Spring Barley Crops Research Articles

Photosynthetic potential of spring barley in the conditions of the Lower Volga region

Relevance. Increasing grain production requires new ways to increase the yield of grain crops. The study of the interaction of plants depending on the distance from the forest strip is currently of particular relevance. Methods. The scientific article presents the results of the study of spring barley depending on the distance from the forest strips. The purpose of the research was to conduct a comparative analysis of the photosynthetic activity of spring barley crops. The object of research is spring barley Medicum 139. The studies were carried out on the experimental field NVNIISKh, located in the light chestnut subzone of the dry steppe zone of chestnut soils of the Lower Volga. To achieve this goal it was necessary to determine and calculate: the area of the sheet surface; photosynthetic activity of crops; amount of dry phytomass; the net productivity of photosynthesis. Results. Studies have shown that the maximum photosynthetic potential (AF) was reached the phase of “egress into the tube-earing”, when it was 1.5 times higher than in the phase of “tillering-egress into the tube” and “earing-milk ripeness”. The net productivity of photosynthesis (NPF) of spring barley was maximum in the phase of exit to the tube-tillering, minimum in the phase of earing — milk ripeness. The accumulation of dry matter was also observed maximum in the phase of exit to the heading-earing tube, minimal in the phase of heading-milk ripeness. The leaf area affected the formation of the mass of 1000 grains and the number of productive stems in the heading phase: R = 0.5 ... 0.7; R = 0.5 ... 0.6, respectively, depending on the distance from the forest strip. In the phase of milk ripeness a reliable correlation was established between the leaf surface area and the mass of grains in the main ear in 2017, 2018 and 2019 ( R = 0.7, 0.5, 0.6, respectively). The beneficial effect of protective forest stands on soil properties, as well as on the growth, condition and productivity of crops, is noted. The results of the study indicate the important role of forest strips. The scope of development is the soil zone of the Lower Volga.

Cover crop and cereal straw management influence the residual nitrogen effect

Cover crops (CC) may play an essential role in the recycling of nutrients in organic farming systems with cereals. Harvest time of cereals and management of straw in the field can affect the growth of CC and subsequent nitrogen (N) fertiliser replacement value (NFRV) in the following crop. This study investigates 1) the effect of harvest time, 2) cutting height of straw and 3) straw removal from the main crop on CC growth, composition, uptake and NFRV in the following crop and 4) the effect of CC harvest in autumn on the NFRV in the succeeding crop. A CC mixture of mainly red clover, with chicory and ryegrass was sown under a spring barley crop in 2017, and replicated in 2018. Four strategies of barley harvest were conducted: 1) early harvest as whole crop or 2) early harvest of the upper parts only, 3) at maturity with straw removed or 4) at maturity with straw left on the field surface. Subsequently, CC and high stubbles of left straw were harvested and removed in autumn in half of the field replicates. The residual effect was measured in spring barley in the succeeding year. The CC aboveground biomass dominated by the clover had an N uptake for both years of 40−77 kg N ha−1. Variability was significant between years but not caused by the harvest time or by straw management. In the succeeding year, residues from barley and CC could replace 61−85 kg N ha−1 of mineral N fertiliser, which were mostly derived from CC roots and stubble. High straw stubble left (40 cm length) significantly reduced the NFRV of CC shoots by 20%. Root residues (including barley and CC roots) contributed a substantial N supply to the following crop irrespective of aboveground CC biomass. The availability of N derived from CC shoot mineralisation differed significantly in the two years and was also influenced by straw left from the previous crop.

INFLUENCE OF TECHNOLOGICAL METHODS OF SPRING BARLEY OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE RIGHT BANK FOREST-STEPPE ZONES

