Cross-sectional Time Series Research Articles

Analyzing the impact of state gun laws on mass shootings in the United States from 2013 to 2021

ObjectivesMass shooting incidents have drastically increased in the United States in the last 10 years, with a disproportionate number of incidents occurring in some states. Gun laws vary greatly by state, but little research has been conducted to examine the association between the strength of state gun laws and mass shootings. This study aims to explore the aggregate effect of state gun laws on the rate of mass shooting incidents and fatalities. Study designThis was a cross-sectional time series. MethodsThis study applied the negative binomial generalized linear mixed model to assess the impact of state gun laws restrictiveness—as measured by the total number of active gun laws—on the rate of mass shooting incidents and fatalities. ResultsThe restrictiveness of state gun laws was significantly associated with the rate of mass shooting fatalities; specifically, for every 1 standard deviation (SD) increase in the state gun law restrictiveness score (i.e. for every additional 27 gun laws in place), the rate of mass shooting fatalities was decreased by 24% (P-value <0.0001), controlling for other predictor variables in the model. However, no significant association was found between the restrictiveness of state gun laws and rate of mass shooting incidents. ConclusionsState gun laws may not decrease the number of mass shooting events, but they appear to help reduce the number of deaths when these mass shootings occur. Better data collection on mass shootings and further research on the impacts of specific gun laws are needed to help understand the effectiveness of gun laws and inform law-based interventions.

Research and development reporting and stock performance: evidence from China

PurposeChina adopted its new Accounting Standards for Business Enterprises No. 6 in 2007, which substantially converges with the International Financial Reporting Standards. It stipulates that firms operating in China shall capitalize development costs provided specific criteria have been met. This paper aims to examine the effects of the new accounting policies of R&D on the value-relevance and stock performance of 36,299 Chinese firms-years from 2007 to 2020.Design/methodology/approachA comprehensive multi-stage analysis was conducted. Multiple linear regressions were performed on the pooled cross-sectional time-series total R&D, capitalized expenditures, expensed costs and other key financial factors to test for the effects of R&D on the stock prices, contemporaneous stock returns and subsequent stock returns for the full sample, capitalizer sample and expenser sample, respectively.FindingsFirst, majority of Chinese firms (about 80% of those reported) elect to adopt expensing R&D approach, while about 20% deploys capitalization treatment. Second, key attributes such as size, profitability, leverage and R&D intensity are highly associated with capitalization propensity. Third, current capitalization affects the contemporaneous stock prices and stock returns (priced-in) with yearly volatility. Finally, intertemporal association exists between firms’ expensing costs and subsequent returns due to a delayed reaction.Originality/valueAs the world largest emerging economy, the results show that research and development information adds value, and capitalizers outperforms expensers in the area of stock performance. This strategy works irrespectively of economic development stage or capital market maturity. The findings call for more capitalization.

Measuring Labor Market Transitions with Time Series of Cross Sections

Measuring Labor Market Transitions with Time Series of Cross Sections

Does the audit quality have any moderating impact on the relationship between ownership structure and dividends? Evidence from Jordan

The article aims at investigating whether audit quality impacts the relationship between ownership structure and dividends in companies listed on the Amman Stock Exchange (ASE). The article is constructed on the analysis of time-series–cross-section (TSCS) (Panel Data). The study sample comprises 34 companies listed on the Amman Stock Exchange between 2016 and 2021. The study sample’s content of the financial reports is analyzed to attain appropriate data for the study. The Findings indicate that family ownership and ownership of board members negatively impact dividends. In contrast, institutional ownership and concentrated ownership positively impact dividends, as no effect of foreign ownership is found on dividends. By introducing audit quality as a modified variable on the relationship between ownership structure and dividends, the findings demonstrate that audit quality positively enhances and strengthens this relationship. This article with its results is of great significance to future stockholders and shareholders, as they help in selecting companies capable of distributing higher dividends than other companies and achieving satisfactory investment returns. The findings of the study also focus on the significance of audit quality as a guarantor for regulating the relationship between forms of ownership structure and the distribution of dividends. This study is regarded among the little research investigating the factors that would impact the relationship between ownership structure and dividends. This article plays a key role in bridging the research gap related to the lack of studies dealing with the relationship between ownership structure and dividends in emerging markets.

