Cropping Pattern Research Articles

Optimization of Tertiary Irrigation Network Using A Linear Program at D.I. Panggak Darat in Lingga District

The Panggak Darat Irrigation Area in Lingga Regency can irrigate 134.05 ha of rice fields. The problem that often occurs is that irrigation areas are not fully optimal for agricultural product productivity, so that an effort can be made to minimize the shortage of irrigation water and/or minimize the deviation of water release that can result from an optimal pattern of irrigation operations. The purpose of this study is to obtain an optimal operating pattern with better operating performance than the existing (planning). The analytical method used is an optimization technique using the LINDO program (linear programming). The objective function is to minimize the shortage of irrigation water. Evaluation of the operational performance of the optimized and existing reservoirs is carried out using simulation techniques. The results showed that the optimal operating pattern was obtained from the Objective Function with an average total release of reservoir water of 3.20 million m3, which can meet 100% of the irrigation water Requirements of an area of 134.05 ha of irrigation area that must be irrigated. The reliability of the optimization results is in the form of 100% irrigation reliability with a planting intensity of 300% with a rice-rice cropping pattern where the existing (planning) is a rice-rice-bero cropping pattern or a rice-bero cropping pattern with a cropping intensity of 200%. Optimization results from the objective function of minimizing the shortage of irrigation water provide better operating performance than the existing conditions, so as to increase agricultural productivity.

Changes in the pattern of cultivated species and loss of sustainability in central Veracruz, Mexico

The economic, social, and technological conditions in agriculture have changed due to public policies implemented by the Mexican government. These changes have forced producers to make decisions to adapt to a complex agricultural reality. The objective of this research is to analyze the changes in cropping patterns over four decades and their impact on sustainability in a local context. A survey and in-depth interviews were conducted among producers in agricultural and rainfed areas in central Veracruz, Mexico. The findings suggest that the promotion and subsequent reduction of public spending in favor of agricul-tural production resulted in the gradual introduction and exclusion of crops, as well as the fundamental management practices underlying them, such as fertilization, weed, disease, and pest control. This led to a loss of sustainability as it promoted monoculture, the use of agrochemicals, and the commercialization of crops. This not only simplified the crop pattern but also affected the family's diet, created conditions for increased pest and disease presence, and degraded soil life and agrobiodiversity, including medicinal and foodplants subject to harvesting. These findings should be taken into account when defining medium and long-term strategies.

Quantifying aboveground biomass, soil organic carbon and erosion with a detailed crop map and PESERA model in the Yangtze River Basin

AbstractSoil erosion represents a primary threat to soil systems with adverse implications for ecosystem services, crop production, potable water and carbon storage. While numerous studies have quantified the spatial distribution of aboveground Biomass (AGB), soil erosion and soil organic carbon (SOC) in the Yangtze River Basin (YRB), limited attention has been given to assessing the contributions of different land use types and especially crop types to AGB, soil erosion and SOC. In most studies, cropland is taken as a land use class, while detailed crop types and rotation patterns, and their effect on soil erosion and SOC, vary significantly. In this study, we used the Metronamica model to generate a detailed crop rotation and distribution map across the YRB and subsequently employed the Pan‐European Soil Erosion Risk Assessment (PESERA) model to simulate the spatial distribution of AGB, soil erosion and SOC on a monthly basis. PESERA model simulations indicate an average soil erosion rate across the entire YRB of 7.7 ton/ha/yr, with erosion hotspots concentrated in the Sichuan Basin and the central‐southern regions. The southwestern region and western Sichuan show elevated levels of AGB and SOC, while the eastern plains display lower levels. Erosion rates are lowest in areas designated as artificial land, pasture and grassland, whereas croplands and fruit tree plantations experience the highest erosion rates. In terms of crop types, the highest erosion rates and lowest AGB are observed under fallow and potato cultivation, while the lowest erosion rates and highest AGB are found in rice‐wheat rotation fields. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study taking detailed crop types and patterns into account while evaluating their effect at a relatively large scale (i.e., YRB). These findings can help to develop sustainable soil management and (cropping) conservation strategies.

