Crowded City Research Articles

Major ions, trace elements and evidence of groundwater contamination in Hanoi, Vietnam

Groundwater contamination is a critical issue in Hanoi because it affects the water supply and treatment of a crowded city. This study aimed to explore the groundwater quality across the whole area of Hanoi city and identify potential contamination sources. 206 groundwater samples were collected in the Holocene and Pleistocene aquifers during two consecutive seasons (rainy 2015 and dry 2016) to assess the groundwater contamination and understand which elements can be used as tracers for future monitoring. As a result, the spatial distributions of major ions (Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cl−, and SO42−) and some selected elements (As, Li, Sr, Ba, Mn, Fe, Al, B, Br, total nitrogen (TN), and P) were obtained. Distributions of elements and contaminants varied not only on depth and regions (aquifers) but also season-wise. In the upper aquifer, SO42−, B, As, Br−, TN, and P concentrations were significantly higher than the common range. In the south of Hanoi city, we found elevated Li, Na, K, Mg, Cl− and Br concentrations in the Pleistocene aquifer. Additionally, the concentrations of such as As, Sr, Ba, Mn, Fe did not follow a clear pattern. Their concentrations seem to be predominantly influenced by geological processes controlling the study area's hydro-geochemical environment. However, high concentrations of SO42−, B, Br−, TN, and P, particularly in central Hanoi, supported the idea of contamination from the surface. This study's results might help managers foster sustainable groundwater resource strategies.

Emergency Preparedness of Flood affected Communities in Assam to Respond COVID-19 Pandemic Pro-actively

Flood related disaster is a yearly phenomenon in a State like Assam which brings miseries to the lives and livestock of its people. The ongoing COVID 19 pandemic had added more adversities to the flood victims of Assam. The sorry plight of these flood affected victims where they are forced to battle the flood situation and COVID-19 pandemic simultaneously with limited resources. The objective of the study was to identify the vulnerable communities as well as to record the confirmed COVID 19 cases of these districts which require emergency preparedness to tackle flood and COVID 19 related issues promptly. The study explored that an unprepared district and community is more prone to flood where as a crowded city like Kamrup Metro is prone to COVID 19 pandemic. Hence, Kamrup requires immediate emergency plans to be implemented to curtain the rate of SARS-CoV2 virus spread whereas the flood affected districts of Goalpara, Barpeta, etc. require immediate emergency plans for flood management so as to minimise the spread of the virus, as avoidance of crowding and maintenance of social distance are important parameters for minimising the spread of the virus, which unfortunately becomes impossible to maintain in relief centres due to limited space and over-crowding. Study explored that in comparison to the flood affected population, the number of relief centres were very less and were compelled to accommodate large numbers of people which exceeded the normal capacity, thereby facilitating an easy spread of the virus.

A Sustainable Transport System—The MMQUAL Model of Shared Micromobility Service Quality Assessment

Shared micromobility is a new phenomenon being observed in urban transport. It is a response to the problems associated with congestion and environmental pollution. Small electric vehicles such as e-scooters are highly suitable for crowded city centres, often providing an alternative to private motor vehicles or public transport, and serve as a good first- and last-mile transport option. While they have become a feature of sustainable transport systems in cities, their impact on the environment often depends on the services offered by operators of this mode of personal transport. There are many tools available to measure the quality of transport, e-services and shared mobility services. However, no specific mechanism has been designed for vehicles in the field of shared e-scooters (research gap). The aim of the article is to verify whether the three dimensions identified by the authors: mobile application functions, device features, and customer service are valid for examining the quality of shared e-micromobility factors on the example of e-scooters. Based on the obtained results, the authors created the MMQUAL (MicroMobility QUALity) model, which accurately describes the quality of the studied phenomenon. The results of the study can serve as a platform for researchers interested in further exploring the issue and improving the proposed model. They may also be of commercial value to operators, who could use this tool to boost the competitiveness of their services by enhancing those features that have the greatest impact on their quality.

