Cross Direction Research Articles

Impact of fibre orientation on thickness and tensile strength of needle-punched nonwoven: Optimization of carding parameters

In this research work, the authors have investigated the influence of fibre orientation on thickness and tenacity of needle-punched nonwoven fabrics by using three-factor three-level Box–Behnken Design. Three carding parameters such as feeder speed, cylinder speed and doffer speed, which are primarily responsible for fibre orientation, were considered as three factors with three different levels. Fibre orientation was evaluated in terms of anisotropy by using tracer fibre technique. Anisotropy was measured in both un-punched and punched fibrous structure. Tenacity was measured in both machine and cross directions. It was found that the tenacity in the cross direction and thickness decreases but the tenacity in the machine direction increases with the increase of anisotropy as well as fibre orientation.

Damage identification in a plate structure based on a cross-direction strain measurement method

Structural strain responses are extensively applied in the field of structural health monitoring (SHM); however, previous studies have focused on the damage identification methods based on strain responses. This paper focuses on measurement technology and proposes a new strain measurement method. Four strain gauges are set in a cross direction on the surface of the structure. Then, the Wheatstone full-bridge connection is used to measure the combined strain of the four strain gauges. The peak picking method is applied to estimate the strain modal shape and frequency of the structure under ambient excitation. The strain mode difference is used as a damage identification index. Finally, clamped plate experiments, including single-damage, multi-damage and damage distance experiments, are successfully implemented. Compared with traditional half-bridge strain measurements, the results show that the cross-direction strain measurement method is more sensitive to minor damage and has higher identification accuracy.

Stiffness and strength properties of five paperboards and their moisture dependency

Five commercial multiply folding boxboards made on the same paperboard machine have been analyzed. The paperboards were from the same product series but had different grammage (235, 255, 270, 315, 340 g/m2) and different bending stiffness. The paperboards are normally used to make packages, and because the bending stiffness and grammage varies, the performance of the packages will differ. Finite element simulations can be used to predict these differences, but for this to occur, the stiffness and strength properties need to be deter-mined. For efficient determination of the three-dimensional properties in the machine direction (MD), cross direction (CD), and Z direction (ZD), it is proposed that the paperboard should be characterized using in-plane tension, ZD-tension, shear strength profiles, and two-point bending. The proposed setups have been used to determine stiff-ness and strength properties at different relative humidity (20,% 50%, 70%, and 90% RH), and the mechanical proper-ties have been evaluated as a function of moisture ratio. There was a linear relation between mechanical properties and moisture ratio for each paperboard. When the data was normalized with respect to the standard climate (50% RH) and plotted as a function of moisture ratio, it was shown that the normalized mechanical properties for all paperboards coincided along one single line and could therefore be expressed as a linear function of moisture ratio and two constants. Consequently, it is possible to obtain the mechanical properties of a paperboard by knowing the structural prop-erties for the preferred level of RH and the mechanical property for the standard climate (50% RH and 23°C).

The effect of cross direction and ploidy level on phenotypic variation of reciprocal diploid and triploid mandarin hybrids

New citrus fruit varieties with the right pomological and organoleptic characteristics are expected by consumers and the fresh citrus fruit market. Apart from a good balance between sugar content and acidity, seedlessness is particularly demanded. Triploidy is one of the best ways to obtain seedless cultivars, and, taking advantage of diploid gametes, research programs have succeeded in creating them. Triploid hybrids are sterile and, when associated with parthenocarpy, produce seedless fruits. However, no studies have compared the potential agronomic interest of diploid and triploid cultivars to date. The aims of this study were to investigate the effects of (i) cross direction between diploid and triploid reciprocal populations of mandarin hybrids and (ii) the increase in ploidy level from diploidy to triploidy phenotypic variation in quantitative agronomic traits. Reciprocal crosses between ‘Fortune’ mandarin and ‘Ellendale’ tangor generated two diploid and two triploid populations; we then phenotyped by measuring fruit and juice weights, sugar content and titratable acidity over three harvesting campaigns. Significant differences in sugar and acidity levels were observed between triploid populations. Both triploid progenies varied according to their respective female genitor, unlike diploid populations in which no relationship was found between their phenotypic variation and that of their parents. Considering each cross direction separately, the comparison of diploid and triploid populations revealed that triploid hybrids were juicier and sweeter. A genomic dosage effect appears to be the most plausible explanation for these variations. These innovative results will help optimize triploid citrus breeding programmes by choosing the appropriate diploid gamete producing parent.

