Cross-cultural Instrument Research Articles

Validation of a cross-cultural instrument for child behavior problems: the Disruptive Behavior International Scale \u2013 Nepal version

BackgroundObtaining accurate and valid measurements of disruptive behavior disorders remains a challenge in non-Western settings due to variability in societal norms for child behavior and a lack of tools developed outside of Western contexts. This paper assesses the reliability and construct validity of the Disruptive Behavior International Scale – Nepal version (DBIS-N)—a scale developed using ethnographic research in Nepal—and compares it with a widely used Western-derived scale in assessing locally defined child behavior problems.MethodsWe assessed a population-based sample of 268 children ages 5–15 years old in Nepal for behavior problems with a pool of candidate items developed from ethnographic research. We selected final items for the DBIS-N using exploratory factor analysis in a randomly selected half of the sample and then evaluated the model fit using confirmatory factor analysis in the remaining half. We compared the classification accuracy and incremental validity of the DBIS-N and Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory (ECBI) using local defined behavior problems as criteria. Local criteria were assessed via parent report using: 1) local behavior problem terms, and 2) a locally developed vignette-based assessment.ResultsTen items were selected for the final scale. The DBIS-N had good internal consistency (Cronbach’s α: 0.84) and excellent test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation 0.93, r = .93). Classification accuracy and area under the curve (AUC) were similar and high for both the ECBI (AUC: 0.83 and 0.85) and DBIS-N (AUC: 0.83 and 0.85) on both local criteria. The DBIS-N added predictive value above the ECBI in logistic regression models, supporting its incremental validity.ConclusionsWhile both the DBIS-N and the ECBI had high classification accuracy for local idioms for behavior problems, the DBIS-N had a more coherent factor structure and added predictive value above the ECBI. Items from the DBIS-N were more consistent with cultural themes identified in qualitative research, whereas multiple items in the ECBI that did not fit with these themes performed poorly in factor analysis. In conjunction with practical considerations such as price and scale length, our results lend support for the utility of the DBIS-N for the assessment of locally prioritized behavior problems in Nepal.

The cross-country measurement invariance of the Business Cultural Intelligence Quotient (BCIQ)

Cultural intelligence (CQ) has been regarded as a key factor in international business success. A recently validated scale, the Business Cultural Intelligence Quotient (BCIQ), refines the CQ concept by applying it exclusively to the business context. The BCIQ aims at predicting long-term cross-cultural success using a combination of CQ factors, cognitive features, and measurable independent variables (Alon et al., 2016b). Using the multigroup exploratory factor analysis approach, we found low measurement invariance for the (BCIQ) instrument across eight countries (Austria, Chile, Colombia, Greece, Philippines, Poland, Spain, and Venezuela). Global knowledge was included as a covariate in the invariance test. We found that type of performance is related to some BCIQ dimensions in our multicountry sample of professionals. Our results provide additional evidence about the construct validity of the BCIQ and its appropriateness for cross-cultural applications. By knowing that the BCIQ is a reliable cross-cultural instrument for the measurement of CQ applied to the business context, managers can benefit by identifying the right individuals for international business assignments.

Analysis of Six Reviews on the Quality of Instruments for the Evaluation of Interprofessional Education in German-Speaking Countries.

Background: More and more institutions worldwide and in German-speaking countries are developing and establishing interprofessional seminars in undergraduate education of health professions. In order to evaluate the different didactic approaches and different outcomes regarding the anticipated interprofessional competencies, it is necessary to apply appropriate instruments. Cross-cultural instruments are particularly helpful for international comparability. The Interprofessional Education working group of the German Medical Association (GMA) aims at identifying existing instruments for the evaluation of interprofessional education in order to make recommendations for German-speaking countries.Methods: Systematic literature research was performed on the websites of international interprofessional organisations (CAIPE, EIPEN, AIPEN), as well as in the PubMed and Cinahl databases. Reviews focusing on quantitative instruments to evaluate competencies according to the modified Kirkpatrick competency levels were searched for. Psychometrics, language/country and setting, in which the instrument was applied, were recorded. Results: Six reviews out of 73 literature research hits were included. A large number of instruments were identified; however, their psychometrics and the applied setting were very heterogeneous. The instruments can mainly be assigned to Kirkpatrick levels 1, 2a & 2b. Most instruments have been developed in English but their psychometrics were not always reported rigorously. Only very few instruments are available in German.Conclusion: It is difficult to find appropriate instruments in German. Internationally, there are different approaches and objectives in the measurement and evaluation of interprofessional competencies. The question arises whether it makes sense to translate existing instruments or to go through the lengthy process of developing new ones. The evaluation of interprofessional seminars with quantitative instruments remains mainly on Kirkpatrick levels 1 and 2. Levels 3 and 4 can probably only be assessed with qualitative or mixed methods. German language instruments are necessary.