Board Attributes and Stock Returns of Listed Consumer Goods Companies in Nigeria

This study investigates how board attributes (BA) affect the stock returns (SR) of Nigerian quoted consumer goods companies (QCGC). Size, independence, and financial knowledge of the board were all employed as predictor variables. For the purpose of addressing the problem, this investigation chose descriptive and expost facto methodology as well as positivist view point. The twenty-three (23) QCGC of the Nigerian Stock Exchange (NES) as of 2020 made up the population. A sample size of sixteen (16) QCGC was obtained using the purposive sampling procedure. Secondary sources were employed to compile the study's data. The data were gathered from the yearly financial reports of the selected corporations for ten (10) years (2011-2020). With the use of STATA-13, the study used multiple regression as the analysis method. The study utilised the Hausman specification test to examine endogeneity because the data it used were panel data (i.e., crosssectional time series data). The Breusch-Pagan test for heteroscedasticity and the test for Multicollinearity utilizing the Variance Inflation Factor (VIF) were additional robustness tests used in this study to assess the model's suitability and the validity of the results. According to the overall regression result indicated by the R-squared, BAs can be utilised to forecast how SRs would behave in the QCGC. Accordingly, it was discovered that board independence and financial skill had a positive significant effect on SRs, whereas board size has no significant impact on SRs of QCGC in Nigeria. According to the study's findings, the board of directors of QCGCs should expand their capability for monitoring discretionary management conduct by adding at least three accounting and financial professionals to the board to advance the quality of earnings.

COVID-19 등 팬데믹 이후의 부동산시장에 관한 연구

The purpose of this study is to examine whether infectious diseases such as H1N1 flu, MERS, and COVID-19 affect housing prices, and to analyze how the money supply and interest rates at the time of each epidemic affect housing prices, using a fixed-effects model. was used. The implications of this study are First, this study has great implications at this point in that there are few previous studies on the relationship between infectious diseases such as COVID-19 and housing prices, and there is no empirical analysis. Second, this study was possible because panel data combining cross-sectional data and time series data were constructed, and macroeconomic and regional characteristics through the era of infectious diseases could be reflected. In conclusion, the impact of post-COVID-19 epidemics on house prices, such as COVID-19, was found to be different in the metropolitan area and Seoul. It was judged that the new flu had a positive impact on the metropolitan area, but had a negative impact on house prices in Busan, Ulsan, and Gyeongnam. It is judged that COVID-19 has had a positive impact on the metropolitan area, Busan, Ulsan, and Gyeongnam.

Estimating Consumer Preferences for Food, Using Time Series Data of Pakistan

Consumer preferences for food and non-food items in Pakistan are frequently estimated by using data from the household surveys. However, structural change in consumer preferences, caused by changes in tastes, can be studied by using the annual time series data, a time series of cross sections, or the panel data. This paper uses Pakistan’s annual time series disappearance data for eight food commodities from 1972 to 1991 to study consumer behaviour. The existence and the nature of structural change is tested by using both the generalised axiom of revealed preference (GARP) and the first-difference LA/AIDS model. It turns out that GARP tests are low-powered as tests of structural change on our data-set. However, the results from the LA/AIDS model show a shift in consumer demand from gram (split) to chicken after 1982. The data set satisfies symmetry and homogeneity. The estimates of price and income elasticities are also consistent with economic theory. The implications of these results for policy are also discussed.

MODELING THE PROFITABILITY OF TELECOMMUNICATION SUB-SECTOR STOCKS USING PANEL DATA REGRESSION ANALYSIS

The Covid-19 outbreak in Indonesia has wreaked havoc on the financial market, causing turbulence in the stock market. One industry that did not endure instability was the telecommunications subsector due to government initiatives connected to online learning and office tasks performed on a Work From Home (WFH) basis, which increased internet usage during online learning and WFH. Online learning and office activities carried out on a Work From Home (WFH) basis have increased the sector's profitability and breathed new life into the world of stock investment. When purchasing stocks, an investor always seeks to generate a profit. The profitability ratio reveals the profitability of the business. Profitability and investment decisions are linked as a result of a budget plan and profit forecast. This study aims to model telecommunications subsector companies' profitability on the Indonesian stock exchange using panel data regression analysis. The panel data regression analysis mixes cross-section data and time series data in which the same cross-section unit is sampled at various times. Therefore, investors must be aware of the profitability of the subsector of the telecommunications industry to make an investment decision. This research will generate a model of the profitability of subsector enterprises in the telecommunications industry. Based on the R square value of 0.8752, the results of this study indicate that ln equity, inflation, CR, and DER can explain 87.52% of the variation in ROA. In comparison, the remaining 12.48% is impacted by factors not included in the model.

