT funnel glass was treated by high thermal reduction method with using different additives. These additives that used in this method are sodium carbonate (Na2CO3 ) with (20, 25&30) wt% used as a melting agent, sodium sulfide ( Na2S) with (6, 8&10)wt% used as a catalytic agent and carbon powder (C) with (2.4, 3.6 &4.8) wt% used as a reducing agent, at fixed temperature (1100°C) and holding time (120 min). Taguchi technique for design of experiment (DOE) was applied to find the optimum process conditions of different additives for metallic lead recovery by high thermal reduction method. Experimental results presented that the maximum lead recovery was 97.36% when the optimum conditions were sodium carbonate (30%), sodium sulfide (10%), and carbon powder (3.6%) at 1100°C and 120 min.

Novel indicators to better monitor the collection and recovery of (critical) raw materials in WEEE: Focus on screens

Currently, in the European Union (EU), e-waste chain performance is assessed by technical indicators that aim to ensure system compliance with collection and recovery targets set by the WEEE Directive. This study proposes indicators to improve WEEE flow monitoring beyond the current overall weight-based approach, including complementary flows and treatment performance. A case study focused on the screen category in France is presented. In 2017, the collection rate of cathode-ray tube screens (CRT) was 68%, while for flat panel display (FPD) generated only 14% was collected. CRT screens have less precious and critical materials than FDP. Thus, elements like cobalt and gold highly concentrated in FPD, have a collection rate two to four times lower than elements such as copper (37%) which represents a high proportion in CRTs. Recycling is the main treatment in France. Nevertheless, the recycling rate per element varies significantly due to the low collection, and also the lack of technology and/or secondary raw materials market. The elements with higher recycling rates are base metals such as copper (28%), followed by precious metals like silver (23%), and gold (13%). Except for palladium, the recycling rate of the critical raw materials targeted in the study ranged from 6% (cobalt) to 0% (e.g. neodymium and indium). The results stress the need for indicators to support the development of WEEE chain from waste management to secondary (critical) raw materials suppliers.

Synthesis and properties of open- and closed-porous foamed glass with a low density

Future developments in foamed glass should focus on improving the thermal insulation properties, controlling the foamed structure and the type of porosity. In this study, we report on the synthesis and properties of foamed glasses with open-porous and closed-porous structures prepared from waste cathode-ray-tube (CRT) panel and soda-lime-silica glasses with the addition of carbon black, and manganese or iron oxides. The samples exhibit a homogeneous structure with an average pore size in the range 0.5–1.35 mm and open porosity above 91% or closed porosity above 92%. The open porosity was obtained by partial crystallization of the glass during the foaming process. The thermal conductivity, measured using a heat flow meter at 10 °C, is 57.2–65.6 mW m−1 K−1 at 116–143 kg m−3 for the open-porous samples and 37.5–56.2 mW m−1 K−1 at 107–245 kg m−3 for the closed-porous samples. The conduction in the solid phase contributes the major part to the effective thermal conductivity (52–72%). The conduction in the gaseous and solid phases, respectively, is higher in the open-porous foamed glass due to the different gas composition (air) and the different solid composition (glass composition and crystalline content). The developed foamed glasses also have high mechanical strength, making them suitable for load-bearing applications.

Acid and heat treatment to reduce lead leaching from cathode ray tube funnel glass

Acid and heat treatment to reduce lead leaching from cathode ray tube funnel glass

Recycling of REMS and removal of toxic metals from fluorescent and CRT waste: a review