Validating the Quality of Life After Brain Injury Through Rasch Analysis.

The Quality of Life after Brain Injury (QOLIBRI), a cross-cultural instrument, has been validated in several languages; however, traditional psychometric approaches have critical limitations. Therefore, we applied the Rasch model for validating the 37-item QOLIBRI scale among a Chinese population with traumatic brain injury. In total, 587 participants (mean age: 44.2 ± 15.4 years; women, 46.3%) were surveyed in neurosurgery departments at 6 hospitals in Taipei, Taiwan. The QOLIBRI. Of the 6 subscales of the QOLIBRI, 4 (cognition, self, daily life and autonomy, and social relationships) were unidimensional, valid, and reliable, whereas the remaining 2 (emotions and physical problems) exhibited poor unidimensionality, item and person reliability, and person-item targeting. Five items (energy, concentrating, getting out and about, sex life, and achievements) showed considerable differential item functioning among age groups, disability levels, and time since traumatic brain injury. According to item response theory, we identified psychometric issues in the emotions and physical problems subscales of the QOLIBRI as well as several differential item functioning items. Future research is required to determine whether similar results are observed in other language versions of the QOLIBRI or in other countries.

Career Exploration in Child and Family Studies: Focus on Curricula and Research Topics

This study analyzes child and family department curricula at domestic universities and research topics in articles found in related representative domestic journals. Curricula were collected from the web pages of 26 out of 90 departments of 77 universities. Research topics were collected from the Family Environment Research, Journal of Child Studies, and Journal of Korean Association of Family Relations published from 2000 to February 2015. From those journals, the number of articles related to child studies were 1,843 and family studies 1,239. Among those articles, 6,593 keywords related to child studies and 4,748 keywords related with family studies were collected and analyzed. The results of this study were: first, we found four types of curricula provided by Child and Family Departments such as Child Studies, Child and Family Studies, Home Economics Education, and Family Welfare. Second, the identified research topics in child studies were child development, education & childcare, parent education, counseling & therapy, cross cultural study, instrument development, and policy. Family research topics were also categorized by individual family members, child rearing & education, family dynamics & problems, families & culture, work & family, family formation, dissolution & diversity, family practice, family theories & methods, and midlife & later years. We suggest several future careers in child and family studies based on these findings.

English

This study aims to examine psychometric properties of Moore version of World Health Organization's Quality of Life assessment short instrument in HIV patients (WHOQOL HIV-BREF). A study was conducted on 100 persons living with human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. The internal consistency was evaluated using Cronbach's α. For the convergent validity of the Moore version WHOQOL-HIV BREF, the satisfaction with life scale (SWLS) was used as a comparison instrument and cross-product correlations were calculated. The test-retest reliability was assessed using the interclass correlation coefficient. The study showed high internal consistency with Cronbach's α at 0.92 for the whole instrument. According to domains, Cronbach's α found ranged from 0.58 to 0.87, showing acceptable internal consistency for all domains. Domains scores for test-retest reliability, using interclass correlation gave coefficients ranged from 0.40 (spiritual domain) to 0.99 (level of independence domain) with p < 0.001 for all domains except for spirituality domain (p < 0.05). The study showed significant correlation between general facets and quality of life score (p < 0.001), as wheel as WHOQOL HIV-BREF and satisfaction with life scale (p < 0.01) except for spirituality domain. The instrument demonstrated good discriminative properties according to clinical stages of HIV infection with higher scores for asymptomatic HIV patients and lower scores at AIDS stage (p<0.001), except for spirituality domain (p > 0.05). As a demonstrated cross-cultural instrument, the WHOQOL HIV-BREF in its Moore version can be used for quality of life assessment in a routine way or longitudinal studies in Burkina Faso with persons living with HIV/AIDS.   Key words: Quality of life, WHOQOL HIV-BREF, Burkina Faso, moore, psychometrics.