Tracking subjects and detecting relationships in crowded city videos

Tracking subjects and detecting relationships in crowded city videos

The pathogenic city: disease, dirt and the planning of Dublin’s Wholesale Fruit and Vegetable Markets

ABSTRACT Public health crises always have a visual impact on cities. Examples can be short lived, such as the signage encouraging social distancing during the Covid-19 pandemic. Other effects can be long lasting. During waves of epidemics over the nineteenth century in Dublin, Ireland, officials responded with projects such as fever hospitals. At first glance, market halls do not seem to correspond with these kinds of emergency initiatives. Markets are lasting fixtures of everyday life in cities, and they typically embody notions of sustenance and nourishment rather than disease. Yet in Dublin, the planning of covered markets is bound to the histories of infectious disease and epidemics. This article uses the storey of one market hall in Dublin, the City Wholesale Fruit and Vegetable Markets, as a lens to elucidate the intersection of public health and urban planning between 1850 and 1900. Market halls are rarely planned as clean slates: historically, they typically stand in places that hold close connections to buying and selling. As such, purpose-built halls should not be read simply as urban, commercial interventions, but instead as buildings that monumentalize in three dimensions emergent social and moral conventions about public health in the context of the crowded city.

The Urban Transport Strategy on the Example of the City Bike System in the City of Lublin in Relation to the Covid-19 Pandemic

Abstract The city bike system is now an increasingly popular form of communication. In practice, it has become a complement to the public transport system in large cities, and above all in the most crowded city centers. Importantly, the solution, which is a city bike, can contribute to the reduction of urban congestion, air pollution and to the reduction of noise levels. The paper discusses the issue of city bike system functioning in terms of meeting the transport needs in the area of the city of Lublin. The aim of the work is to describe the city bike system and to indicate the conditions for choosing this means of transport among the inhabitants of the Lublin region. A survey conducted among respondents in 2020 was used. The paper presents own research results and expectations of potential users of this system in the context of displacements, as well as the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the system functioning in 2020, and the strategy for operating this industry.

The formation of the Korean communities in Fukuoka city after WWⅡ －focused on ‘black market’ and ‘barrack village’－

Among the large cities in Japan, the City of Fukuoka in Fukuoka Prefecture is the nearest city from Busan, Korea. From the colonial period, Fukuoka Prefecture had been the important labor market for Koreans due to scattered coal mine and munitions industry. The City of Fukuoka was a more commerce city than other places in Fukuoka Prefecture so that there is little room for Koreans who couldn’t compete with Japanese merchants and the city was not populated with Koreans. After the war, Hakata Port in Fukuoka was designated major repatriation port which made Fukuoka one of the most crowded city with Koreans and Japanese returnees. However, the waiting for repatriation not smooth and temporary residence became settlement with several reasons. During this period, they built ‘barrack village’ surrounding both banks of Ishido River, Naka River and near the port areas. And also, they were looking for jobs and food in black markets. Some of the residents of ‘barrack village’ run group dorms for the blue-collar workers, hired harbor workers, and worked mainly in the manufacture of illicit liquor, raising pigs, collecting waste articles and secondhand goods. These occupations were the representative jobs of Koreans in Japan(Zainichi) who worked at the lowest part of economic hierarchy. Since the early 1950s, the black market had disappeared and Koreans faced more desperate situation. Fukuoka’s ‘barrak village’ reflected such reality of Koreans in Japan who were in poor environment regardless the prosperity of the Japanese economy after the war. In addition, these slums were introduced to Korean society in the form of “disastrous reality of Koreans in Japan” and became the targets of ‘Korean bashing’ in Japan. On the other hand, ‘barrak village’ displayed the reality of the division of Korea Peninsula. The banks of the river are divided into Chongryon(총련) and Mindan(민단). Residents who supported Chongryon were very zctive for demolitiond and relocation of ‘barrak village’ from earlier stage. And as a result, they were able to move out of ‘barrak village’ and settled in a new neighborhood in the 1960s. So-called ‘Kanehira Complex’ had become a representative place which showed the life styles and political characters of Koreans in Japan of Fukuoka. Since the complex was formed around Chongryon, it showed a clear tendency to use Korean lanuage and expressd its political views and actions. The development and relocation of other ‘barrak villages’ took more than a decade, because the interests and opinions of the residents of the villagers were different. However, as the political environment between the two Koreas and the generation changes, the characteristics of the complex vary according to the periods. This reflects the reality of ethnic groups whose attributes eventually fade over time.