The barley is traditionally one of the leading cereal crops and occupies significant areas in Ukraine. However, despite the great potential of crop productivity, the yield and gross harvests of its grain are low and unstable by year, which is due to a complex of meteorological, agrobiological and agro-technical factors. The cumulative manifestation of negative factors or phenomena, or the significant prevalence of one of them, determines the size of the annual crop failure. The research was to identify the agrobiological features of spring barley and define the need to develop effective technological measures for its cultivation, aimed at increasing the adaptability of plants to adverse environmental conditions, taking into account the variation of weather factors, the genotype of the variety, its response to the use of micro and macro-fertilizers appropriate doses, methods and timing of their use depending on the preceding crops (winter wheat, corn a) in the conditions of economy. To achieve this goal it was supposed to solve the following problems: - to establish the influence of technological measures of cultivation on field germination and density of standing plants of spring barley; - to investigate the features of growth, development and formation of the density of plant stem depending on the precursor and the use of micro- and macro-fertilizers and biological products; - to find out the influence of complex application of mineral fertilizers and biological products on assimilation activity and water consumption of crops - determine the growth rate of the above-ground mass of plants under the influence of the investigated agromeasures; - to identify the peculiarities of the elements formation of the ear structure, yield and quality of grain under the influence of the complex action of agro-technical factors; The scientific novelty of the study is determined by the fact that, for the first time, , the patterns of plant growth and development, the productivity of barley spring variety Sovir are revealed in the conditions of the Forest-Steppe of the Right Bank. It is theoretically substantiated and experimentally proved the possibility of stabilizing the productivity of spring barley crops by enhancing the adaptive functions of plants by selecting preceding crops, using biological products and fertilizers. The results of the influence of the complex application of micro- and macro-fertilizers and biological products on the growth processes of spring barley, the peculiarities of the increase of the above-ground mass of plants, the formation of elements of the structure of the yield, the economic evaluation of the studies. Key words: barley, hydrothermal conditions, inoculation, structural analysis, grain, yield.

ХІМІЧНИЙ МЕТОД ЗАХИСТУ HORDEUM VULGARE ВІД ФІТОФАГІВ З КОЛЮЧЕ-СИСНИМ РОТОВИМ АПАРАТОМ


 
 
 The system of protection against harmful organisms is of great importance in obtaining high yields of cereals. Pests cause up to 30 percent of the loss of a potential crop yield. The article presents the results of original research on the species composition of phytophages in spring barley crops under the conditions of the Right-Bank Forest Steppe of Ukraine. The analysis of technical efficiency of application of pesticides against dominant pest species in spring barley crops is made. The conclusions about the effectiveness of crop protection against dominant pests in spring barley crops.
 
 

Effect of soil treatment on pest infestation and crop disease distribution in black soil fields with short rotation crops

We have established the influence of four tillage systems on pest distribution and development of diseases in cultivated cereals during three-year research (2017-2019) in the field stationary of the Bila Tserkva National Agrarian University, Ukraine (chernozem grain sprouting with five-course rotation). The population of turnip moth in winter wheat, spring barley, and soya was the highest under application of disk tillage, the lowest – under moldboard tillage. The moldboard treatment limited while the beardless and disk treatments stimulate the development of beet webworm in the cereal crops. The number of pests in soya, winter wheat, spring barley, and maize was higher under combined soil treatment compared to moldboard. We recorded no significant difference in pests towards tillage systems in sunflower crops. In soya, winter wheat and maize crops, the number of wireworm was significantly higher in molded than in molded cultivation; the opposite pattern was observed in the sunflower field, while for spring barley these values were at the same level. The distribution and development of root rot in cereal crops was higher in comparison with control, but this difference was insignificant in spring barley. The development of powdery mildew in spring barley crops was almost the same for these tillage options. In cereal crops, septoriosis lesions were almost at the same level in case of moldboard and combined tillage. Significant deterioration of phytosanitary condition at beardless and disk tillage resulted in significant reduction of crop rotation productivity in comparison with control. In the fields with combined and disk treatments, the productivity value was almost the same.

Nitrogen, irrigation, and alley management effects on nitrate leaching from raspberry

AbstractHigh NO3 concentrations in the Abbotsford‐Sumas aquifer are linked to raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) production. Passive capillary wick samplers were used to quantify the impacts of N, irrigation, and alley managements on drainage and NO3 leaching from raspberry rows and alleys over 4 yr. Conventional management (100 kg N ha−1 surface broadcast on the row as a split application, clean cultivation of alleys, and fixed‐duration drip irrigation) was compared with different mineral fertilizer N rates, N applied as manure, alleys seeded to a perennial forage grass or an autumn‐seeded spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) crop, or evapotranspiration (ET)‐scheduled irrigation. The temporal pattern of drainage and NO3 leaching was driven by seasonal precipitation and growing season irrigation. Growing season drainage and NO3 leaching were much lower under ET‐scheduled irrigation compared with fixed irrigation. Nitrate leaching was high (up to 90 kg N ha−1), even with no managed N inputs due to high inherent soil fertility and large quantities of N applied in irrigation water. Nitrate leaching was insensitive to N fertilizer rate. Application of N as poultry manure more than doubled NO3 leaching compared with fertilizer, emphasizing the need to use organic N inputs judiciously. The perennial grass alley cover crop resulted in the greatest overall reduction in NO3 leaching. Our data indicate that no single management strategy is sufficient to protect groundwater quality. Rather, an integrated package of improved practices (i.e., application of a reduced rate of mineral N through fertigation, combined with ET‐scheduled irrigation and perennial alley crop) is necessary to protect groundwater quality.

