Cross-cultural Study Research Articles

Personality Traits in Latin America: A Cross-Cultural Study of the Big Five Factor Structure and its Relationship with Self-Reported Daily Behaviors

The Big Five factors model of personality is one of the most internationally studied and applied since it has been replicated in multiple investigations in different countries and cultures. This five-dimensional structure has evidence from studies carrying out factor analyses in different versions and adaptations of personality measurement instruments under these theoretical assumptions, and cross-cultural studies reveal its universality. However, no research has investigated how this structure is replicated in Latin American countries yet. This study aimed to carry out a cross-cultural study evaluating the factorial congruence of the Revised International Personality Item Pool in Latin American countries. The validity was also analyzed assessing relationships with gender, age, and self-reported activities of daily living. The five-dimensional structure was supported by evidence in the different samples that participated in this study, preserving the individual differences that characterize each country. Differences according to gender and age were found in different personality factors, as well as relationships with recreational activities. It is concluded that the five-factor structure of the scale is replicated in Latin American samples and that the psychometric properties of the instrument are consistent. Limitations and future lines of research are discussed.

A cross-cultural examination of the role of enjoyment and passion in bilingual English teachers’ desire for professional development: evidence from Iran and Kuwait

ABSTRACT The present mixed-methods cross-cultural study probed the association between bilingual English teachers’ enjoyment, passion, and desire for professional development from the Iranian and Kuwaiti teachers’ standpoints. In doing so, a random sample of bilingual English teachers (N = 426) was chosen from educational institutions in Iran and Kuwait. Then, using self-report questionnaires and semi-structured interviews, participants’ beliefs and attitudes on the interaction of enjoyment, passion, and desire for professional development were evaluated. The results of confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) exhibited close, positive associations between Iranian and Kuwaiti teachers’ passion, enjoyment, and desire for professional development. Moreover, the results obtained from structural equation modelling (SEM) uncovered that Iranian and Kuwaiti teachers’ enjoyment and passion can positively predict their desire for professional development. However, as the results of measurement invariance revealed, some meaningful differences were found between Iranian and Kuwaiti structural models concerning the predictive role of passion and enjoyment. Additionally, according to the thematic analysis (TA) outcomes, both Iranian and Kuwaiti instructors believed that passion and enjoyment can trigger teachers to attend professional development courses. These findings may contribute to a better understanding of the role of pleasant emotions in language teachers’ motivation for professional advancement.

Health-related quality of life in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A cross-cultural study between Spain and the United Kingdom.

It is unclear what biopsychosocial factors influence the impact of NAFLD on health-related quality of life (HRQoL), and if these factors are equally important predictors between different nationalities. HRQoL (CLDQ) was measured in both Southern European (Spain, n = 513) and Northern European (United Kingdom -UK-, n = 224) cohorts of patients with NAFLD in this cross-sectional study. For each cohort, participant data were recorded on histological grade of steatohepatitis, stage of fibrosis and biopsychosocial variables. Regression analysis was used to explore which of these variables predicted HRQoL. Moderated mediation models were conducted using SPSS PROCESS v3.5 macro. Participants with severe fibrosis reported more fatigue, systemic symptoms and worry, and lower HRQoL than those with none/mild fibrosis, regardless of place of origin. In addition, body mass index (BMI) and gender were found to be significant predictors of HRQoL in both Spanish and UK participants. Female gender was associated with worse emotional function, higher BMI and more fatigue, which predicted lower participants' HRQoL. UK participants showed more systemic symptoms and worry than Spanish participants, regardless of liver severity. The negative effects of gender on HRQoL through emotional function, BMI and fatigue were reported to a greater degree in UK than in Spanish participants. UK participants showed a greater impairment in HRQoL as compared to Spanish participants. Higher fibrosis stage predicted lower HRQoL, mainly in the Spanish cohort. Factors such as female gender or higher BMI contributed to the impact on HRQoL in both cohorts of patients and should be considered in future multinational intervention studies in NAFLD.