The structure and semantics of the early lyrics of Diman Belekov

The article analyzes the semantic features of D. Belekov's early lyrics, identifies the figurative and spatial dominants represented in the author's artistic world. In the temporal designation, the semantic structure is actualized in a series of images associated with spring, and primroses, a blooming apple tree, murmuring streams of meltwater, fields with thawed patches, etc., creating a holistic picture of the awakening nature, metaphorically embody the image of the younger generation. Toponymically and geographically, the dominant image is the image of the native land, which includes the entire complex of symbols-markers characteristic of the designation of the territory of Gorniy Altai (Altai Mountains). If the homeland for the lyrical hero of the poet becomes a source of strength and inspiration, then for his development he needs a movement understood as the development of the "other" space, actualized in the generalized image of blue distances and a crowded city with bright lights. The central theme in the poet's lyrics is the theme of the road, embodied in the motives of departure and return.

TOURISM STAKEHOLDERS’ PERSPECTIVE OF SUSTAINABLE PRACTICES AT KINABALU PARK

Over the years, many people have gradually shown a higher preference for nature-based ecotourism, partly because of the increased awareness of the importance of sustainable tourism. Issues regarding international travel limitation and the need for social distancing due to the COVID-19 pandemic have diverted local tourists' attractions to turn to more nature-based ecotourism rather than crowded city tours. Premier ecotourism destinations usually adopt sustainable management practices such as good visitors and risk management with regular training and capacity building. This study aims to examine the perception of stakeholders (in this case, the government sector) towards sustainable tourism in Kinabalu Park, with an emphasis on sustainable practices. Synchronous qualitative interviews with the stakeholders were conducted online and thematic analysis were done via the NVIVO software. The findings showed that the government agencies managing Kinabalu Park clearly understood sustainable tourism. The findings provide valuable information

Путеводитель по Москве для Вольтера

The manuscript “Description of the city of Moscow” from the Voltaire Library has been subjected to special study for the first time. In this essay, the ancient Russian capital is presented as a vast and crowded city, the distinctive feature of which is the abundance of churches and monasteries. The description of the city is conducted according to the historically formed parts: the Kremlin, Kitay-gorod, White City, Earthen City. The description is based on the “Plan of the Imperial city of Moscow” by I. Michurin (1739). The most likely the author of this kind of guidebooks is I. C. Taubert.

The Impact of Bedbug (Cimex spp.) Bites on Self-Rated Health and Average Hours of Sleep per Day: A Cross-Sectional Study among Hong Kong Bedbug Victims.

Simple SummaryBedbugs (Cimex spp.) are a nuisance pest of significant public health importance that is on the rise globally, especially in crowded cities such as Hong Kong. Bedbug infestations disproportionately affect underprivileged communities living in crowded and dilapidated housing. This study uses an online survey to investigate the health impacts of bedbug infestations among bedbug victims. This study found that most bedbug victims experienced ≥five bites in the past month, usually on the arms and legs. The most common reaction to bites were itchiness, redness, and swelling of the skin, and difficulties sleeping or restlessness. Bites usually occurred during sleep, impacting the bedbug victim’s mental and emotional health, and sleeping quality most severely. The adverse health outcomes of bedbug infestations were associated with the lower self-rated health and average hours of sleep per day of bedbug victims. This study brings attention to the neglected issue of bedbug infestations by providing evidence on the scope of its health impacts, informing public health interventions including public education and extermination programmes, and supportive laws and policies for adequate housing and hygiene. The successful control of bedbugs in an international city such as Hong Kong can inform the control of the global bedbug resurgence.Bedbugs (Cimex spp.) are a nuisance public-health pest that is on the rise globally, particularly in crowded cities such as Hong Kong. To investigate the health impacts of bedbug infestations among bedbug victims, online surveys were distributed in Hong Kong between June 2019 to July 2020. Data on sociodemographics, self-rated health, average hours of sleep per day, and details of bedbug infestation were collected. Bivariate and multivariable analysis were performed using logistic regression. The survey identified 422 bedbug victims; among them, 223 (52.9%) experienced ≥five bites in the past month; most bites occurred on the arms (n = 202, 47.8%) and legs (n = 215, 51%), and the most common reaction to bites were itchiness (n = 322, 76.3%), redness, and swelling of the skin (n = 246, 58.1%), and difficulties sleeping or restlessness (n = 125, 29.6%). Bites usually occurred during sleep (n = 230, 54.5%). For impact on daily life in the past month, most bedbug victims reported moderate to severe impact on mental and emotional health (n = 223, 52.8%) and sleeping quality (n = 239, 56.6%). Lower self-rated health (aOR < 1) was independently associated with impact on physical appearance (p = 0.008), spending money on medication or doctor consultation (p = 0.04), number of bites in the past month (p = 0.023), and irregular time of bites (p = 0.003). Lower average hours of sleep per day (aOR < 1) was independently associated with impact on mental and emotional health (p = 0.016). This study brings attention to the neglected issue of bedbug infestation by considering bedbugs as an infectious agent instead of a vector and providing empirical evidence describing its health impacts.