Semantic Segmentation of Marine Remote Sensing Based on a Cross Direction Attention Mechanism

With the development of remote sensing technology, the semantic segmentation and recognition of various things in the ocean have become more and more frequent. Due to the wide variety of marine things and the large differences in morphology, it has brought greater difficulties to the recognition of marine remote sensing images. In order to obtain better segmentation results of ocean remote sensing images, this paper proposes an cross attention mechanism(Horizontal and Vertical) of exponential operation combined with multi-scale convolution algorithm. Among them, the cross attention mechanism and expanded distribution weight coefficient mentioned in this paper are first proposed. First, Input the marine remote sensing image features into an cross attention mechanism algorithm of exponential operation to obtain feature weight coefficients and joint weight coefficients in multiple directions; Then, the features with weight coefficients are input into the multi-access convolutional layer and the multi-scale dilated convolutional layer respectively for deep feature mining; Then the above steps are repeated twice, and finally the semantic segmentation of marine remote sensing images is achieved by fusing multiple deep-level features afterwards. Experiments were conducted on three public marine remote sensing data sets, and the results proved the effectiveness of our proposed cross attention mechanism of extended operation algorithm. The F values of the MAMC model on Beach, Island and Sea ice data sets have reached 99.4%, 91.25%, 87.08% respectively. Compared with other models, the effect is significantly improved, and proved the powerful performance of the algorithm in the semantic segmentation of marine remote sensing images.

The use of the Box–Behnken experimental design to model tensile strength of spunlaced fabrics and evaluating fabrics behaviour in acidic condition

Determining the tensile strength of nonwoven fabrics is one of the important factors considered for operational performance of the fabrics, especially for fabrics that are exposed to acidic condition. Polyacrylonitrile (PAN), polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) and polyimide (PI) fibres are used to produce fabrics that can withstand harsh chemical condition and still possess the required tensile strength; however, over a period of time the tensile strength gradually decreases. The Box–Behnken design method results showed that it can model and describe the effects of process parameters on the tensile strength of spunlaced fabrics in both cross direction and machine direction. The contour plots’ results indicate that varying the fibres polyacrylonitrile (−1), polyphenylene sulfide (0) and polyphenylene sulphide/polyimide (1) from −1 to 1 increases the fabric tensile strength in both machine direction and cross direction. For water jet pressure 60 bar (−1), 80 bar (0) and 100 bar (1), increasing the pressure from −1 to 1 increases the fabric tensile strength in cross direction but in the machine direction the fabric strength decreases. Increasing the fabric area weight of 440 g/m2 (−1), 500 g/m2 (0) and 560 g/m2 (1) from −1 to 1 decreases the tensile strength. Exposing fabrics to sulphuric acid (H2SO4) decreases the fabric tensile strength in both machine direction and cross direction due to the degradation of the fibres and the loss decreases gradually with the duration of exposure. For PAN fabrics, the tensile strength decreases by 21% and that of PPS and PPS/PI fabrics decrease by 10% and 6%, respectively.

Comprehensive performance evaluation of a novel Aaberg exhaust system reinforced by a swirling jet

In industrial ventilation, Aaberg hood is an efficient device for the local capture of pollutants with larger capacity compared to the traditional exterior hood. This paper proposes a further optimization approach, using a swirling jet in place of the radial one in the basic Aaberg hood. Computational Fluid Dynamics simulation of the optimized device is presented. A comprehensive performance evaluation is realized by analyzing the airflow pattern, capture efficiency, and pollutant behavior. The principal direction of contaminant transport is specifically considered in the performance evaluation. Results show that as the momentum ratio changes, the optimized device has a transition between two working modes, one featuring a high momentum ratio with a jet detached from the suction flow, and the other a low momentum ratio with an attached jet to the suction flow, both having separate advantages in different installation settings. The detached jet can enhance the suction performance similar to an Aaberg hood while the swirling and returning of the attached jet can counteract the effect from the cross direction and confine the scope of pollutant dispersion. This work helps to find a more efficient device and the optimized working condition for the local capture of pollutants in different scenarios.