On the stability of norms and norm-following propensity: a cross-cultural panel study with adolescents

AbstractNorm-based accounts of social behavior in economics typically reflect tradeoffs between maximization of own consumption utility and conformity to social norms. Theories of norm-following tend to assume that there exists a single, stable, commonly known injunctive social norm for a given choice setting and that each person has a stable propensity to follow social norms. We collect panel data on 1468 participants aged 11–15 years in Belfast, Northern Ireland and Bogotá, Colombia in which we measure norms for the dictator game and norm-following propensity twice at 10 weeks apart. We test these basic assumptions and find that norm-following propensity is stable, on average, but reported norms show evidence of change. We find that individual-level variation in reported norms between people and within people across time has interpretable structure using a series of latent transition analyses (LTA) which extend latent class models to a panel setting. The best fitting model includes five latent classes corresponding to five sets of normative beliefs that can be interpreted in terms of what respondents view as “appropriate” (e.g. equality vs. generosity) and how they view deviations (e.g. deontological vs. consequentialist). We also show that a major predictor of changing latent classes over time comes from dissimilarity to others in one’s network. Our application of LTA demonstrates how researchers can engage with heterogeneity in normative perceptions by identifying latent classes of beliefs and deepening understanding of the extent to which norms are shared, stable, and can be predicted to change. Finally, we contribute to the nascent experimental literature on the economic behavior of children and adolescents.

Perceptions on the Ethical and Legal Principles that Influence Global Brain Data Governance

Advances in neuroscience and other disciplines are producing large-scale brain data consisting of datasets from multiple organisms, disciplines, and jurisdictions in different formats. However, due to the lack of an international data governance framework brain data is currently being produced under various contextual ethical and legal principles which may influence key stakeholders involved in the generation, collection, processing and sharing of brain data thereby raising ethical and legal challenges. In addition, despite the demand for a brain data governance framework that accounts for culture, there is a gap in empirical research and actions to understand how key stakeholders around the world view these issues using neuroscientists who are affected by these ethical and legal principles. Therefore, using the research question how do ethical and legal principles influence data governance in neuroscience? we attempt to understand the perceptions of key actors on the principles, issues and concerns that can arise from brain data research. We carried out interviews with 21 leading international neuroscientists. The analytical insights revealed key ethical and legal principles, areas of convergence, visibility, and the contextual issues and concerns that arise in brain data research around these principles. These issues and concerns circulate around intimately connected areas which include ethics, human rights, regulations, policies and guidelines, and participatory governance. Also, key contextual insights around animal research and ethics were identified. The research identifies key principles, issues, and concerns that need to be addressed in advancing the development of a framework for global brain data governance. By presenting contextual insights from neuroscientists across regions, the study contributes to informing discussions and shaping policies aimed at promoting responsible and ethical practices in brain data research. The research answers the call for a cross cultural study of global brain data governance and the results of the study will assist in understanding the issues and concerns that arise in brain data governance.

Consumers of insect-based foods: a cross-cultural study between Belgium and Gabon.

Human consumption of insects has previously been examined in cross-cultural studies. However, such studies rarely include African countries and willingness-to-pay for insect-based food has never been assessed in cross-cultural studies. The current study presents a cross-cultural study conducted with 409 urban dwellers from Belgium (191 males; 218 females) and 412 urban dwellers from Gabon (219 males; 193 females). Each respondent was surveyed with a questionnaire following the Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices model and included questions relative to willingness-to-pay for 2 insect-based foods (insect baguette and insect burger). More than 90% of respondents from both countries were familiar with edible insects. However, acceptance of entomophagy was lower in respondents from Gabon than in respondents from Belgium. Intercultural differences were also recorded between Gabonese ethnic groups. Most respondents who accepted entomophagy were willing to eat the insect baguette and/or the insect burger. These findings confirm that entomophagy could further develop in Belgium and Gabon. Willingness-to-pay varied between countries and between insect-based foods. In Belgium, the average prices of comparable conventional foods (i.e., same foods but without insects) were lower than the average willingness-to-pay for insect-based foods. In Gabon, respondents were not willing to pay extra for insect-based foods. Setting the right price for insect-based foods is a necessary step to promote more frequent insect consumption.

Ethnic model along differentiation between justified death attitude and polls in a cross-cultural generational study