The influence of different preceeding crops of spring barley on spring reserves of available moisture when grown in short-term crop rotations

The influence of different preceeding crops of spring barley on spring reserves of available moisture when grown in short-term crop rotations

Phosphorus cycling and spring barley crop response to varying redox potential

AbstractFor arable soils, it is not clear whether closing a controlled drainage system leads to P mobilization due to water table rise and associated changes in redox‐induced biogeochemical processes. Therefore, we investigated P mobilization at different redox conditions using three spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cropped lysimeters filled with monoliths of arable northeastern German soil profiles. Pore water samples were collected weekly from three different depths, and dissolved (<0.45 μm) element concentrations of total C, P, Al, Fe, Mn, Ca, Mg, and K, as well as inorganic and organic C (DIC and DOC) and P (Pi and Po), SO42−–S, and NO2−–N and NO3−–N were determined. The total P concentration in pore water collected from a given lysimeter at a given time was 1.8 mg P L−1 maximum. Organic P concentrations in subsoil solutions were positively correlated with Fe concentrations. Grain yield of spring barley ranged between 5.6 and 6.5 Mg ha−1, and total biomass P uptake was negatively correlated with the stable P stocks of the soil profiles. Results suggest that reductive conditions in subsoils led to dissolution of pedogenic Fe‐(oxy)hydroxides and release of Po compounds, the latter of which were more important for biomass P uptake than P released from stable P compounds. Overall, closing the drainage at the field site could represent a moderate P mobilization risk, which would probably be lower compared with a P mobilization risk caused by a heavy rainfall event.

The results of research on tillage rollers with an economic assessment of the effectiveness of their use

The study confirmed the set scientific hypothesis that to improve seed germination and uniformity of germination of cultivated agricultural crops and increase their yields possible while performing operations field preparation, sowing, formation of the desired profile, density and structure of the soil over the sown seeds on the basis of application of innovative methods and means of mechanization of surface tillage. As a result of experimental studies, the design parameters of the developed innovative agricultural tools have been optimized. When combined, they provide the required fine-grained and optimally compacted soil layer, in which the seeds of agricultural crops are located. As recommendations to agricultural production, the actual value of the specific mass of the developed rollers is established, taking into account ballasting loads per 1 m of the width of the grip, the value of which is within 95...160 kg, depending on the shape and design of the working elements, as well as on the properties of the processed medium. In the course of evaluating the metal capacity of innovative agricultural tools and serial ring-spur roller, a difference of 64% per unit of widthof the grip was revealed. Defined increase of productivity when using the developed means of mechanization of surface tillage for spring barley to 14% and 16 %, spring wheat by 11 % and 14 %, winter wheat up to 7% and 9% respectively compared with serial ring-spur roller and disc rollers seeder. Based on the economic assessment of the compared seeding technologies, the annual economic effect of the introduction of innovative tillage rollers was established, which amounted to 64…69 $ by 1 ha of spring barley crops.

Effect of various biological control agents (BCAs) on drought resistance and spring barley productivity

The aim of the article is to study the effect of various biological agents of biofungicides on plant resistance to drought and formation of spring barley crops. Endophytic bacteria (Bacillus subtilis), rhizospheric bacteria (Pseudomonas fluorescens), actinomycetes (Streptomyces sp.), and micromycetes (Trichoderma viride) were used as bioagents of biofungicides. Preparations based on biological agents were used to treat spring barley seeds. The studies were carried out in laboratory and field conditions. In the conditions of the model artificial acute drought, it was found that seed treatment with Streptomyces sp. Stimulates the leaf and root growth, as well as increases peroxidase activity in the leaves. The maximum content of proline was during seed treatment with Pseudomonas fluorescens. An increase in the content of chlorophyll was observed when treating with Trichoderma viride seeds. In the field conditions, Pseudomonas putida and Streptomyces were more efficient by the content of proline in seedlings. In terms of the spring barley yield, seed treatment with Streptomyces sp., Pseudomonas putida and Bacillus subtilis was more efficient. Streptomyces sp., Pseudomonas putida and Bacillus subtilis are promising for increasing barley resistance to drought.