Cutting edge preparation of cutting tools using plasma discharges in electrolyte

The paper deals with the issue of cutting edge preparation and tool treatment before coating. In this article, the novel method called edge preparation by plasma discharges in electrolyte is presented. The mechanism of material removal is based on melting and vaporisation instead of abrasion and it is not influenced or limited by the hardness of the tool material. The shape of the vapour-plasma envelope leads to intensive material removal from the edges of cutting tools. This phenomenon was applied to round the sharp edges of electrically conducting cutting tools. The tested cutting tool material of samples was cemented carbide. The cutting edge radii were formed by immersing the cutting tool into an electrolyte. The increasing the processing time results in a larger cutting edge radius. The values of cutting edge radii increased from 10 μm to 45 μm in 50 s of treatment by plasma discharges in electrolyte. Moreover, the grinding marks on the surfaces of the cemented carbide turning insert prepared by plasma discharges in electrolyte were smoothed. The quality of surface roughness of cemented carbide samples was increased. If cemented carbide turning inserts are prepared using plasma discharges in electrolyte after grinding then the values of surface roughness parameter Ra will be lower from 0.223 μm to 0.186 μm in the cross direction to the grinding marks and from 0.183 μm to 0.117 μm in the longitudinal direction.

Analysis of Rigid Body Swing Effect on SCR Response under Top Motion and Wave Action

The catenary riser such as steel catenary riser (SCR), under wave action or current action, shows a kind of rotation that acts as a rigid body along a similarly fixed axis of oscillation determined by the varying suspension and touch down point, respectively. The characteristics of acceleration of catenary riser influenced by rigid body swing integrity backwards and forwards (RBSIBF) in cross direction cannot be neglected. Based on the large deflection slender beam model, top motion of x direction, RBSIBF, and wave force model, this manuscript studies and explains effect of RBSIBF in cross direction (z direction) on riser in quantitative and qualitative perspectives. The rigid body wiggle effect can be considered by amplitude-value multiplication with the safety factor of 1.2. The calculation shows that, in terms of the overall motion pattern, the motion response in the xy plane develops gradually from the narrow amplitude wiggle in in-line direction of top region to narrow amplitude wiggle in vertical direction of bottom area. Wave load is the main effect load in cross-flow direction. Along the depth increase, the acceleration amplitude of the top hanging point area is maximum, and the amplitude decreases most strongly or violently. With the decrease of case amplitude, the structural acceleration responses of node 10th to 80th significantly reduced by about 30% and the corresponding of node 140th to 200th increased by about 15%. The most influential point of RBSIBF on acceleration is node 200th with an influence level of about 20%. When the structure mainly rotates in the xz plane, rigid body wiggle and swing are positively correlated with rotation vector diameter. The rigid body wiggle and swing increase acceleration of structure. In the rotational yz plane of the structure, rigid body wiggle and swing reduce acceleration response.

The influence of the rolling direction on the elastic characteristics of the bending samples

There are a number of factors influencing the bending process such as: the rolling direction of the blank; the minimum bend radius of the piece; the radii of the bending plate (of the mold); the play between the die and the punch, the recoverable strain of the piece after bending. The paper presents the experimental results regarding the influence of the lamination direction on the rheological behaviour of the cold bending parts, using the Lloyd LS100 Plus universal machine and the Nexygen Plus program. Thus, two categories of samples were analyzed: some being cutted off in the direction of rolling of the sheet at which the bending occurred on an axis perpendicular to the direction of rolling and others cutted on cross direction of rolling, the bending being produced along the axis parallel to the rolling direction. As an elasto-plastic process, after the loading process during experiment, the samples recorded an elastic strain recovery due to the kinetic energy stored during stresses. Thus, the recovered elastic deformation (springback) is more pronounced in the case of specimens cutted of in cross direction on the rolling fiber where the bending moment is produced in the direction parallel to the laminating fiber of materials.