Response of soil organic carbon to straw return in farmland soil in China: A meta-analysis

Straw return is an effective measure to promote sustainable agriculture by significantly improving soil fertility. At present, few studies have been conducted on the most effective carbon enhancing management measures for various crops. Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis using data collected from 184 literature sources, comprising 3297 data sets to analyze the carbon increase effects of straw returning in three main crops (rice, maize, and wheat) in China and to explore the influence mechanism of natural factors, soil properties, straw return measures, and cropping systems on the carbon enhancement effect. The study showed that straw return significantly increased soil organic carbon and the rate of increase was higher for wheat at 15.88% (14.74%–17.03%) than for rice at 12.7% (11.5%–13.91%) and maize at 12.42% (11.42%–13.42%), with varying degrees of improvement in other soil physicochemical properties. Natural factors have the greatest impact on the carbon increasing effect of rice fields, reaching 28.8%, especially at temperature between 10 °C and 15 °C, less than 800 mm precipitation, low latitude, and short frost-free period. Maize and wheat are most affected by soil properties, reaching 41% and 34.5% respectively. Furthermore, field management practices also play a pivotal role, organic carbon increasing obviously was observed when the C/N ratio of exogenous nutrients is bigger than 20 with the low initial organic matter. Shallow tillage and less than 7.5 t hm−2 straw returning with 3–10 years to the field are ideal for rice and maize. Crop rotation, especially in drylands, increased soil organic carbon more significantly than continuous. The results of our analysis can provide valuable insights into the effect of straw return on carbon increase. In the future, the soil carbon can be improved by adopting rational cropping patterns and straw return measures with taking into account climate and soil characteristics for different crops.

Assessing the Performance of Conveyance System of Jato Small-Scale Irrigation Scheme of Wayu-Tuka District, East Wallaga Zone, Oromia, Ethiopa

The performance assessment of a small-scale irrigation project plays a vital role in evaluating its effectiveness and addressing potential shortcomings in achieving desired outcomes. This study aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the Jato small-scale irrigation project, assessing its performance based on various criteria and indicators. The study evaluates the project's infrastructure maintenance and system efficiency. The designed command area of the scheme is seventy-five (75 ha) but the current irrigated area of the scheme is sixty (60ha) only. To achieve the objectives, primary and secondary data were collected. To gather both primary and secondary data, data-gathering techniques include surveys, interviews, field observations, and meteorological data. Before, during, and after an irrigation event, while farmers were carrying out their regular irrigation practices, several field characteristics were measured and/or observed. These data included the type of crop, irrigation water discharge in the canal, and field size. A survey concerning the availability of water was also carried out among farmers. CROPWAT 8.0 Software was used to organize the crop pattern of the study area along with other relevant data, including soil, climate, rain crop, and crop pattern. Water flow measurement results of the Jato small-scale irrigation scheme at the head, middle, and tail of the lined & unlined main canal were found to be 53.6l/s, 45.4 l/s, and 29.9l/s respectively. The average water flow measurement result of the scheme is 43l/s which reduced from required flow by 18.15l/s. From the analyses of the water balance indicators, the canal conveyance efficiency, canal conveyance loss, application efficiency, and overall efficiency were found to be 70%, 30%, 70%, and 50% respectively. The overall average main canal conveyance efficiency and water conveyance loss were below the recommended values. The studies have shown that the effective infrastructure, irrigation ratio, and water surface elevation ratio of the scheme were found to be 66.7%, 80%, and 66% respectively. However, there were certain areas for improvement identified, such as the need for better coordination among project stakeholders and enhanced maintenance practices to ensure the long-term functionality of irrigation infrastructure.

Multisource spatiotemporal analysis of cropping patterns on dry upland: A case study in Rubaru Sub-district, Sumenep Regency

Dry upland agriculture is vital for securing food production in several countries. However, the research on evaluating cropping patterns using remote sensing techniques is completely neglected due to several factors such as the availability of clean imagery and the complexity of the landscape. This research primarily focused on the evaluation of data availability from three different satellite imageries: Sentinel-2, Landsat-8, and MODIS. The consistently high data availability demonstrated by Sentinel-2 established its potential as a reliable source for gap-filling analysis in remote sensing studies. Using a classification model, various land cover types were identified with an overall accuracy of 86.4%, indicating the model's efficiency in accurately classifying these areas. This research also analyzed the detailed cropping patterns, revealing seven distinct temporal cultivation patterns of various crops. This period is strategically positioned between the cultivation of maize, which spans an area of 5,943 ha in December, January, and February, suggesting a potential crop rotation system. The rotation indicated that nearly 83.7% of the cultivated land was planted between maize and shallot throughout the year. The study emphasizes the significance of continuous monitoring and adaptive management in agriculture to ensure sustainability and productivity.