Nitrogen and Sulfur Availability in Digestates from Anaerobic Co-digestion of Cover Crops, Straw and Cattle Manure

Anaerobic digestion (AD) has the potential to enhance the availability of nitrogen (N) from green manures; however, part of the sulfur (S) is lost with the biogas. In this study, the N and S availabilities from untreated and digested cover crop (CC) and straw mixtures were measured after application to soil in the laboratory. In addition, a microplot experiment was carried out to assess the N availability in a spring barley crop. A CC consisting of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) was harvested and ensiled with barley straw (Hordeum vulgare L.) at different ratios (1:0, 10:1 and 3:1). The silages were either digested alone or co-digested with cattle manure (CM) in continuously fed anaerobic reactors. Six months after soil application, the net inorganic N release was − 7%, 15% and 25% of total N for untreated CC:straw ratios of 3:1, 10:1 and 1:0, respectively. AD significantly increased the net inorganic N release of these plant materials to 5%, 26% and 38% (mono-digestion) and 40%, 41% and 43% (co-digestion with CM). Results from the laboratory experiment corroborated the field experiment in which AD significantly increased the nitrogen fertiliser replacement value (NFRV) of the CC:straw from 19 to 41% of total N applied. Gaseous loss of S up to 30% was observed during AD while the total N content remained unchanged. Sulfate from untreated CC:straw and digestates was immobilised soon after application to soil, resulting in low availability of inorganic S. Digestion of CC and straw significantly reduced N immobilisation but clearly did not contribute to inorganic S supply.

Microbial preparations in the cultivation of grain crops in the Priobskaya zone of the Altai region

The article examines the action of biologics of associative nitrogen-fixing bacteria for non-leguminous crops in spring soft and durum wheat and spring barley crops in the steppe zone of the Altai Priobye. The positive effect of biological products in all years of research is established. In different years, the increase in yield of different varieties of wheat from inoculation with monopreparations amounted to 8.0-53.5%, with a minimum tillage of 68.0-89.7%. In drought conditions and in the context of yield reduction, the effect of drugs was higher than in a moister period. The drugs effectiveness increased with mineral fertilizers (a dose of N30P60K60) and mycorrhiza.

Influence of various systems of soil tillage on agrophysical properties of leached chernozem

The paper presents the results of research into the effect of different soil tillage systems on soil density and structure. The research was conducted in a long-term stationary experiment on the crops of Nikita spring barley. The soil of the experimental plot is classifi ed as leached, mediumtextured, medium-humus, heavy-loam chernozem. The following soil tillage systems with peas as a forecrop were studied: deep moldboard, deep combined, minimum combined and zero. The years of research (2015-2018) differed in heat availability and amount of precipitation. This allowed to study and carry out comparative assessment of the effect of various soil tillage systems of leached chernozem on agrophysical properties of soil. Yearly weather conditions had no signifi cant effect on soil density with all the studied soil tillage systems in single and binary crops of spring barley, whereby the indicators varied from 1.87 to 6.72%. Compared to deep moldboard tillage (control), there was an increase in soil density with zero tillage in singlecrop sowings of spring barley by 6.2%, and in binary crops – by 9.4%. However, the indices were not beyond optimum values of 1.02-1.05 g/ cm3. The optimum equilibrium soil density for the main subtypes of chernozems is 1.0-1.25 g/cm3. Minimum combined soil tillage system resulted in the stable content of valuable structural soil units 0.25-10 mm both in single-crop and binary sowings of spring barley at 68.3% and 68.9%, and the coeffi cient of soil structural properties – 2.15 and 2.21 respectively. It was established that the effect of soil tillage system on the creation of valuable structural units in soil was 21.4%, yearly weather conditions – 11.8%, type of crops – 25.5%.