Methodological considerations when translating “burnout”

No study has systematically examined how researchers address cross-cultural adaptation of burnout. We conducted an integrative review to examine how researchers had adapted the instruments to the different contexts. We reviewed the Content Validity Indexing scores for the Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Services Survey from the 12-country comparative nursing workforce study, RN4CAST. In the integrative review, multiple issues related to translation were found in existing studies. In the cross-cultural instrument analysis, 7 out of 22 items on the instrument received an extremely low kappa score. Investigators may need to employ more rigorous cross-cultural adaptation methods when attempting to measure burnout.

CREA. A cross-cultural study

The purpose of this study was to examine the psychometric characteristics of the CREA, an instrument for assessing divergent thinking, in a wide sample of different populations such as Spain, Argentina, United States, Israel, Poland, Mexico and Turkey. Responding to a inquiry made by Villalba: ”Is it really possible to measure creativity?” and following Runco’s proposal of ”changing the question”, the scientific question might be: Which aspects of creativity are measurable? The CREA test is intended at appreciating creative intelligence by means of an indicator of question-raising within a theoretical context of problem seeking and solving. This research provides new data about its international use in different sociocultural contexts and a cross-cultural instrument comparison. Results showed similar findings in the different populations, thus supporting the use of the CREA as a divergent thinking measure in a wide range of cultural environments.

Assessing Adjustment to Aging: A Validation Study for the Adjustment to Aging Scale (AtAS)

Adjustment to aging (AtA) is a multifactor adjustment process with implications on aging well among older adults. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a scale to assess the factors that older adults recognized as indicators of their AtA, with a cross-national comparative perspective towards aging well. Convenience sampling was used to gather questionnaire data, including demographics and the proposed scale. Complete data was available for 1,291 older community-dwelling adults, aged between 75 and 102 years (M = 83.9; SD = 6.68), who represented four different nationalities. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were performed for dimension reduction and exploration of the factorial structure. Data gathered with the 22-items AtA five-factor scale showed overall good psychometric properties (in terms of distributional properties, statistical significant factor weights, factorial, convergent, discriminant criterion and external-related validities, as well as reliability). Five factors were selected for the Adjustment to Aging Scale: (a) sense of purpose and ambitions (b) zest and spirituality; (c) body and health; (d) aging in place and stability; and (e) social support. We present a 22-item scale with five factors for AtA estimation in a cross-national elderly population which produced valid and reliable data for elder persons from four different nationalities. Results showed that this scale is an adequate cross-cultural instrument for research, clinical practice and program development in the health care context. These may benefit from clearly understanding AtA as an important component for reducing health disparities and for aging well, across nationalities.

Validation of the Penn Interactive Peer Play Scale with preschool children in low-income families in Hong Kong

Play is a primary context for fostering young children's positive peer interactions. Through play, children develop the social, emotional, cognitive and language skills that contribute to the ability to establish effective relationships with peers. The Penn Interactive Peer Play Scale (PIPPS) was first developed by Fantuzzo to assess the quality of peer interactions among low-income preschoolers in the USA. The present study invited 1622 children aged three to six and 152 teachers in 10 kindergartens in districts with high child poverty rates in Hong Kong to participate in the study (a) to validate the psychometric properties of a culturally, developmentally and linguistically appropriate version of the PIPPS using confirmatory factor analysis, (b) to investigate gender and (c) age differences in peer play, and (d) to inform early childhood intervention for children in low-income families. Translation and back-translation – a commonly used procedure in the translation of cross-cultural research instruments – was adopted. Results indicated that the three-factor model of the PIPPS (play interaction, play disruption and play disconnection) statistically fit the results in the Hong Kong sample. Girls exhibited greater play interaction and less play disruption and play disconnection. Peer interactive play behaviour increased with age. The cultural and linguistic contexts of scale development should receive attention in future research. Recommendations are made regarding lexical access in non-alphabetical language systems like Chinese; cultural understandings of shyness, withdrawal and social disinterest as they relate to the interpretation of play behaviour; and establishing the concurrent validity of the Hong Kong version of the PIPPS.