Background: “Justified Death Attitude (JDA) is imminent and likely paradoxical behavior against self threat to keep of self in modification for elimination of the opponent mentally or physically”the first author defined. The former studies have indicated that Justified Death Attitude Scale (JDAS) has both validity and reliability of the young majority society Shia, but we do not know whether or not it is a valid or reliable scale of minority societies Sunni, Assyrian and the old generation. If it has, can the scale discriminate between the JDA and the poll? Objectives: It is a cross-sectional study to evaluate development of JDAS comprehensively because different generations, multi ethnicities, and social variables affect attitude and cognition persistently. Method: 744 participants (368 male and 376 female) were selected through the convenience sampling method in Tehran, Ilam, Khoram Abad, and Sanandaj. The participants were of the following demographic properties: 528 adult and 216 older adult participants; 538 Shia, 108 Sunni, and 98 Assyrian participants; 460 normal and 284 abnormal participants. Participants carried out the General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12) and JDAS. 115 answer sheets were cancelled (less than 5%). Results: A Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient, binomial tests, Chi square tests, and Jonckheere-Terpstra tests are performed to analyze the data. Multiethnic studies indicate that JDAS is a valid scale for adult and older adult participants and Shia, Sunni, and Assyrian participants (p>0.05). Meanwhile, attitude and polls are two different phenomena in the collision between capital punishment, the kind of death penalties, the agreement of euthanasia, and kind of euthanasia %61, %57, %56, and %61, respectively, because of different propositional and associative processes. The Chi-square indicates that gender, generations, ethnics, and sanity influence polls significantly. In line with the ethnic model of JDA, ethnics influence legal and medical subscales significantly according to Jonckheere-Terpstra tests. Conclusion: The bases of polls and attitude are conformity and self, respectively. So, the poll coefficient of error is very high to assess social ideas. Although you could find some similarities between polls and attitude, they are different phenomena principally.

Ageless Wisdom: A Cross-Cultural Study on Enhancing Life Satisfaction through Skills Promotion among Older Adults

This article explores the pervasive issue of ageism and its detrimental effects on the elderly population. Ageism or the prejudice and discrimination against older adults based on their age, can have significant impact on their well-being and life satisfaction. However, the article also delves into the potential positive effects of continuous learning on reducing ageism and enhancing the life satisfaction of the elderly. As a proactive approach, lifelong learning presents an opportunity for the elderly to challenge stereotypes, remain engaged in society, and foster personal growth. This study highlights how training and educational programs can empower older adults, instilling a sense of purpose and accomplishment, leading to a more fulfilled and satisfying life in their later years. The main purpose was to investigate how continuous learning affects the lives and life satisfaction perception of elderly people over the age of 65 from Greece, Hungary, Italy, Poland and Turkey after one week and 25 hours of technology, art and psychotherapy trainings that are believed to support them in every aspect of life.

A cross-cultural study of differential item functioning analysis of beliefs about Language Learning Inventory (BALLI)

This research examines students' beliefs about language learning by evaluating the measurement equivalence of the beliefs about Language Learning Inventory (BALLI). The graded response model (GRM) was used to examine differential item functioning (DIF) in the BALLI across four different countries, namely: Iran, Malaysia, Indonesia, and Bangladesh. The sample was drawn from 1613, including 500 males and 1113 females who completed the online version of the BALLI, comprising five subscales of beliefs about foreign language aptitude, the difficulty of language learning, the nature of language learning, learning and communication strategies, and motivations and expectations. Most BALLI items showed non-uniform DIF. This finding implies that students in different countries had different perceptions of the BALLI items. Therefore, researchers should be very cautious about using the BALLI in different countries. This cross-cultural comparison may generate new insights into revising the BALLI items or developing another scale to compare students' beliefs about language learning in different countries.

Problematic social media use mediatesthe effect of cyberbullying victimisation on psychosomatic complaints in adolescents.

Adolescent psychosomatic complaints remain a public health issue globally. Studies suggestthat cyberbullying victimisation, particularly on social media, could heighten the risk of psychosomatic complaints. However, the mechanisms underlying theassociationsbetween cyberbullying victimisationandpsychosomatic complaints remain unclear. This cross-cultural study examines the mediating effect of problematic social media use (PSMU) on the association between cyberbullying victimisation and psychosomatic complaints among adolescents in high income countries. We analysed data on adolescents aged 11-16.5years (weighted N = 142,298) in 35 countries participating in the 2018 Health Behaviour in School-aged Children(HBSC) study. Path analysis using bootstrapping technique tested the hypothesised mediating role of PSMU. Results from the sequential binary mixed effects logit models showed that adolescents who were victims of cyberbullying were 2.39 times significantly morelikely to report psychosomatic complaints than those who never experienced cyberbullying (AOR = 2.39; 95%CI = 2.29, 2.49). PSMU partially mediated the association between cyberbullying victimisation and psychosomatic complaints accounting for 12% ( =0.01162, 95%CI = 0.0110, 0.0120) of the total effect. Additional analysis revealed a moderation effect of PSMU on the association between cyberbullying victimisation and psychosomatic complaints. Our findings suggest that while cyberbullying victimisation substantially influences psychosomatic complaints, the association is partially explained by PSMU. Policy and public health interventions for cyberbullying-related psychosomatic complaints in adolescents should target safe social media use.