Statistical Analysis on Turmeric Production and Price Movement in Tamil Nadu

Since ancient times, agriculture has been one of the chief factors in the advancement of many nations. Also, it has been a huge contributor to the GDP (Gross Domestic Product). But the farmers and the small-scale retailers are still unaware of the demand and supply of the commodities in mandis. Ultimately, they are compelled to use the repetitive pattern of crops. Through knowledge of the intra-mandi prices for seasonal crops is necessary to gain the desired profit. Price trends in several Tamilnadu markets were investigated for Turmeric in order to forecast price volatility and problems that produce mandi-level projections, enhancing its usefulness. Given that medicinal crops have various medical and culinary uses, boosting their productivity could increase farmers' profits in comparison to typical pattern crops. So, the aim of this study is to evaluate the optimum preferred crop conditions for Turmeric with respect to profit. A data from the past decade was screened to observe the variation in prices of the crops along with production analysis. Also, it was validated statistically by various statistical measures like Standard Deviation, Mean and Coefficient of Variation. We examined intra-mandi prices and found that prices fluctuate over the whole peak season, with notable fluctuations in modal prices among several mandis. To demonstrate the variations in pricing reported for certain mandis on specific days, we've given a few instances. A low standard deviation implies that the commodities price is clustered around the mean, whereas a large standard deviation shows that the commodities price is more dispersed. Price volatility is the discrepancy between what is anticipated and what occurs. Keywords: Agriculture, Turmeric, Marginal farmers, Price Movement

Optimum Cropping Pattern in the Command Area of Nyari-2 Reservoir Using Teaching Learning-Based Optimization Algorithm

Optimum Cropping Pattern in the Command Area of Nyari-2 Reservoir Using Teaching Learning-Based Optimization Algorithm

Farmers, planning and Agroecological transition: insights from the special region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia

ABSTRACT The development of more resilient and sustainable food systems depends on the integration of ecological and sustainability concepts into agricultural systems. One proposed way to achieve this is to shift to ‘agroecology’. This concept appears promising, but there is a need to translate it in specific socio-ecological contexts, given that agroecological innovations develop locally and are responsive to local conditions. The objective of this paper is to examine the relevance of an Agroecological Transition for the Special Region of Yogyakarta (SRY), Indonesia, with an emphasis on farmers’ perspectives and experiences. Data were gathered from policy documents, field observations and 34 semi-structured interviews with farmers. Findings indicate that although there is limited discourse about agroecology in current policies, some farmers and NGOs have developed agroecological niche innovations. It may be possible to up-scale these niches to a broader context, with planning policies having a potential role in supporting this transition. Furthermore, farmers identify that the planning system can contribute to food sovereignty and Agroecological Transition by preserving agricultural land, managing regional cropping patterns and supporting the development of urban agriculture. These insights broaden existing knowledge around the potential of sustainable food planning through agroecology.

Nutritional Physiology of Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Fed on Different Wheat Varieties

Within the context of agricultural ecosystems, understanding the nutritional physiology of insects and their host plant preferences is essential for optimizing pest management strategies and improving crop production. In this study, we conducted an in-depth examination of the nutritional physiology of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in the context of different host plants, specifically wheat varieties, in comparison to maize. Our investigation focused on key parameters, including the Relative Consumption Rate (RCR), Relative Growth Rate (RGR), and Efficiency of Conversion of Ingested food (ECI) of S. frugiperda fed on different wheat varieties including: Dilkash-20, Fakhar-E-Bhakkar-17, Subhani-21, Faisalabad-08, and Akbar-19 in comparison to maize (NK-6654). The results revealed that S. frugiperda displayed a significantly (P < 0.05) higher RCR (8.08 g/g/day), RGR (1.50 g/g/day), and ECI (25.1 %) when feeding on maize, followed by Fakhar-E-Bhakkar-17 (RCR =7.00 g/g/day, RGR =1.24 g/g/day and ECI =21.4 %) and Akbar-19 (RCR = 6.06 g/g/day, RGR = 1.04 g/g/day and ECI =19.7 %) wheat varieties after 1 week of feeding. The lowest values of all these nutritional parameters were recorded on the Dilkash-20 variety (RCR = 2.98 g/g/day, RGR = 0.38 g/g/day, and ECI = 7.94 %). These findings offer valuable insights into the nutritional interactions between S. frugiperda and the host plants, shedding light on potential implications for pest management strategies and crop patterns.