Fluorescent lamp and cathode ray tube (CRT) waste considered as hazardous waste by commission of European communities and resource conservation and recovery act (RCRA). Due to the presence of mercury and lead in fluorescent waste and cathode ray tube waste, it is highly toxic for environment. Simultaneously, these wastes are also a vital source of different rare earth elements (REEs) such as Y, Eu, Ce, Tb and La. REEs are the most critical resources in the development of both traditional and high-tech industries all over the world. In order to prevent the misuse of natural resources, recycling of REEs from fluorescent and CRT waste is an effective step for accelerating the sustainable use of resources and protect environmental pollution from mining. So, recovery of REEs as well as removal of contaminated hazardous metals such as Hg and Pb from waste is a challenging task. Many researchers in the last few years focused on the development of different process such as solvent extraction, selective leaching, and precipitation for recovery of rare earth elements as well as the removal of toxic metal from waste. Particularly recoveries of yttrium and europium metals are the main interest of many researchers due to huge application in CFL bulbs and CRT tubes. Selective leaching of Y and Eu can be obtained in dilute acid solution with moderate temperature. Dissolution of Pb in leaching process can be avoided by leaching with H2SO4 as it forms insoluble sulfate. While coming to solvent extraction, three major classes of conventional extractantshavebeen used for extraction of REEs such as cation exchanger, solvating extractants and anion exchangers. The use of ionic liquids instead of conventional extractantsismore interesting in modern research because of their high thermal stability, nontoxic and high extraction ability. They are used for effective recovery of REEs from e-waste.

Synthesis of WEEE-based geopolymers and their cytotoxicity

Alkali activated metakaolin-based geopolymer materials were used to blend in fine powder glasses from waste electric and electronic equipment. In particular, glasses from funnel and panel parts of cathode ray tubes were recovered and re-utilized, thus obtaining GPVFNL and GPVBa enriched geopolymers. The materials were characterized by means of Fourier Transform InfraRed spectroscopy (FT-IR), and in order to avoid health risk for humans, cytotoxicity was preliminarily assessed by means of MTT test towards NIH-3T3 murine fibroblast cell line. The synthetized geopolymers showed an important anti-bacterial activity vs. Escherichia coli.

Feasible Use of Cathode Ray Tube Glass (CRT) and Recycled Aggregates as Unbound and Cement-Treated Granular Materials for Road Sub-Bases.

In the last 15 years, new types of display technologies have increasingly replaced cathode ray tube (CRT) screens, which has led to an increase in landfill of old discarded CRT televisions, which present a great environmental challenge throughout the world due to their high lead content. In addition, environmental awareness has led to greater use of recycled aggregates to reduce the exploitation of existing reserves. This document aims to study the feasibility of incorporating CRT glass waste with recycled aggregate (RA) in combinations for use in civil engineering, more specifically in road bases and sub-bases. For the mechanical and environmental assessment of all of the samples and materials, the following procedures have been performed: the compliance batch test of UNE-EN 12457-4:2004 for RA, CRT, and mixtures; the Percolation Test according CEN/TS 14405 for the mixtures, CRT, and RA; Modified Proctor and load capacity (the California Bearing Ratio, or CBR) in all mixtures without cement addition, and finally, compressive strength of the material treated with cement at different ages of curing. The analysis of the mechanical and environmental properties through different techniques of lixiviation was positive, showing the ability to use CRT for certain dosage percentages mixed with recycled aggregates.

Research Progress on Recycling Technology of Lead-containing Glass in Waste Cathode Ray Tubes

With the development of kinescope technology, the quantity of discarded cathode ray tubes (CRTs) glass continues to increase. The waste CRTs glass contains a lot of lead, which could bring about the environmental risk. Based on the research status on the treatment of lead-containing glass in waste CRTs, the technologies of lead separation and recycling were summarized, and their characteristics and developments were analyzed. It was pointed out that the further research and development of new technologies in this field should pay close attention to two aspects, one is the environmental risk in the product realization process of recycling waste CRTs, and another is the satisfiability to economic feasibility and the recycled productsfrom lead-containing Glass in waste CRTs.

Study on Experimental of Waste Cathode Ray Tube Glass Fine Aggregate in Barite Concrete

In order to study the waste cathode ray tube glass fine aggregate (particle size < 0.15 mm) on barite concreteperformance, the waste cathode ray tube glass fine aggregate is blended into the barite concrete at 0%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10% of the mass of the barite sand quality to conduct experimental research on the related properties of barite concrete. The experimental results show that when the amount of waste cathode ray tube glass fine aggregate is 6%∼8%, the prepared barite concrete has the best working performance. The slump expansion reaches 560mm×560mm, and the 28d cube compressive strength is 37.76MPa. The V-box passage time is 17.56s, and barite concrete has the best shielding gamma ray capability.