Relationship between Cultural Intelligence of Hotel Employees and Guest Satisfaction: A Cross-Cultural Study in Kenya

Purpose: The aim of the study was to assess the relationship between cultural intelligence of hotel employees and guest satisfaction, a cross-cultural study in Kenya. Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: The study investigated the correlation between the cultural intelligence (CQ) of hotel employees and guest satisfaction across different cultural contexts. Through a cross-cultural analysis, researchers found a significant positive relationship between the cultural intelligence of hotel employees and guest satisfaction levels. Specifically, higher levels of cultural intelligence among employees were associated with increased guest satisfaction, suggesting that employees who possess a better understanding and appreciation of diverse cultures are better equipped to meet the needs and preferences of guests from various backgrounds. This highlights the importance of fostering cultural intelligence among hotel staff to enhance overall guest experiences and satisfaction in the hospitality industry. Implications to Theory, Practice and Policy: Social exchange theory, service climate theory and resource-based view theory may be used to anchor future studies on assessing the relationship between cultural intelligence of hotel employees and guest satisfaction, a cross-cultural study in Kenya. Hospitality organizations should prioritize the integration of cultural intelligence training programs into their employee development initiatives. These programs should not only focus on enhancing employees' cultural knowledge but also emphasize the development of cultural mindfulness and adaptability skills. Government bodies and industry associations should advocate for the inclusion of cultural intelligence training requirements within the accreditation and certification standards for hospitality professionals.

Deconstructing the 2022 National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC) standards: A cross-cultural analysis of developmentally appropriate practices in Australia, Kenya and Nepal

ABSTRACT This critical cross-cultural study examined the alignment of the 2022 National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC) standards in the U.S. with Australian, Kenyan, and Nepali educational guidelines. Previously, NAEYC’s educational guidelines adhered to Euro-Western notions of child development, with a biased view of normative development for young children (Zaman and Anderson-Nathe 2021). Among other findings, data from this study showed that NAEYC’s standards were potentially sensitive to cultural difference, but did not adequately address child, family, and contextual needs. Therefore, this study recommends continued review of NAEYC’s educational standards to make them culturally and contextually inclusive.

Mothers' parenting styles, academic self-efficacy and academic performance: Chinese-Spanish Cross-Cultural Study

This study aims at investigating and highlighting the diversity in mothers' parenting style and self-esteem and their correlations with academic achievements across cultural contexts. A total of 200 university students (100 from China and 100 from Spain) was taken by means of the purposive sampling method. During the course of the 2021-2022 Academic Year, the Parenting Style Scale (S-EMBU) and Academic Self-Efficacy Scale (ASES) were used to assess mothers' parenting styles and self-efficacy. It was found out that there were several cultural differences in the way parents approach their children, with the Spanish mothers applying warm and affectionate attitudes and the Chinese parents using stricter methods. As for the difference, no statistical significance was found between the two groups related to academic self-efficacy. In the findings, the rejection type of parenting was associated negatively with self-efficacy and academic performance while warm parenting that is emotional in nature was positively associated with these outcomes among university students. Furthermore, a positive connection between academic self-efficacy and academic success is also observed. The research identified specific parenting behaviors of mothers that significantly affect students’ academic performance in university, which reveals the critical role of parents in student’s academic success. Generally, the study shows the significance of cultural variation in parental involvements into university students' academic performance and the key role of parenting in the students' academic success. The research also considered parenting styles and academic self-conceptualizations between the Chinese and the Spanish university students. While it is true that there were notable cultural differences in parenting styles between Spanish mothers who showed warmer and more expressive styles and Chinese mothers, there were no significant differences in subjects’ self-efficacy in learning processes between the two groups. These results emphasize the significant role of parenting in the predictability of academic achievements among university students. In this sense, parental styles that involve emotional warmth were found to correlate with higher levels of academic self-efficacy and better academic performance. The research shows that positive ways of parenting including fostering emotional closeness and caring could help improve children's school performance.