Impact of Concepts and Spatial Scales on Irrigation Efficiency for Sustainable Water Resources Management: A Review

This paper provides a review of different ‘irrigation efficiency’ concepts evolved over the time since the term was originally conceived, from an engineering perspective; the impact of scale, i.e., from field to basin, on savings in water demands through hightech irrigation—the efficiency paradox; the role of rice cultivation—water guzzler or recharge basin; and policies for transforming high-tech irrigation into water-conserving interventions. As these issues are interlinked, their synergetic resolution is necessary for establishing sustainable irrigated-agriculture at basin scale. There is a consensus on the utility of classical irrigation for designing the capacity of different components of an irrigation system; and also appreciation of the fact that it does not represent the true picture of water savings/losses at the basin scale. Consumed fraction-based water accounting makes a better representation of irrigation performance from field to basin scales. In literature, studies from different countries revealed the positive impact of hightech irrigation in improving land productivity and income at the field scale but without any significant water conservation for further use to other sectors/locations. Many studies also indicate that introduction of high-tech irrigation in water-scarce but abundant irrigable land regions led to increased water use, which resulted in further decline of water table and/or deterioration of groundwater quality. The increase in water demand on improving irrigation efficiency is known as the efficiency paradox or rebound effect. In water-scarce areas, high-tech irrigation should be promoted with caps on water withdrawals even if the water transfer to downstream areas or other uses is not required. High-tech irrigation is helpful in reducing transaction costs for achieving water conservation, but gold plating of irrigation infrastructure alone would not be sufficient. This study emphasizes on enactment and enforcement of policies for regulating total water withdrawal, limiting irrigated area, and adopting ecologically-compliant cropping patterns for establishing sustainable irrigated-agriculture without the rebound effect.

Analisis Ketersediaan Air pada DAS Way Tembulih Untuk Kebutuhan Air Irigasi Berbasis Sistem Informasi Geografis di Kecamatan Ngaras Kabupaten Pesisir Barat

The purpose of this research were to determine the amount of potential water resource for food crops (rice and secondary crops), determine the optimal planting area of food crops (rice and secondary crops) according to the potential of available water resource and determine the cropping pattern of food crops (rice and secondary crops) in accordance with potential available water resource. The research was carried out with the stages of land water balance analysis technique using the SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment and Tools) model, analysis of irrigation water needs, analysis of reliable discharge, and analysis of the adequacy of needs for potential available water resource. The result showed that the potential of river water resource in Ngaras District can meet the water needs of rice crops in the first and second planting seasons starting from the beginning of November to the end of June each covering an area of 108,38 ha and the third planting seasons for soybean crops starting from the beginning of July to the end of December covering an area of 43,352 ha. In order to achieve the target of available raw land of 216,7 ha, it is recommended to apply the irrigation arrangement pattern in groups and the construction of weir infrastructure. Keywords: Irrigation regulation patterns, Irrigation water needs, Water resource potential.

Analisis Kebutuhan Air Irigasi dan Ketersediaan Sumber Daya Air Berbasis Sistem Informasi Geografis di Kecamatan Krui Selatan Kabupaten Pesisir Barat

Krui Selatan Subdistrict has potential in the productivity of rice and other food crops such as corns and soybeans. However, the management of water resources available to meet water needs in agriculture has not been optimal. This study aims to determine the potential amount of water resources for food crops (rice and palawija), to obtain the optimal planting area based on the potential of available water resources and to determine the cropping pattern of food crops according to the potential of available water resources. The analysis of research carried out in this study includes land water balance, crop water needs, irrigation water needs, water resource potential and water resource adequacy. This study uses a Geographic Information System (GIS) equipped with a SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tools) model approach during the research process. Potential water resources available in Krui Selatan Subdistrict can be utilized for land development with rice and secondary crops. The intensity of rice planting is carried out 2 (two) times a year with a rice planting area that can be developed of 72,15 ha. Meanwhile, the development of palawija, which this study uses soybeans, can be carried out in planting season III with a rice field area that can be used for crops soybean 54,11 ha. Keywords: Irrigation, Geographic Information System, Water Resources.