Techno-Economic Analysis of Commercial Size Grid-Connected Rooftop Solar PV Systems in Malaysia under the NEM 3.0 Scheme

Commercial grid-connected rooftop solar PV systems are widely applied worldwide as part of affordable and clean energy initiatives and viable long-term solutions for energy security. This is particularly true in a crowded city where space is a constraint and at the same time, there are unutilized rooftops. With the recently announced Net Energy Metering (NEM) 3.0, commercial buildings in Malaysia can apply up to 75% capacity of the maximum demand (MD), which can be connected to the grid. Apart from reducing electricity bills, the owner can offset energy for 10 years. This paper presents a design analysis with the details of the sizing of a rooftop PV system. The PVsyst software tool is used to estimate the energy produced by a 380 kWp system, and this study provides a financial analysis to evaluate the profitability of the system with a particular interest in commercial buildings under the NEM 3.0 policy, which has resulted in 8.4 years return of investment (ROI). PVsyst is a software used to size the PV system and provides technical, financial, and environmental analysis. This in-depth analysis could provide a useful case study for asset owners in deciding the way forward for sustainable energy production, cost saving, and combating the energy security issue, since Malaysia is blessed with an abundance of sunshine throughout the year.

The Impressions of International Higher Education Alumni about Turkish Language and Turkey in the Context of Big and Small Cities / Büyük ve Küçük Şehir Bağlamında Uluslararası Yükseköğretim Mezunlarının Türkiye ve Türkçe İzlenimleri

In the last three years, in terms of the presence of international students in higher education, Turkey has become one of the top 10 countries in the world. This study aims at finding the reasons that make Turkey attractive for international students. With this aim, (1) reasons for country choice, (2) reasons for city choice, (3) Turkish learning experiences and (4) advantages and disadvantages of social and educational life experienced by alumni were investigated comparatively in the context of a big city and a small city. Data were obtained by conducting interviews with 42 international alumni who had completed their studies in Turkey and went back to their countries. The results indicated that scholarships supported by the Turkish state had the highest popularity in attracting international student mobility. The other reasons for selecting Turkey were educational opportunities, religious affinity, cultural affinity, and inexpensiveness. Istanbul was perceived as a crowded city that provides space for individual freedom and plenty of personal development, while Edirne was perceived as an inexpensive and calm city, and this calmness made internationals stand out. The alumni who studied in Turkish-medium departments stated negative opinions about the quality of Turkish language teaching and teachers at language preparation classes, while the alumni who studied in English-medium departments found Turkish teaching sufficient. While learning the Turkish language, the alumni had problems with Turkish suffixes, vocalizing letters like ü and ö, diffidence, inability to develop ideas because of thinking about how to say things, and limited mobile application material support. The advantages and disadvantages of social and educational life and other results of the study were discussed in the context of the international literature.

Privacy-Preserving Blockchain-Based Energy Trading Schemes for Electric Vehicles

An energy trading system is essential for the successful integration of Electric Vehicles (EVs) into the smart grid. In this paper, leveraging blockchain technology, we first propose a privacy-preserving charging-station-to-vehicle (CS2V) energy trading scheme. The CS2V scheme is useful in crowded cities where there is a need for a charging infrastructure that can charge many EVs daily. We also propose a privacy-preserving vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) energy trading scheme. The V2V scheme is useful when charging stations are not available or far and cheaper prices can be offered from EVs, e.g., if they charge from renewable energy sources. In the V2V scheme, the privacy of both charging and discharging EVs including location, time, and amount of power are preserved. To preserve privacy in both schemes, EVs are anonymous, however, a malicious EV may abuse the anonymity to launch Sybil attacks by pretending as multiple non-exiting EVs to launch powerful attacks such as Denial of Service (DoS) by submitting multiple reservations/offers without committing to them, to prevent other EVs from charging and make the trading system unreliable. To thwart the Sybil attacks, we use a common prefix linkable anonymous authentication scheme, so that if an EV submits multiple reservations/offers at the same timeslot, the blockchain can identify such submissions. To further protect the privacy of EV drivers, we introduce an anonymous and efficient blockchain-based payment system that cannot link individual drivers to specific charging locations. Our experimental results indicate that our schemes are secure and privacy-preserving with low communication and computation overheads.