The Implementation of Bipartite Graph To Minimize Crossing Number Problem of Crossroads in Manado

The Implementation Of Bipartite Graph To Minimize Crossing Number Problem Of Crossroads In Manado. Supervised by BENNY PINONTAN as main supervisor and CHRIESTIE E. J. C. MONTOLALU as co-supervisor. In general, the crossroads are the meeting points of two-way roads from four different places. This causes cross direction at that point. There are various methods that can be used to minimize the crossing number problem crossroad, for example graph theory. The ability of graph theory can later help describe crossroads in Manado into graph, with nodes and lines. In this case, the crossing number problems will solve by bipartite graph. Bipartite graph is a graph that does not have an odd cycle, and can be partitioned into two parts of a set of vertices. Based on results of this research, the appropriate form of the bipartite graph is and in two different form. First, with an isolated vertex, and second, without isolated vertex. In the case of crossroads, Bipartite graph turns out to be one method that is very suitable and helps determine the crossing number and its solution quickly.

Preparation and Characterization of Hybrid Composite Film Based on Synthetic and Natural Materials

Low density polyethylene / tapioca starch (LDPE/TS) blends have respectable biodegradation properties and poor mechanical and thermal properties compared to neat LDPE film. The focal target of this study is to investigate the effect of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) loading on mechanical, thermal, and biodegradation properties of LDPE/TS film. LDPE/TS/CaCO3 blend films were prepared using film blown processing. The results indicated that the maximum loading of CaCO3 which feasible to be incorporated into (45:20) LDPE/TS blend is 10% without exertions during film processing. CaCO3 has remarkable effect on mechanical properties of LDPE/TS films in both machine direction (MD) and cross direction (CD). Water absorption capacities of the films were reduced after the addition of CaCO3. Differential scanning analysis shows that more amorphous regions were generated in the blend structure after the addition of CaCO3 into the blend. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis indicated a significant distribution of starch and CaCO3 particle in LDPE matrix, wherever the size of starch particles seems to be bigger than the size of CaCO3 particle.

The evolution of reel statistical methods

Multiple statistical methods for calculating the variance partition analysis (VPA) of reel data have existed for decades. In the paper industry, VPA is also commonly known as reel statistics. VPA commonly consists of total variance (TOT) that is then divided into three components: cross direction (CD), machine direction (MD), and residual (RES). A common mathematical procedure is referred to as ANOVA (analysis of variance). TAPPI Standard Test Method T 545 “Cross-machine grammage profile measurement (gravimetric method)” addresses paper testing and includes the ANOVA equations that have also been used to analyze scanning data. In the 1990s, TAPPI published TIP 1101-01 “Calculation and partitioning of variance using paper machine scanning sensor measurements,” which contained simple formulas that were easy to implement and could be used by a novice to generate statistics on a spreadsheet. All involved quality control system (QCS) suppliers agreed to support this common method in their QCS. TIP 1101 was recently revised, and this paper concerns the analysis of data collected from a scanning sensor in a QCS and the creation of a common method for the calculation of reel statistics by TAPPI’s Process Control Division.

Ultrathin Dual-Band Metasurface Polarization Converter

Metamaterials offer the freedom to manipulate the polarization states of light at the subwavelength scale. However, previous designs generally made use of single resonance and, hence, only function for one specific incident polarization within a single-frequency band. In this paper, we present a dual-band metasurface based on a concentric rectangular arrangement to control the polarizations of both linearly and circularly polarized electromagnetic waves. We show that, on the one hand, the proposed metasurface structure can convert the polarization of linearly polarized waves to the cross direction in two broad frequency bands 4.40–5.30 GHz and 9.45–13.60 GHz. On the other hand, this design can also reflect circularly polarized waves without changing the handedness in two frequency bands 4.47–5.35 GHz and 9.57–13.57 GHz. For both cases, average polarization conversion efficiency larger than 86% was obtained in our experiment. The numerical simulations reveal that the dual-band cross-polarization coupling results from the strong electric and magnetic resonances between the top and bottom layers. The ultrathin polarization converter experimentally realized in this paper provides an important stepping stone for the future design of other dual-band metasurface devices and is believed to be extendable to higher frequency regimes.