Impact and Assessment of Climate Change on Agricultural Production in India: A Geographical Perspective

Climate change is an imminent global challenge that poses significant threats to our planet’s ecosystems, human societies, and overall well-being. Climate change refers to long-term shifts in temperature and weather patterns (UN) 2023 has shown all too clearly that climate change is here, and human activities have been the main driver of climate change. At the core of climate change is Global Warming which has triggered the melting of glaciers, sea level rise, weather fluctuation, erratic rainfall, and an increase in temperature patterns over the next century is predicted. The main objectives of this research paper is to examine the various causes of climate change in India and what is the impact of climate change on agricultural production in different parts of the country. The entire study is based on secondary sources of data. The result of the study shows that agricultural sector, which is already having difficulties as a result of the growing need for food, is being negatively impacted by climate change. In India, agriculture is very important because it is the foundation of the country's economy and provides a living for most of the population. 17.4% of India's GDP, or its gross domestic product, is derived from agriculture (Economic Survey, 2015–16). Drought, heat waves, storms, flooding, delayed monsoons, and variations in seasonal temperatures are some of the elements that negatively affect agricultural operations, such as planting, tending, and harvesting crops like Zaid, Rabi, and Kharif. These factors affect India's agricultural productivity as well as livestock farming. The study also reveals that Climate change has resulted in altered cropping patterns and decreased output of crops such as sugarcane, ground nuts, and paddy in states like Gujarat, Maharashtra, Orissa, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, and Bihar. Some Indian states, including Bihar, Maharashtra, and Kerala, have demonstrated climate variability by experiencing drought-like conditions in certain areas and flood-prone areas in others. Also, it results in the failure of crops, which drives farmers in some states to take their own lives due to crippling debt. On top of that, there is a risk to food security, a change in the quality of nutrition, a modification in pest and disease, but—above all—it is making life harder for the people having poor socio-economic status.

MPSARB: design of an efficient multiple crop pattern prediction system with secure agriculture-record-storage model via reconfigurable blockchains

MPSARB: design of an efficient multiple crop pattern prediction system with secure agriculture-record-storage model via reconfigurable blockchains

Evaluating the Climate Change Trends and Spatiotemporal Variations of Evapotranspiration: A Case Study in El-Beheira Governorate, Egypt

Aims: Evapotranspiration (ET) is crucial for determining crop water requirements, while climate change and global warming are major concerns. Therefore, in this study, we aimed at evaluating the climate change trends and the spatiotemporal variations in ET in a selected area located in El-Beheira Governorate, Egypt, while accounting for potential land use/land cover (LULC) changes. Methodology: We analyzed three Landsat images acquired in 1984, 2001, and 2020 to assess LULC changes in the study area. Climate change was studied from 1984 to 2021 using data from NASA's Prediction of Worldwide Energy Resource (POWER) project. We also used the Terra MODIS MOD16A3GF Version 6.1 ET product from 2000 to 2021 to evaluate the spatiotemporal variations of ET. Results: LULC change detection showed that the unchanged agricultural area from 1984 to 2020 accounted for 29.3% of the study area and was used to evaluate the changes of ET. Evaluating climate change revealed that there was an increased trend in temperature, relative humidity (RH), and precipitation, while no change was observed in wind speed. Similarly, the anomalies changes of temperature, RH, and precipitation had an increasing trend while wind speed was constant. On the other hand, the yearly ET values calculated from 2000 to 2021 had an increasing trend. There was a moderate correlation between RH and precipitation, as well as between ET and precipitation. Conclusion: The increased trends in climatic parameters such as temperature will eventually require changes in crop patterns to adjust to these changes and maintain a profitable yield. Furthermore, the increase in ET will result in an increase in crop water requirements, which is problematic, especially considering the limited water resources in Egypt.