Participant Observation of a Crowded City Council Meeting

This article is an ethnographic look at Binghamton NY's city council meeting.

Automatic Measurement of the Carotid Blood Flow for Wearable Sensors: A Pilot Study.

The assessment of the velocity of blood flowing in the carotid, in modern clinical practice, represents an important exam performed both in emergency situations and as part of scheduled screenings. It is typically performed by an expert sonographer who operates a complex and costly clinical echograph. Unfortunately, in developing countries, in rural areas, and even in crowded modern cities, the access to this exam can be limited by the lack of suitable personnel and ultrasound equipment. The recent availability of low-cost, handheld devices has contributed to solving part of the problem, but a wide access to the exam is still hampered by the lack of expert sonographers. In this work, an automated procedure is presented with the hope that, in the near future, it can be integrated into a low-cost, handheld instrument that is also suitable for self-measurement, for example, as can be done today with the finger oximeter. The operator should only place the probe on the neck, transversally with respect to the common tract of the carotid. The system, in real-time, automatically locates the vessel lumen, places the sample volume, and performs an angle-corrected velocity measurement of the common carotid artery peak velocity. In this study, the method was implemented for testing on the ULA-OP 256 scanner. Experiments on flow phantoms and volunteers show a performance in sample volume placement similar to that achieved by expert operators, and an accuracy and repeatability of 3.2% and 4.5%, respectively.

Performance Analysis of GreedLea Routing Protocol in Internet of Vehicle (IoV) Network

The Internet of Vehicles (IoV) network transforms smart life on the wheels through several connections between vehicles, highways, people and networks, providing a safer, more effective and more energy-efficient driving experience. In a specific field, the reliable arrival of independent vehicles and the typical enhancement of traffic safety change through a fast and consistent distribution of messages. It is important to disseminate messages between vehicles that make up the IoV network and to be exploit of the quick and effective transmission of multi-hop communication for the information broadcasting. This study introduces the standardization method and summarizes the primary technologies of IoV network. This study provides a set of traditional research developments, analyses key innovations to date and, eventually, proposes solutions to common use cases that could provide valuable references for the development and implementation of potential IoVs network. The simulation has been done using OMNET++ platform to evaluate the GreedLea routing protocol with the standard Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing (GPSR) and Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol in IoV network scenario. In the performance analysis varied parameters for example direction, node and speed has been take into account. This study also proposed to evaluate GreedLea in a crowded city situation and in a highway situation to provide further realistic simulations. From the simulation results, it shown that the GreedLea presented better performance compared to the traditional GPSR and AODV in term of end-to-end latency, packet loss rate and path loss.

Epidemiology of COVID-19 in the State of Sergipe/Brazil and Its Relationship with Social Indicators.

A pandemic is capable of generating a great impact, not only from the point of view of health, but also socioeconomically. In March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared that a new pandemic situation had arisen, due to the SARS-CoV-2 virus, whose probable origin was zoonotic. The largest number of cases of this disease is concentrated in the United States of America (USA), India, and Brazil. The mortality rate is estimated at 3.4%, but regional differences may exist, and places with a high demographic density have become true epicentres and may be related to higher rates of transmission. In addition to the above, lower human development indexes (HDI) can be related to worse outcomes, especially in the North and Northeast regions of Brazil since they are the least developed places. The Northeast region is the second-most-affected place in the number of COVID-19 cases in Brazil. An analytical observational study of an ecological type was carried out from April to October 2020 to assess the epidemiological situation of COVID-19 in the state of Sergipe and specifically to analyse the incidence of cases and deaths resulting from COVID-19 in the different health regions of the state of Sergipe, in relation to the values of the HDI and demographic density. During the study period, 84,325 cases of COVID-19 were identified, in which 2205 resulted in death. In most of the regions studied, there was a positive association between the number of cases and deaths and the greater the demographic density, but there was no increase in the risk of becoming ill, nor of dying the lower the HDI. Large and crowded cities are places of greatest vulnerability to illness, due to their greater capacity of transmitting the virus; however, further studies are needed to identify other factors that are decisive in the outcomes of this new disease.