Impact of Transnational Research Collaboration on Universities’ Innovation Performance: Panel Data Research of 64 Chinese Universities from 2009 to 2019

Recently, China launched policies to further internationalize Chinese universities, including the “First-Class Universities and First-Class Disciplines Project” (Double First-Class Project), which highlights the importance of increasing transnational research collaboration activities. However, little is known about the actual impacts of these national initiatives on universities’ transnational research collaboration activities. Research on the impact of the involvement of transnational research collaboration on universities’ innovation performance is lacking. The purpose of this study was (1) to further understand the link between the involvement of transnational research collaboration and the innovation performance of universities and (2) to examine the relation between the “Double First-Class Project” and transnational research collaboration in Chinese universities. Through collecting and analyzing 576 panel data (a combination of cross-sectional series data and time series data) on the involvement of transnational research collaboration and the innovation performance of 64 universities from 2009 to 2019, the study manifested a positive correlation between the involvement of transnational research collaboration and the innovation performance of universities. The study further indicated the national key university initiative had a direct positive impact. More meso-level studies and a more open international mindset from policymakers to maintain the sustainable development of research and innovation globally are needed.

The Chow Test with Time Series-Cross Section Data

Abstract The Chow test is the standard method to test for differences in regression response across groups. In some cases, the groups being tested are composed of a time series of cross sections. For example, when testing for differences across industries, each industry may be composed of several observations on several individual firms. If the individuals themselves have systematic differences, the Chow test will be compromised: the individual and group effects become confounded. This can cause rejections in the absence of the group effect of interest. We illustrate the problem with a Monte Carlo analysis, and show that the effects cannot be separated. We propose a bootstrap-like testing procedure that can eliminate excessive Type I errors, and when used with the standard Chow test can help to arrive at an appropriate conclusion when both effects are present. JEL classification numbers: C01, C10, C12, C15, C18. Keywords: Chow test, Bootstrap, Empirical distribution, Statistical testing, Econometrics.

From hackers to start-ups: Innovation commons and local entrepreneurial activity

In hacker communities, tech-savvy pioneers collect and share information on nascent technologies. The pool of information shared among users reduces uncertainty about digital technology, but, first and foremost, it reveals entrepreneurial opportunities to users in the community, which is a central tenet of innovation commons theory. In this paper, we are first to explore the role of local hackerspaces for digital entrepreneurship in German counties using cross-sectional time series data. We find that longer-lasting hackerspaces are strongly correlated with the level of digital entrepreneurship in regions, particularly in agglomerations and urban contexts.

Determinants of public interest in emerging and re-emerging arboviral diseases in Europe: A spatio-temporal analysis of cross-sectional time series data.

Climate change, the resulting geographical expansion of arthropod disease vectors, and increasing international mobility are contributing to the emergence of arboviral diseases in Europe. Public interest in vector-borne diseases and a subsequent gain of awareness and knowledge are essential to control outbreaks but had not yet been systematically assessed prior to this analysis. Trends, patterns, and determinants of public interest in six emerging and re-emerging arboviral diseases were assessed in a spatio-temporal analysis of Google Trends data from 30 European countries between 2008 and 2020 while controlling for potential confounders. Only public interest in endemic arboviral diseases in Europe displays seasonal patterns and has been increasing since 2008, while no significant patterns or trends could be determined for public interest in non-endemic diseases. The main drivers for public interest in all six analysed arboviral diseases are reported case rates, and public interest drops rapidly as soon as cases decline. For Germany, the correlation of public interest and the geographical distribution of locally-acquired reported cases of endemic arboviral infections could be shown on a sub-country level. The results of the analysis indicate that public interest in arboviral diseases in Europe is heavily impacted by perceived susceptibility on a temporal as well as on a spatial level. This result may be crucial for the design of future public health interventions to alert the public to the increasing risk of infection with arboviral diseases.

Relationship between freshwater harmful algal blooms and neurodegenerative disease incidence rates in South Korea