Readiness and expectations questionnaire: a cross-cultural measurement instrument for first-year university students

The readiness and expectations questionnaire (REQ) assesses first-year students’ expectations and preparedness for their first year in university. This measurement instrument is useful for educational policy and curriculum development; it can also be used to predict the outcomes of the first year of college. This instrument was initially developed to compare students enrolled in programs in the Netherlands and New Zealand, with predominant populations of domestic students. However, the Bologna process and globalisation trends also have increased the availability of international degree programmes. This raised the question whether the REQ can be used to compare groups of international students. Therefore, this article aims to assess the cross-cultural measurement equivalence of the REQ in international bachelor degree programmes in economics and business in a Dutch university, taught in English. The results indicate that not all aspects of the instrument achieve measurement equivalence, but most of its scales, with some adaptations, can evaluate students’ expectations and preparedness and thus encourage a better match between student and institution.

Psychosocial adjustment and mental health in former child soldiers--systematic review of the literature and recommendations for future research.

This article reviews the available quantitative research on psychosocial adjustment and mental health among children (age <18 years) associated with armed forces and armed groups (CAAFAG)--commonly referred to as child soldiers. PRISMA standards for systematic reviews were used to search PubMed, PsycInfo, JSTOR, and Sociological Abstracts in February 2012 for all articles on former child soldiers and CAAFAG. Twenty-one quantitative studies from 10 countries were analyzed for author, year of publication, journal, objectives, design, selection population, setting, instruments, prevalence estimates, and associations with war experiences. Opinion pieces, editorials, and qualitative studies were deemed beyond the scope of this study. Quality of evidence was rated according to the systematic assessment of quality in observational research (SAQOR). According to SAQOR criteria, among the available published studies, eight studies were of high quality, four were of moderate quality, and the remaining nine were of low quality. Common limitations were lack of validated mental health measures, unclear methodology including undefined sampling approaches, and failure to report missing data. Only five studies included a comparison group of youth not involved with armed forces/armed groups, and only five studies assessed mental health at more than one point in time. Across studies, a number of risk and protective factors were associated with postconflict psychosocial adjustment and social reintegration in CAAFAG. Abduction, age of conscription, exposure to violence, gender, and community stigma were associated with increased internalizing and externalizing mental health problems. Family acceptance, social support, and educational/economic opportunities were associated with improved psychosocial adjustment. Research on the social reintegration and psychosocial adjustment of former child soldiers is nascent. A number of gaps in the available literature warrant future study. Recommendations to bolster the evidence base on psychosocial adjustment in former child soldiers and other war-affected youth include more studies comprising longitudinal study designs, and validated cross-cultural instruments for assessing mental health, as well as more integrated community-based approaches to study design and research monitoring.

The Eating Disorders Inventory in Developing Countries

Wassenaar and Mamotte (2012) address key ethical concerns with research on eating disorders in developing countries, focusing on the vulnerabilities of female university students as research participants. I address two further issues, which arise from the fact these students were chosen as participants because they are undergoing a process of acculturation or ‘‘Westernization’’ (Wassenaar and Mamotte, in 2012). First, some of the population in the case study might be vulnerable also because they are a culture in transition. Second, the results of the study may not be easily generalized as data for South Africa or other developing countries. Qualitative research may resolve these issues. The authors have thoroughly considered the vulnerabilities of female university students and how researchers might effectively address them for this particular group in South Africa. The cultural context of this group should also be taken into consideration. The process of acculturation itself can influence the experience of eating disorders in a population (Anderson-Fye, 2004). Furthermore, conflict between cultural values in a transitional population can increase the risk factors associated with eating disorders at the level of individuals (Levine and Smolak, 2010). Individuals are likely to experience ‘‘acculturation stress,’’ an additional risk factor for eating disorders (Jackson et al., 2006). Acculturation is a reciprocal process, including both the acceptance of an individual within a broader culture and the acceptance of a culture’s values by the individual herself. For example, racial teasing has greater effect on the body image of South Asian women living in Western cultures than the degree to which they have adopted local values (Iyer and Haslam, 2003). Populations in transition are therefore vulnerable in ways above and beyond those of other female university students. The validity of the research described in this study is threatened by the limitations of student samples (Wassenaar and Mamotte, 2012); the sample is also problematic because some of these students might be in cultural transition. The results are not easily generalized even to other transitional groups: each group experiences different patterns of influence and respond differently to similar influences (Anderson-Fye, 2004; Jackson et al., 2006; Levine and Smolak, 2010). Therefore, the social value of the study’s potential quantitative contributions is further threatened (Wassenaar and Mamotte, in press). The authors of the case study have also addressed the implications of acculturation for research on mental disorders in developing countries in previous work (Nyika et al., 2009; Wassenaar et al., 1998; Wassenaar et al., 2000). Including qualitative research about local culture alongside quantitative research would better address the ethics of using subjects in transition. Qualitative studies describe how sociocultural contexts influence risk factors for eating disorders (Becker and Fay, 2006). Considering preparatory qualitative research may reframe future research questions so that results are justifiably generalizable. Assessing the effectiveness of tests such as the Eating Disorders Inventory requires that the local cultural context in which the test is being conducted be well understood (Arnold and Matus, 2000; Canino and Alegria, 2008). Research results would then contribute to the development of effective cross-cultural testing instruments, increasing social value. In addition to the recommendations made already by Wassenaar and Mamotte, qualitative research may resolve some of the ethical difficulties raised by this research.