Understanding students as hosts: moving beyond sightseeing

PurposeNeither visitors of visiting friends and relatives (VFR) travel nor hosts are homogeneous segments (Griffin & Guttenberg, 2020). For this reason, this study aims to address students as hosts of VFR travel and analyzes differences in the visitor and the host segment. As a result, marketing implications for destination marketing organizations that seek to realize the potential of the student VFR segment arise.Design/methodology/approachThis research project adopts a multi-method approach to derive a deeper empirical understanding of visitors’ behaviors and the role of students hosting friends and relatives (SHFR). The quantitative study aims to reveal the relevance and differences between visits to friends (VF) and visits to relatives (VR), whereas the qualitative study elaborates on the findings of the quantitative study and seeks to understand the role and experiences of students as hosts.FindingsThe findings reveal that VR and VF travelers vary in terms of their expenditure. Hosts’ spending depends on visitors’ budgets; in general, both their direct and indirect (when relatives pay) spending increases when they have visitors. Furthermore, the data identify two distinct hosting styles: functional hosting is concerned with providing outstanding hospitality based on a more traditional, guest-oriented understanding of the role, whereas integrative hosting blurs the lines between hospitality and lifestyle based on a more modern, host-oriented understanding of the role.Research limitations/implicationsRegarding limitations, this study did not differentiate between students who were simultaneously locals and students who resided in the city only for study purposes. In a similar vein, the cultural background of the students was not considered in the research. Finally, the differences between VF and VR could further be explored in a quantitative follow-up study and in testing for significant differences in SHFR spending behaviors. Further research could examine whether domestic travelers, travelers with cultural proximity and/or short-distance VFR travelers are more likely to visit after COVID-19 as suggested by Backer and Ritchie (2017) in the case of crises and disaster.Practical implicationsStudents as hosts differ from other hosts in VFR travel in their reluctance to embrace conventional tourism products. This study found that place attachment makes hosts of VFR travelers passionate ambassadors and advertisers for the destinations; destination marketing organizations (DMOs) could support this already positive image by providing and supporting students with more detailed information about their cities and the opportunities they offer. Results are of particular relevance because the COVID-19 pandemic is forcing DMOs to develop destination strategies that incorporate social-distancing and avoid crowded places.Social implicationsWhen students take their friends out to events and nightclubs, they contribute significantly to experiences that go beyond typical tourism activities such as sightseeing and shopping. By offering special discounts to visitors who come with their hosts, DMOs could help visitors delve more deeply into city life and thereby reduce the likeliness of crowded city centers. Considering the findings relating to the social and emotional qualities of VFR travel, DMO marketing to VFR travelers could benefit from promoting socio-cultural spaces and offerings that value groups’ social ties (e.g. family prices for families with adult children) or alumni status.Originality/valueAccording to the authors’ knowledge, this study is the first which analyzes both, visitors and hosts of VFR travel using a two methods approach. Very recently, Griffin and Guttenberg (2020) miss VFR research focusing on the heterogeneity of the segment, and Backer et al. (2020) claim for more VFR research on the role of hosts carried out outside of Australia, New Zealand, Canada, the UK and the USA. To the authors’ best knowledge, this study is the first which delivers empirical insights on SHFR in Central Europe.

Charging system analysis, energy consumption, and carbon dioxide emissions of battery electric buses in Beijing

Bus rides have become a routine choice for the large population to travel in Beijing. By the end of November 2020, 82.84% of all buses in Beijing had switched to electric vehicles. A solution to the problem of charging a huge number of battery electric buses (BEBs) in urban areas, especially in crowded cities with large populations, has to be found. In the present paper, a calculation model based on the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) is established for comparison and analysis of the BEB charging. The calculation results show that the hybrid charging mode is economically feasible. Moreover, from the perspectives of optimizing operation shifts and responding to emergency situations, hybrid charging mode is applicable to the current electric bus system. The calculation results also show that the use of BEBs as the main ground public transportation in Beijing can substantially reduce CO2 emissions and save huge fuel costs. Its application is a very wise choice. The analogy calculation on Tongzhou District, the sub center of Beijing which is under construction, shows that the use of BEBs in Tongzhou can reduce CO2 emissions by about 34.6% on average compared with fuel buses. The population is the main influencing factor of analogy calculation.