BackgroundDue to anthropogenic activities and global warming, the severity and distribution of harmful algal blooms (HABs) have been increasing steadily worldwide, including in South Korea (S. Korea). Previous studies reported that exposure to HABs could increase the risk of HAB-related diseases. However, very few studies examined the linkage between HABs and disease occurrence, particularly in S. Korea. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential impact of HABs on neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and motor neuron disease, at a population level.MethodsThirteen-year data (2005–2017) for chlorophyll-a (chl-a) concentrations as a bloom-related parameter, annual numbers of NDs, and population information were collected. First, the entire area of S. Korea was divided into a grid of 1 km, and the population number in each 1-km grid was collected using the Statistical Geographic Information Service Plus system. Cross-sectional time series data were analyzed with two statistical models, a generalized linear mixed model and a generalized linear model.ResultsThe results show a general trend of increasing chl-a concentration and NDs year by year. We observed positive correlations between HAB intensity and the incidence rate of NDs. Particularly, HABs seem to have the most long-term carry-over effect on Parkinson’s disease. Another key finding was that a 5-km radius from the HAB location was the boundary that showed the most significant associations with three NDs.ConclusionsThis study provides statistical evidence that supports the potential risk of NDs from the exposure to HAB. Thus, it is recommended to monitor a broad spectrum of cyanotoxins, including neurotoxins, in bloom-affected regions in S. Korea and epidemiological studies in the future.

Changes in work-related stressors before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: differences by gender and parental status

PurposeThe COVID-19 pandemic changed people’s working conditions worldwide and research suggests increases in work stressors. However, it is not known to what extent these changes differ by gender or parental status. In the present study, we investigate trends in work stressors and whether these differ by gender and parental status.MethodsWe used cross-sectional time series data of the European Working Conditions Survey of 2015 and Living, Working and COVID-19 survey of spring 2020 to examine trends in work stressors by gender and parental status. Work stressors were working in leisure time, lack of psychological detachment and work–life conflict. We applied three-way multilevel regressions reporting prevalence ratios and reported predicted probabilities and average marginal effects to show trends and differences in changes in work stressors.ResultsOur multilevel regression results showed elevated prevalence ratios during the pandemic for working leisure time (PR: 1.43, 95% CI 1.34–1.53), psychological detachment (PR: 1.70, 95% CI 1.45–1.99) and work–life conflict (PR: 1.29, 95% CI 1.17–1.43) compared to before the pandemic. Except for working in leisure time, the increase was more significant among women and mothers. The proportion of work–life conflict in 2020 was 20.7% (95% CI 18.7–22.9) for men and 25.8% (95% CI 24.0–27.6) for women, equalling a difference of 5.1% (p < 0.001).ConclusionsThere is evidence that work stressors increased disproportionately for women and mothers. This needs to be monitored and addressed to prevent widening gender inequalities in the quality of work.

Relationship of Macroeconomic Policies with Stunting: The Role of The Health Budget, Applying Fiscal Autonomy and Reducing Poverty

The prevalence of stunting over the past 10 years indicates no significant changes and this indicates that the stunting problem needs to be addressed immediately. The indirect cause of the problem of stunting is influenced by various factors including the health budget, fiscal autonomy, and the level of poverty. This study used a regression model using panel data or pooled data (pooling cross section-time series regression). The cross-section unit was 100 districts and cities in 33 provinces in Indonesia and the year of analysis in 2019. The analysis showed that, partially, the level of poverty influences the incidence of stunting, the health budget influences the incidence of stunting, and fiscal autonomy influences the incidence of stunting. Simultaneously the health budget, fiscal autonomy, and poverty level influence stunting. Our study recommends that the Indonesian government increase health budget, reduce the inter-regional fiscal gap, improve the social welfare of the Indonesian people, and reduce revenue inequality.&#x0D; Keywords: stunting, fiscal budget, health, poverty, macroeconomic.

Examining the link between integrated management systems and firm performance: do the integration strategies matter?

PurposeThis study attempts to examine the performance differences between firms with and without integrated management systems (IMSs), and the impact of three integration strategies (i.e. implementing quality management system (QMS) first, then environmental management system (EMS) (QMS + EMS); implementing EMS first, then QMS (EMS + QMS); implementing QMS and EMS simultaneously (QMS − EMS)) on firm performance to reveal the IMS–performance relationship and provide empirical evidence.Design/methodology/approachTwo panel datasets were collected during 2009–2019. This study used the Mann–Whitney non-parametric test and a sample of 33,155 observations from 4,316 Chinese listed firms to compare the performance differences between the IMS and non-IMS groups through performance indicators. This study also examined the effects of three integration strategies on firm performance using a cross-sectional time-series feasible generalized least squares (FGLS) regression model and a sample of 11,289 observations from 2,037 firms.FindingsThe results show that significant performance differences exist between IMS and non-IMS firms; however, the performance of firms with an IMS is not always better than that of firms without IMS. Furthermore, the simultaneous integration strategy has a positive impact, whereas sequential integration strategies (QMS + EMS and EMS + QMS) negatively affect firm performance. Compared with the EMS + QMS strategies, the QMS + EMS strategies have a more prominent effect on firm performance. Simultaneous strategies are more effective than sequential strategies.Practical implicationsFirms should fully consider the potential benefits and costs associated with the difficulties of IMS implementation and the implementation order of different management systems and the potential effects of the management systems in different conditions. Firms also should try to develop internal capabilities through implementing different integration strategies.Originality/valueBy comparing performance differences between firms with and without IMS, this study enriches the understanding of the performance benefits of IMS implementation in the Chinese context. By examining the impact of integration strategies that follow different sequences on firm performance, this study promotes an in-depth understanding of the integration strategies and their performance implications beyond simple descriptions and also provides new insights into operations strategy models.

