The charge-transfer process for collisions of ${\mathrm{C}}^{4+}$ with atomic hydrogen is studied theoretically and experimentally in this work. Our theoretical study is based on an electron-nuclear dynamics approach applied here for the state-to-state and total contributions to the electron-capture cross sections. Our theoretical results are complemented by experimental measurements of the absolute total cross section for collisions of ${\mathrm{C}}^{4+}$ with atomic hydrogen, which were carried out using an ion-atom merged-beams technique at relative collision energies of $0.122--2.756$ keV/u and performed with an improved apparatus at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. We find that the structure observed around a collision energy of 0.5 keV/u in the experimental results is due to the combined contributions of the $3\ensuremath{\ell}$ capture cross sections, the coupling of the electronic and nuclear dynamics, and the acceptance angle in the experimental configuration. We also report the ${\mathrm{C}}^{4+}$ kinetic energy loss and stopping cross section. We find that the ${\mathrm{C}}^{4+}$ gains energy for relative collision energies between 0.1 and 10 keV/u, with a maximum at $\ensuremath{\sim}1$ keV/u. Our theoretical study shows that, to compare to the merged-beams experimental results, one has to account for effects produced by the merged path length of the apparatus.