An Analysis and Comparison of the Differences in the Realization of Interpersonal Functions in Different Political Keynote Speeches

This research employs Halliday's theory of the interpersonal function to scrutinize and contrast language patterns and techniques in keynote speeches delivered by notable political figures, specifically former US President Donald Trump, ex-UK Prime Minister Theresa May, and former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton. In the era of globalization, where increased interconnectedness emphasizes the importance of political speeches, shaping nations and reflecting the interests and identities of stakeholders, it is crucial to examine these speeches. The analysis identifies shared traits, including skillful use of first-person language to establish authority and self-expression, in addition to the use of medium-valued modal verbs and declarative mood for interpersonal connection and viewpoint assertion. The study explores variations in Trump's "America First" inaugural address and disparities in speeches by Trump and May that are related to high-valued modal and second-person verbs, highlighting their different political backgrounds. Furthermore, it evaluates the interpersonal function in Hillary Clinton's speeches, examining language's effectiveness in engaging audiences and accomplishing different speech objectives. By examining these patterns, this research supports a better understanding of cultural differences between the United States and Britain, revealing linguistic tools that help political figures connect with audiences and accomplish specific speech goals. This cross-cultural study provides detailed insights into language's role in political communication, deepening our understanding of leaders' strategies for effective agenda communication and resonance with constituents.

Infants’ use of the index finger for social and non-social purposes during the first two years of life: A cross-cultural study

The emergence of the pointing gesture is a major developmental milestone in human infancy. Pointing fosters preverbal communication and is key for language and theory of mind development. Little is known about its ontogenetic origins and whether its pathway is similar across different cultures. The goal of this study was to examine the theoretical proposal that social pointing is preceded by a non-social use of the index finger and later becomes a social-communicative gesture. Moreover, the study investigated to which extent the emergence of social pointing differs cross-culturally. We assessed non-social index-finger use and social pointing in 647 infants aged 3- to 24 months from 4 different countries (China, Germany, Japan, and Türkiye). Non-social index-finger use and social pointing increased with infants’ age, such that social pointing became more dominant than non-social index-finger use with age. Whereas social pointing was reported across countries, its reported frequency differed between cultures with significantly greater social pointing frequency in infants from Türkiye, China, and Germany compared to Japanese infants. Our study supports theoretical proposals of the dominance of non-social index-finger use during early infancy with social pointing becoming more prominent as infants get older. These findings contribute to our understanding of infants’ use of their index finger for social and non-social purposes during the first two years of life.

Requests in Italian and Brazilian Portuguese: From a Cross-Cultural Study to a Reflection about Interculturality

Il Gruppo di ricerca “Pragmática (inter)linguística, cross-cultural e intercultural ” (CNPq/Fapesp/USP) sta conducendo un’indagine contrastiva incentrata sulle richieste e su come vengono realizzate in diverse lingue e culture, al fine di identificare somiglianze e differenze e di riflettere su come possono interferire nelle interazioni tra i parlanti. Ampiamente studiata, la richiesta è stata scelta per almeno due ragioni: (a) si trata di uno degli atti linguistici più frequenti; (b) è fortemente influenzata da fattori contestuali e culturali. Tali fattori assumono una rilevanza particolare se si considera che si tratta di un Face-Threatening Act o “atto minaccioso per la faccia” (BROWN; LEVINSON, 1987), visto che con una richiesta si cerca di indurre l’interlocutore a compiere un’azione (SEARLE, 1979) e così si mette in gioco sia la faccia positiva di chi la fa, sia la faccia negativa di chi la riceve. Di fatto, da una parte, un rifiuto può frustrare il bisogno di essere riconosciuti e approvati e, dall’altra, dover reagire a una richiesta può ostacolare la propria libertà individuale. I dati analizzati in questo articolo sono stati raccolti tramite uno degli strumenti utilizzati dal gruppo di ricerca: un Written Discourse Completion Task (WDCT), in cui si presentano situazioni di vita quotidiana che inducono la realizzazione di una richiesta. Ai partecipanti si chiede di scrivere ciò che direbbero se si trovassero nelle situazioni proposte che sono state elaborate tenendo conto di distanza sociale e grado di imposizione, due delle variabili contestuali proposte da Brown e Levinson (1987). I risultati presentati qui sono relativi a due campioni composti da 30 italiani e 30 brasiliani. L’analisi si concentra sugli atti principali e su alcune tipologie di atti di supporto (BLUM-KULKA et al., 1989), oltre che su come espressioni ricorrenti possono essere indizi di convenzionalità in ciascuna delle due lingue di riferimento, considerando in particolare in che modo la conoscenza di queste caratteristiche pragmatiche può influenzare le dinamiche comunicative interculturali.