Rebuilding energy infrastructures and the manufacturing sector in post-conflict countries

Conflicts severely depress the manufacturing sector of affected countries and jeopardize its recovery once peace is re-established. Yet, I claim that donors' commitment to restore and develop infrastructures to generate, distribute, store and manage energy may boost an upswing of the manufacturing sector in post-conflict settings. This is because, first, as opposed to conventional developmental aid, post-conflict aid is proven to be unusually productive and unlikely to trigger the appreciation of the real exchange rate. Second, because restoring and enhancing energy infrastructures is expected to increase the return on investments in the manufacturing sector. To test my hypothesis, I resort to a cross-section time-series two-stage least squares multivariate analysis covering 45 post-conflict countries between 1970 and 2013. I find that donors' commitment to rebuild and enhance energy infrastructures in post-conflict countries has positive effects on the manufacturing sector of recipient countries both in the short and in the medium term. These findings contribute both to shed more light on the impact of foreign aid in fragile and post-conflict countries, and to the literature investigating the impact of electrification in developing economies.

Remembering the “Human” in Human Trafficking: An Analysis of Female Leadership and Anti-Trafficking Policy Choices

Abstract Could gender expectations play a role in executive leadership policy choices on human trafficking? To help explain why executive leaders of different genders may prioritize starkly different policies on the same issue, we situate our argument within the political double bind. We posit that human trafficking, a crime that exists at the nexus between foreign and domestic and masculine and feminine policy choices, is an arena where women will be more likely to demonstrate that they are compassionate domestically, thus choosing to fulfill the “feminine” side of the double bind over the “masculine” side. Using a cross-sectional time series regression analysis of forty-eight women leaders, we test this expected pattern for the years 2000–2016 and find that as the double bind suggests, women leaders prioritize protection measures over prosecution or prevention measures when addressing human trafficking, thereby fulfilling the domestic expectations of “feminine” leadership performance over the international expectations of “masculine” leadership performance to combat this crime. We also find that women have higher scores for anti-trafficking policy on the aggregate, indicating flexibility, and pointing to the careful balancing act women leaders must play when making policy choices.

Does the Bomb Really Embolden? Revisiting the Statistical Evidence for the Nuclear Emboldenment Thesis

This paper revisits the latest statistical evidence for the nuclear emboldenment thesis—nuclear-armed states are more likely to initiate military aggression than non-nuclear states—from ( Bell and Miller 2015 ). If correct, their findings have important theoretical and policy implications regarding the effect of nuclear proliferation on international conflict. This paper shows, however, that Bell and Miller’s findings heavily rely on two important components of their statistical analysis: (1) using all state dyad observations, and (2) employing pooled regression models to analyze time-series-cross-sectional (TSCS) data. I argue that those components are based on questionable assumptions on heterogeneity in their dataset. Based on alternative strategies dealing with heterogeneity in dyadic data, my reanalysis shows that the emboldening effect of nuclear weapons is not as robust as originally claimed. Instead, I find the robust deterrent effect of nuclear weapons: nuclear-armed states are less likely to be targeted in military disputes. These findings highlight the need for careful application of quantitative methods to produce a more robust understanding of nuclear issues.

PHYSICAL AND NON-PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT LEVERAGE HUMAN DEVELOPMENT IN PAPUA PROVINCE

Poverty is a picture of the conditions of people who are unable to meet basic needs according to applicable standards. Some of the ways that the government has prepared to alleviate poverty, one of which is by developing infrastructure development. The aim of the study was to find out whether the development of physical infrastructure (electricity and roads) and non-physical infrastructure such as financial institutions (post offices) had an influence on poverty levels in the province of Papua with 10 Districs in 2017-2019. The data analysis technique implied the panel data consisting of cross section data and time series data. The results of this study showed that physical infrastructure has a significant influence while non-physical infrastructure has no significant effect on poverty rates in papua province.