Conserved properties of genetic architecture of renal and fat transcriptomes in rat models of insulin resistance.

ABSTRACTTo define renal molecular mechanisms that are affected by permanent hyperglycaemia and might promote phenotypes relevant to diabetic nephropathy, we carried out linkage analysis of genome-wide gene transcription in the kidneys of F2 offspring from the Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rat model of type 2 diabetes and normoglycaemic Brown Norway (BN) rats. We mapped 2526 statistically significant expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) in the cross. More than 40% of eQTLs mapped in the close vicinity of the linked transcripts, underlying possible cis-regulatory mechanisms of gene expression. We identified eQTL hotspots on chromosomes 5 and 9 regulating the expression of 80-165 genes, sex or cross direction effects, and enriched metabolic and immunological processes by segregating GK alleles. Comparative analysis with adipose tissue eQTLs in the same cross showed that 496 eQTLs, in addition to the top enriched biological pathways, are conserved in the two tissues. Extensive similarities in eQTLs mapped in the GK rat and in the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) suggest a common aetiology of disease phenotypes common to the two strains, including insulin resistance, which is a prominent pathophysiological feature in both GK rats and SHRs. Our data shed light on shared and tissue-specific molecular mechanisms that might underlie aetiological aspects of insulin resistance in the context of spontaneously occurring hyperglycaemia and hypertension.

Ultrawideband High-Efficiency 2.5-Dimensional Polarization Conversion Metasurface and Its Application in RCS Reduction of Antenna

A linear-to-linear 2.5-dimensional polarization conversion metasurface (2.5-D PCM) with a high polarization conversion ratio (PCR) in ultrawideband is proposed. The unit cell of the 2.5-D PCM is composed of a superstrate etched with metal strips and a substrate attached with a metal ground. The 2.5-D PCM can efficiently convert the polarization of x -polarized or y -polarized wave to its cross direction after reflection. The PCRs are higher than 96% within a relative bandwidth of 99.5% for the x - and y -polarized vertically incident waves. In addition, the 2.5-D PCM can be applied to reduce the in-band and out-band radar cross section (RCS) of different antennas. A circularly polarized antenna is chosen as an example. Compared to the reference antenna, the monostatic and bistatic RCSs of the proposed antenna are decreased in an ultrawideband without the performance degradation of the antenna. The prototypes of the 2.5-D PCM and the antennas are fabricated, and the measurements are in reasonable accordance with the simulations.

Machine Direction Adaptive Control on a Paper Machine

Control of industrial sheet and film processes involves separate controllers and actuators for minimizing both temporal variations along the machine direction (MD) and spatial variations along the cross direction (CD). Model-based control methods such as model predictive control (MPC) have gained widespread implementation for controlling both the MD and CD processes. One limitation of model-based methods is that changes in the true process pose significant identification challenges for operators which are often resolved with costly open loop identification experiments. The predominant industrial measurement technology acquires a signal of mixed MD and CD variations that requires separation. This work compares various model-free approaches for MD-CD separation as a prerequisite to effective MD control. To address the challenges of model-based control, this paper introduces an adaptive control method for the MD process. Closed loop identification experiments are conducted and compared to benchmarks on an industrial paper machine simulator.

Transgenerational effects of inter-ploidy cross direction on reproduction and F2 seed development of Arabidopsis thaliana F1 hybrid triploids