Public space for women: a cross-cultural study assessing spatial conviviality in Blida, Algeria and Madrid, Spain

ABSTRACT Spatial conviviality for women is an emerging research area in the international scene that needs contextualization. This comparative study focuses on Place Ettoute in Blida, Algeria, and Plaza De Felipe II in Madrid, Spain. The paper identifies common features and differences that contribute to the conviviality of public spaces for women in each location. The two case studies are observed and analysed using an analysis grid of four key dimensions: safety, functionality, comfort, and dignity. While the first three dimensions are similar in both contexts, the “dignity” dimension, influenced by cultural and social factors, showcases notable differences. The study concludes that women-friendly cities can exhibit diverse practices based on geographic, religious, and cultural contexts. It aims to provide an analytical tool to identify these differences and assist urban planners in understanding the influence of cultural factors on spatial conviviality and urban design.

A Cross-Cultural Study on the Effects of Government Control Policies on Mobility in COVID-19

This study sought to explore the impact of government policies aimed at reducing the spread of COVID-19, such as social distancing and quarantine, on the reduction in the mobility of people and the role of national culture in moderating this effect. To test this hypothesis, this study collected 21,150 sets of data from 57 countries worldwide and analyzed them using a multilevel growth model. In addition, the number of COVID-19-infected people, the number of people vaccinated, number of days since the first COVID-19, median age by country, population density, total population, and GDP per capita, which can affect mobility, were added as control variables in the study model. Notably, the results of our analysis revealed that the stringency of government policies had a negative effect on mobility and that this effect differed according to cultural characteristics. The findings of the current study have the following implications. First, differences between countries were explained by exploring the effectiveness of government policies in preventing the increase in infectious diseases based on a cultural perspective. Second, the results of this study provide policy implications that international policy makers can refer to apart from the context of the COVID-19 epidemic by presenting country-specific differences in government policies.

Cultural adaptation and validation of the caring behaviors assessment tool into Spanish

BackgroundThe aim of the research was to translate, culturally adapt and validate the Caring Behaviors Assessment (CBA) tool in Spain, ensuring its appropriateness in the Spanish cultural context.MethodsThree-phase cross-cultural adaptation and validation study. Phase 1 involved the transculturation process, which included translation of the CBA tool from English to Spanish, back-translation, and refinement of the translated tool based on pilot testing and linguistic and cultural adjustments. Phase 2 involved training research assistants to ensure standardized administration of the instrument. Phase 3 involved administering the transculturally-adapted tool to a non-probabilistic sample of 402 adults who had been hospitalized within the previous 6 months. Statistical analyses were conducted to assess the consistency of the item-scale, demographic differences, validity of the tool, and the importance of various caring behaviors within the Spanish cultural context. R statistical software version 4.3.3 and psych package version 2.4.1 were used for statistical analyses.ResultsThe overall internal consistency of the CBA tool was high, indicating its reliability for assessing caring behaviors. The subscales within the instrument also demonstrated high internal consistency. Descriptive analysis revealed that Spanish participants prioritized technical and cognitive aspects of care over emotional and existential dimensions.ConclusionsThe new version of the tool proved to be valid, reliable and culturally situated, which will facilitate the provision of objective and reliable data on patients beliefs about what is essential in terms of care behaviors in Spain.

Developing foreign language teacher enjoyment among Iranian and Turkish EFL teachers: A cross-cultural study

With the burgeoning of positive psychology, foreign language teaching enjoyment (FLTE) was introduced as a combination of personal and social enjoyment and student appreciation. Despite its critical role in language teachers’ professional development and psychological growth, scant qualitative attention has been paid to clarify how it can be developed. Moreover, there needs to be more cross-cultural evidence to clarify the role of contextual and cultural factors in shaping teachers' FLTE. Therefore, this study explored how Iranian and Turkish EFL teachers experienced and developed enjoyment in their teaching careers. The study followed a cross-sectional and cross-cultural perspective as a research design. Purposeful and convenience sampling strategies were used to reach the target participants, and there were 24 Turkish EFL teachers and 22 Iranian EFL teachers in the study. An online survey method involving open-ended questions was employed to collect data. Thematic analysis was performed to interpret the data. The FLTE among Iranian and Turkish teachers were depicted under the main themes of feelings, enhancing factors, challenges, individual coping strategies, and suggested solutions. The findings implied the dynamic nature of FLTE. Based on the findings, several implications were highlighted to enhance the FLTE of Iranian and Turkish EFL teachers in educational contexts.