WPS:A whole phenology-based spectral feature selection method for mapping winter crop from time-series images

Accurately obtaining the spatial distribution and planting patterns of crops is very important for agricultural planning and food security. At present, time-series images have been proved to be an effective tool to characterize crop seasonal growth patterns, and identifying crop information by measuring the time-series similarity between unknown classes and known crop phenology curves is also considered to be a useful way. However, the existing methods of selecting feature ignore the connection between each phenological stage of crops and the unique growth rules of the whole phenology, which makes it difficult to select time-series spectral features that are potentially important for crop mapping. In order to make up for this problem, a Whole Phenology-based Spectral Feature Selection (WPS) method was proposed. The aim was to select the time-series feature sets with great differences among winter crops from a large number of spectral features, so as to improve the mapping accuracy of winter rapeseed and winter wheat. Firstly, spectral separability between all classes is calculated. Secondly, the key phenological periods of winter crops were selected according to the importance of temporal features, and the spectral feature sets with high separability were selected according to the key phenological periods. Finally, a Time-weighted Dynamic Time Warping (TWDTW) algorithm was used to generate the winter rapeseed and winter wheat maps of two cities in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. The mapping accuracy of the two crops is more than 92%, which matches the crop planting area well. The research shows that combining the WPS method with the TWDTW mapping method has great potential to accurately map crop types based on satellite time-series images.

Changing Cropping Patterns in the Central Himalaya: Causes and Implications

The Himalaya is experiencing significant changes in land use and cropping patterns. This paper examines the major causes and consequences of these changes in the Central Himalaya, focusing on two districts: Dehradun (Garhwal region) and Nainital (Kumaon region). Data on land use and cropping patterns for both districts were collected from the district statistical diaries and, subsequently, were analyzed. The analysis reveals that cropping patterns are undergoing substantial changes in both districts, although the change is not uniform across the regions. Various factors contribute to the shifting cropping patterns. In the recent past, there has been a notable increase in climate variability and change, with a persistent warming observed in the river valleys and mid-altitudes. Other significant factors influencing the changing cropping patterns include decline in the area and production of crops, alterations in food habits, population growth, and out-migration in the Central Himalaya.

An Economic Analysis of Cropping Pattern, Marketing Chains and Food Security Status of Farm Households in Rural-Urban Interface of Bengaluru, India

The study was taken in rural-urban interface of Bangalore to examine the participation of households in different marketing chains and production diversification on food insecurity status among selected households. Herfindahl-Hirschman (HH) index was used to estimate the crop diversification in both north and south transect. To analyze the household food security status, Food Security Index (FSI) was employed. The results indicated that, south transect was more crop diversified than north transect and the food security status was also high in south transect compared to north transect, hence crop diversity is having positive influence on household food security status in the study area. Among the different crops cultivated in the study area, percentage of area under ragi was the highest followed by maize in both the transects. In case of both maize and ragi, majority of the farm households sold their produce in the regulated markets. But ragi producers realized higher price (Rs. 2350/q) in farmers market (producer to consumers) and maize producers realized higher price (Rs. 1550/q) in regulated markets. Food security can be enhance through crop diversification and better price realization can be achieved by encouraging to adopt direct marketing or selling farmers produce through regulated markets.

Effect of crop pattern and types of manure on the growth of Sappan wood (Caesalpinia Sappan L.) in Jatinangor, West Java, Indonesia

Sappan wood plants are one of the medicinal plants in Indonesia. Considering the potential of Sappan wood plants in the health and industrial sectors, special cultivation techniques are required to ensure that Sappan wood plants can grow with a large stem diameter. A large stem diameter can be achieved by using the appropriate planting distance. The right planting distance requires land with sufficient organic content. This research aims to determine the optimum planting distance and the appropriate type of organic material to produce Sappan wood plants with a large diameter. The experimental design used was a Split Plot Design, with planting distance (J) as the main plot and organic fertilizer (P) as the sub-plot. The planting distance factor levels were J1 = 1m x 1m, J2 = 2mx2m cm, J3 = 3m x3m. The organic fertilizer factor levels were P1 = Cow Manure Fertilizer, P2 = Chicken Manure Fertilizer, and P3 = Sheep Manure Fertilizer. The results showed an interaction between the planting distance treatment and the use of manure fertilizer on the parameters of stem diameter and soil pH of Sappan wood plants at 3 MAP (months after planting). The planting distance treatment independently influenced the results, with a 1m x 1m planting distance providing the best results for plant height and stem diameter. In general, the application of different types of manure did not significantly affect the growth of Sappan wood plants.