Development and Psychometric Properties of the World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment Instrument (WHOQOL-100) in Portugal

At the beginning of the 1990s, the World Health Organization (WHO) developed a project in order to create a cross-cultural instrument of quality of life assessment: the World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL). This paper describes the development of the European Portuguese version of the WHOQOL-100, according to the methodology recommended by the WHO. Special attention is given to the qualitative pilot study, which led to the development of the Portuguese Facet [Political P], and to the empirical pilot study and the psychometric studies, based on the application of the Portuguese version of the instrument to a sample of 315 subjects from the general population and 289 patients. The assessment protocol also included the Beck Depression Inventory and the Brief Symptom Inventory. The Portuguese version of WHOQOL-100 showed acceptable internal consistency (alpha range 0.84-0.94) and test-retest reliability in all domains (r range 0.67-0.86). Discriminant validity was significant for all domains, except in Spirituality. Convergent validity with the Beck Depression Inventory and the Brief Symptom Inventory was satisfactory for most domains. The WHOQOL showed good psychometric characteristics, suggesting that the Portuguese version of WHOQOL is valid and reliable in the assessment of quality of life in Portugal.

Chinese version of the Global Youth Tobacco Survey: cross-cultural instrument adaptation.

BackgroundTobacco smoking poses public health concerns because of its high risk for many chronic diseases. Most smokers begin using tobacco in their teens and recent reports indicate that smoking prevalence is climbing among youth. The Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) is a worldwide, school-based, tobacco-specific survey, but cross-cultural differences limit its effectiveness in international studies. Specifically, the GYTS assesses not only the prevalence of smoking, but also tobacco-related attitudes, school curricula, and advertisements, which are culturally influenced. Therefore, we conducted this study to develop a Chinese version of the GYTS for both national surveillance and international comparison.MethodsThe original English GYTS was translated and back translated using a cross-cultural adaptation process. The comprehensiveness and feasibility of using the Chinese-version GYTS were reviewed by a panel of 6 tobacco-control experts. The understandability and cultural relevance of the Chinese-version GYTS were discussed in a focus group of 5 schoolteachers and 8 students. The expert and focus group feedback was incorporated into a final Chinese version of the GYTS, which was administered to 382 students throughout Taiwan by multi-stage sampling from 10 randomly selected schools.ResultsThe internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) for the GYTS subscales (smoking susceptibility, attitude toward smoking, and media messages about smoking) ranged from 0.70 to 0.94. The internal logical agreement of responses ranged from 85.3 to 99.2%.ConclusionThe Chinese version of the GYTS has good reliability and validity and can serve as the foundation for international comparison and tobacco control in Chinese-speaking communities.

A Health Need Satisfaction Instrument for Taiwan's single‐living older people with chronic disease in the community

The aims of this study were to explore health needs and need satisfaction of Taiwan's single-living older people with chronic disease in the community, develop a culturally sensitive Health Need Satisfaction Instrument and examine the relationships between health needs and need satisfaction. Until now, there has been no reliable instrument for health professionals to assess, comprehensively, health needs and needs satisfaction for Chinese single-living older people with chronic disease in the community. Between-method triangulation design was used. The first phase explored the contextual content of health needs from the perspectives of a purposive sampling (n = 44) using the explorative qualitative method. The second phase developed the Health Need Satisfaction Instrument and established its reliability and validity. The final phase implemented the instrument in a cohort study (n = 110) and examined the relationship between the respective/overall health needs and need satisfaction. A Health Need Satisfaction Instrument with good validity and reliability encompassing tangible, psychospiritual and informational needs was developed. A significant correlation between tangible and psychospiritual needs (r = 0.238, p < 0.05) and between tangible and informational needs (r = 0.306, p < 0.01) was found. Three types of need satisfaction were inter-related (p < 0.01). A negative correlation between global health needs and need satisfaction (r = -0.223, p < 0.05) was found. Each domain of need satisfaction was negatively correlated with that particular type of health needs (p < 0.01), except for psychospiritual need (r = 0.339, p < 0.01). A measurement model between health needs and need satisfaction was established. This study set a successful example of a rigorous, cross-cultural instrument development process for community-based Taiwan's single-living older people. Using Health Need Satisfaction Instrument, the less satisfied multidimensional health needs of community-based Taiwan's single-living older people with chronic disease can be more accurately assessed and met.