Failure Analysis of an Ambulance Cathode Ray Tube Monitor Bracket

An aluminum alloy ambulance monitor bracket that fractured in-service was analyzed to determine the mode, mechanisms, and causes of its failure. After visual inspection, cause-and-effect analysis was conducted to identify all the possible factors that may have contributed to failure. The bracket arm was investigated using macro- and micro-fractography, chemical analysis, optical microscopy, and hardness testing to assess the failure characteristics and material properties. Finally, simulations were conducted with SolidWorks® to evaluate the component loading and stress distributions that led to fracture. The failure of the bracket was attributed to long-term, low stress amplitude, unidirectional dynamic bending high-cycle fatigue of the bracket arm, applied by the monitor weight in conjunction with vehicular vibrations while driving. Failure was most likely caused by: (1) the unsatisfactory surface condition of the arm produced by thermal cutting, including large inclusions, jagged edges, and a heat-affected zone; (2) the poorly designed component geometry, which promoted a stress concentration at the point of failure; and (3) the inadequate material strength, given the component geometry and applied cyclic stress requirements. Several options for improved component reliability were recommended.

Green high strength concrete containing recycled Cathode Ray Tube Panel Plastics (E-waste) as coarse aggregate in concrete beams for structural applications

In this research, a novel attempt has been made to reuse the ever-growing electronic waste (E-waste) based materials as filler in order to improve the structural strength of concrete beams, which can be utilized in the construction of buildings. Herein, a traditional beam casting method is adopted for developing the proposed newer concrete sample cubes. e-waste materials are sized down to a particle size of 12 mm with the help of a shredding machine. These downsized e-waste particles are used as partial replacement materials for coarse aggregate viz. gravels in the range of 0–20 wt% in order to fabricate M25 grade concrete cubes. Structural behavior of the developed concrete reveals that conversion of e-waste as coarse aggregate exhibits better compression and flexural strength when compared to that of conventional material made cubes. Upon comparison of beams, it could be seen that the load carrying capacity also increases from 426 kN to 480 kN, and the compressive strength of the beams has also been improved from 18 N/mm2 to 30 N/mm2. Obtained results further demonstrate that replacement of coarse aggregate with E-waste displays better performance up to 15 wt%; however, further addition of e-waste displayed a decremental trend in the case of structural strength.

The TVs of Tomorrow: How RCA's Flat-screen Dreams Led to the First LCDs by Benjamin Gross