Key messageReproduction in triploid plants is important for understanding polyploid population dynamics. We show that genetically identical reciprocal F1 hybrid triploids can display transgenerational epigenetic effects on viable F2 seed development.The success or failure of reproductive outcomes from intra-species crosses between plants of different ploidy levels is an important factor in flowering plant evolution and crop breeding. However, the effects of inter-ploidy cross directions on F1 hybrid offspring fitness are poorly understood. In Arabidopsis thaliana, hybridization between diploid and tetraploid plants can produce viable F1 triploid plants. When selfed, such F1 triploid plants act as aneuploid gamete production “machines” where the vast majority of gametes generated are aneuploid which, following sexual reproduction, can generate aneuploid swarms of F2 progeny (Henry et al. 2009). There is potential for some aneuploids to cause gametophyte abortion and/or F2 seed abortion (Henry et al. 2009). In this study, we analyse the reproductive success of 178 self-fertilized inter-accession F1 hybrid triploids and demonstrate that the proportions of aborted or normally developed F2 seeds from the selfed F1 triploids depend upon a combination of natural variation and cross direction, with strong interaction between these factors. Single-seed ploidy analysis indicates that the embryonic DNA content of phenotypically normal F2 seeds is highly variable and that these DNA content distributions are also affected by genotype and cross direction. Notably, genetically identical reciprocal F1 hybrid triploids display grandparent-of-origin effects on F2 seed set, and hence on the ability to tolerate aneuploidy in F2 seed. There are differences between reciprocal F1 hybrid triploids regarding the proportions of normal and aborted F2 seeds generated, and also for the DNA content averages and distributions of the F2 seeds. To identify genetic variation for tolerance of aneuploidy in F2 seeds, we carried out a GWAS which identified two SNPs, termed MOT and POT, which represent candidate loci for genetic control of the proportion of normal F2 seeds obtained from selfed F1 triploids. Parental and grandparental effects on F2 seeds obtained from selfed F1 triploids can have transgenerational consequences for asymmetric gene flow, emergence of novel genotypes in polyploid populations, and for control of F2 seed set in triploid crops.

Bioengineering of river earth embankment using natural fibre-based composite-structured geotextiles

A Jute-HDPE composite structured geotextile was developed to improve the performance of earthen structure of river embankment. The optimized geotextiles (430 g/m2) containing 86% natural component (on weight) having better physical, mechanical (tensile strength, 10 kN/m (machine direction) and 18 kN/m (cross direction), index puncture (163 kN) and CBR (1.5 kN)), hydraulic (AOS 178 μ) and endurance properties than 100% HDPE geotextiles. A coconut fibre geotextile net was placed over jute-polyolefin geotextiles to resist washing-off of loose cover soil until the establishment of vegetation. Placing of continuous seamless geotextile tube (weight 196.2 kg/m) filled with moist river sand at the anchor trench-cum-toe guard assisted in safeguarding from eddies. It was observed that initially closed structure of the geotextile assisted in efficient filtration leading to soil stabilization through compactness of soil layer (14 cm thick). The uniqueness of work lies in conversion of closed structure of geotextiles to open-mesh of HDPE slit film on degradation of jute, remained beneath the cover-soil, through which grass root penetrated the geotextiles sheet and riveted both the layers of soil, the cover and the compacted back layers. The remnant synthetic part thus acts as durable reinforcing element and its increased porosity provides breathability for growth of soil flora and fauna. Bermuda grass turf provided very high nailing strength (658.8 kN/m2) with the soil through intertwining of grass roots with durable synthetic network.

Phenyl silane treatment and carding process to improve the mechanical, thermal, and water-absorption properties of regenerated cellulose lyocell/polylactic acid bio-composites

We fabricated a new composite material with increased lyocell (a form of rayon that consists of cellulose fiber made from dissolving wood pulp) content through a surface hydrophobic treatment using phenyl silane and fiber carding/melt pressing. A matrix of polylactic acid (PLA) was used to enhance the environment-friendly properties of the composite and a carding process was used to orient the fibers in the composite. The lyocell content was controlled from 10% to 90%. Cross direction (CD) and machine direction (MD) samples were prepared to confirm the effect of the fiber directionality of the composite on its mechanical properties. The MD samples performed better than the CD samples. The tensile, flexural, and impact strengths of the composite were increased by approximately 85%, 155%, and 55%, respectively, after surface treatment. In the heat-resistance evaluation, confirmed by pyrolysis, surface treatment showed an average improvement of more than 10 °C. The water-absorption characteristics showed dramatic improvement, with enhanced surface-wetting properties and excellent initial moisture-absorption properties in the immersion test. Based on the comprehensive results, we conclude that the performance of the composite was satisfactory even when the content of lyocell was 50% or more.