Culture, Gender, and Assessment of Fear of Fatness

To understand the relevance of the fear of fatness construct across culture and gender, we translated the Goldfarb Fear of Fat Scale (GFFS) and examined its psychometric properties in English and Spanish languages in a sample of Euro-American male (n = 111) and female (n = 100), and Spanish male (n = 114) and female (n = 544) college students in the United States and Spain. Confirmatory and exploratory analyses tested the measurement equivalence of the instrument across samples by gender and culture. Eight of the 10 items appeared to demonstrate measurement invariance. Mean comparisons on the eight-item version suggested that there was a gender by country interaction, with Euro-American women scoring substantially higher than the three other groups. Overall, these results highlight the need for additional examinations of cross-cultural instrument invariance and explorations of the fear of fatness construct.

Lithuanian version of the Nursing Outcomes Classification Use Survey: development and psychometric evaluation

Cross-cultural tests and research instruments are broadly used to adapt questionnaires developed in different countries and cultures. The Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC)--a comprehensive, standardized classification of patient outcomes--can be used to evaluate the results of nursing interventions. To develop and test psychometrically the Lithuanian version of the Nursing Outcomes Classification Use Survey. A Lithuanian version of the Nursing Outcomes Classification Use Survey was developed following traditional methodological procedures of research instrument translation and adaptation. The newly developed instrument was tested with a sample of 70 staff nurses from nursing and supportive care hospitals. The content and practical feasibility of the Lithuanian version of NOC was measured for its reliability and validity. Psychometric analysis was conducted with the statistical package SPSS 13.0 for Windows. Results revealed a successful translation of NOC from English to Lithuanian with validity and acceptability of a shortened Lithuanian version (244 items instead of the original 330 items). Satisfactory internal consistency (Cronbach alpha >0.80 in 18 classes and in 6 classes out of 28 Cronbach alpha between 0.70 and 0.80) was defined, and stability in time was very good with a 7-day break between repeated translations (Spearman-Brown coefficient for the whole instrument was 0.806, ranging from 0.707 to 0.970). The majority of items in the Lithuanian version correlated with measurement class (correlation coefficients >0.40). The Lithuanian version of Nursing Outcomes Classification Use Survey is a reliable, valid, and applicable to outcome identification in clinical practice and nursing research. Future research and further evaluation of the newly developed Lithuanian version of NOC is suggested.

Stories about Wildlife: Developing an Instrument for Identifying Wildlife Value Orientations Cross-Culturally

The need for cross-cultural research to better understand the relationships between humans and wildlife was one of the driving factors in the instigation of the Wildlife Values Globally project. A fundamental challenge in fulfilling this need is developing appropriate methods that can elicit thoughts about wildlife from people in a variety of cultures. As such, a key goal of this project was to develop a basic cross-cultural instrument that would reveal wildlife value orientations (WVOs). A semi-structured interview instrument was developed using emotional prompts to elicit stories about wildlife. This instrument was tested in the United States and the results were compared to those of a previously developed quantitative survey of WVOs. The interview instrument was successful in revealing WVOs comparable to those identified by the survey instrument and was deemed promising for use cross-culturally.

Prinzipien und Methoden einer wissenschaftlich akkuraten Übersetzungspraxis von Instrumenten für Forschung und direkte Pflege

Cross-cultural, valid and reliable instruments are increasingly used in nursing, yet their attainment is labour-intensive. The translation of valid instruments into another language and cultural context is the most common method used for generating cross-cultural instruments. This approach is challenging since the development of culturally equivalent translated instruments demands familiarity with basic requirements of linguistic adaptation, cultural concepts and psychometric changes inherent in the translation process. However, the quality of data derived from translated instruments relies on the accuracy of the translation process applied. The aim of this article is to illustrate the different methods for translation, as well as to present an example and principles of good practice regarding this subject.