Reviewed by: The TVs of Tomorrow: How RCA's Flat-screen Dreams Led to the First LCDs by Benjamin Gross Michael Aaron Dennis (bio) The TVs of Tomorrow: How RCA's Flat-screen Dreams Led to the First LCDs By Benjamin Gross. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2019. Pp. 288. We live surrounded by LCD (liquid crystal display) screens; Ben Gross's volume explains the origins of this technology at RCA and how the iconic American firm failed to deliver it to the world. This fascinating story of industrial research, corporate politics, and technological change blends science, technology, and business histories. Gross locates the emergence, efflorescence, and decline of LCD screens at the intersection of three distinct axes—the material logic of LCDs, that is their physical chemistry and often recalcitrant behavior plus the infrastructure for their creation and use; RCA's strategic goals as well as the Sarnoff Laboratory's role in fulfilling them; and the interactions among researchers, their managers, and other RCA divisions. One of the many interesting things readers learn is that the technology dominating our lives received so little support from RCA management. Indeed, they ultimately seemed to value LCD patents more than developing televisions based on this novel display technology. Noteworthy are Gross's discussions about the problem of finding the sources needed to write the history of late twentieth-century corporate R&D. RCA's quest for a follow-up to its color television came in 1951, with legendary founder David Sarnoff's challenge to develop a light amplifier. Efforts ensued to find alternatives to the standard display technology, the CRT (cathode ray tube). RCA pioneered the mass production of these glass bubbles, and it proved hard to break from this anchoring technology. Only after it became clear that CRTs could not be flattened in order to hang from walls and display a quality picture did researchers and management explore and develop alternatives. By 1964, the company's research included liquid crystals and their chemistry; however, as Gross points out, it was never really a large research group. Compared to the well-studied RCA video disc, called a "Manhattan Project," RCA's work on LCDs was a modest effort. Although [End Page 1240] public relations people hyped the research and its potential, this was never a corporate moon shot. Gross rightly highlights the problems in manufacturing the new technology once researchers overcame problems at the bench. Using laboratory notebooks, he delineates how researchers solved the issue of LCDs working at room temperature. Building bridges with RCA's manufacturing divisions became as vital as laboratory research to keep LCD work alive, while management paid more attention to a struggling computer effort and the firm's traditional color television business. Even once the multiple manufacturing problems were solved, the LCDs produced by RCA were for watch displays, not the wall-hanging televisions of the future. The initial secrecy surrounding LCD research demonstrated how highly it was valued, yet RCA soon viewed patents as the real source of value compared to physical products, given the costs and difficulties of profitably manufacturing LCDs in America. Gross's interviews and archival work display the full range of skills required to move lab products to the factory, including individuals with the requisite social skills to borrow resources from other groups. This social aspect of intra-laboratory relations is especially well portrayed. Gross plays with Clayton Christensen's ideas of disruptive innovation in explaining why RCA failed to capitalize on its role as a pioneer in LCD research. He follows LCD researchers at RCA to a new start-up, Optel that fails to take advantage of new LCD chemistry, instead sticking to RCA-based technologies. Small size did not prevent an aversion to change. In his final eloquent chapter, Gross explains that it was only once LCD technology had left RCA that it really grew and developed—as multiple firms, first on the West Coast and then in Japan, invested in significant R&D with specific products in mind. Seiko developed a watch-sized LCD television more advanced than Dick Tracy's, while Sharp demonstrated a fourteen-inch color display in 1988. Ironically, Sharp had approached RCA in 1970 about...

Oscilloscope clock: Build a vector-graphics display using an old cathode-ray tube - [Hands on

ONCE UPON A TIME, THERE was a type of particle accelerator so popular that it was mass-produced by the million. Engineers and scientists at their benches, and folks at home in their living rooms, would carefully arrange themselves to watch the dancing glow of a beam of subatomic particles smashing into a phosphorescent screen. This attention-hogging accelerator was, of course, the cathode-ray tube (CRT), which reigned supreme as the electronic display technology for decades, before being unceremoniously relegated to the figurative and literal trash heap of history by flat-screen technologies.

Preparation of Sintered Glass-Ceramic from CRT Glass and Red Gypsum Wastes for Tiling Application

This study aims to prepare sintered glass-ceramic (SGC) from a combination of cathode ray tube glass and red gypsum wastes specifically for tiling application. Bentonite clay which acted as a binder was also added to the prepared formulation. The starting materials were milled individually, mixed and compacted into button shape by using a uniaxial hydraulic press machine. The effects of sintering temperature and red gypsum content on the physical- mechanical properties and crystallization behaviour were investigated. The test results revealed that the glass-ceramic sintered at 850°C with 20 wt.% of red gypsum gave the best combination of physical-mechanical properties. Modulus of rupture and linear shrinkage were measured at 33.75 MPa and 6.47 %, respectively. Water absorption was low enough and recorded at 0.4759 % while the density was measured at 2.6638 g/cm3. The results also discovered that increasing red gypsum content by 10 wt.% and sintered at similar temperature deteriorated the quality of the glass-ceramic. Therefore, this particular sintered glass-ceramic has the potential to be used as outdoor walkway tile or brick owing to the high physical-mechanical properties, colour suitability as well as low production cost.