In sink-limited spring barley crops, light interception by green canopy does not need protection against foliar disease for the entire duration of grain filling

Disease management in cereals is heavily reliant on the use of fungicides, but development of anti-microbial resistance, effects on non-target organisms and persistence of active ingredients in the environment and food chain challenge the sustainability of this approach. Better targeting of fungicides according to crop need within an integrated pest management (IPM) programme could improve the sustainability of disease management. The objectives of the present study were to determine 1) the duration of protection of post-anthesis canopy light interception required to maximise the yield of spring barley and 2) to relate this to the response of crops to timing of fungicide applications. As the yield of spring barley is considered to be sink-limited (limited by the number and storage capacity of grains) rather than source-limited (limited by the amount of carbon assimilates available for grain filling) in many environments, we hypothesised that the canopy would not need to be protected for the entire grain filling period. Field experiments were conducted at two sites in the UK (Edinburgh and Herefordshire) over four years, providing contrasting climates and soil types. Shading was used to determine the response of grain filling to reductions in light interception over defined intervals, thereby mimicking effects of foliar disease on light interception, as shading is easier to control than the onset and duration of disease epidemics. Shades giving ˜67% reduction in photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) were erected over plots of disease-free crops at weekly intervals commencing at flowering and leaving them in place until harvest. The required duration of protection of light interception was estimated as the period from flowering to the time at which the onset of shading had no effect on yield. In a separate experiment the response to five fungicide timing treatments was determined on three relatively disease-susceptible varieties. Timings were the start of stem extension (referred to here as T1 only) and T1 followed by a second application at either flag leaf emergence (early T2), flowering (mid T2) or the start of rapid grain growth (late T2); untreated plots served as controls. Results showed that canopy PAR interception does not need to be protected for the entire grain filling period in order to maximise yield. The critical period determined from shading was 3–5 weeks after 50% ear emergence depending on the site year, or the first 72–90% of grain filling. There was a significant yield response to fungicide treatment in all site-years of 0.33−0.74 t ha−1 irrespective of the disease severity and yield potential of the site. Where disease severity was low to moderate a T1 application on its own gave sufficient protection during grain filling to maximise yield. Later applications increased healthy area PAR interception further, but effects occurred late during grain filling and did not increase yield. When disease was severe a T1 plus mid T2 application was required to protect PAR interception during the critical early to mid- grain filling period. These results provide the necessary physiological understanding to help target fungicide applications according to crop need.

Wpływ zmian klimatu na efektywność wykorzystywania azotu oraz jego straty

Celem badań było określenie przewidywanych plonów, efektywności wykorzystania N (NUE), wymywania N, emisji N2O i NH3 w zależności od zmian klimatu do 2050 r. Badania wykonano, z zastosowaniem modelu DNDC, dla okresów lat 1991-2010, 2011-2030 i 2031-2050 oraz 10 lokalizacji w Polsce. W symulacjach uwzględniono zmianowanie roślin: kukurydza na ziarno – jęczmień jary – rzepak ozimy – pszenica ozima, które uprawiano na glebach lekkich, średnich i ciężkich, przy nawożeniu wynoszącym odpowiednio: 140, 90, 160 i 120 kg N ha-1. Stwierdzono, że zmiany klimatu przyczynić się mogą do wzrostów plonów kukurydzy na ziarno (6-43%) i rzepaku ozimego (2-8%), spadków plonów pszenicy ozimej (od -18 do -5%) oraz nieistotnych zmian w plonach jęczmienia jarego. NUE wzrośnie w uprawie kukurydzy (2-17%), zmaleje w uprawach pszenicy ozimej (3-22%) i jęczmienia jarego (3-17%) oraz nie ulegnie zmianie w przypadku rzepaku ozimego. Zmiany NUE oraz straty N nie wpływały na konieczność zmniejszenia dawek azotu w przyszłej uprawie badanych roślin.

Improving mineral nitrogen control by combining catch crops, fertilisation, and straw management in a clay loam soil

ABSTRACTThis experiment was conducted on a clay loam Cambisol and set out to determine the effects of combining catch crops, variable fertilisation levels, and straw management on the productivity of a spring barley-catch crop agrosystem, on the enrichment of soil with organic matter and nitrogen (N), and on soil mineral N control. Research was carried out in a spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) crop without catch crops, with undersown red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), and with post-crop white mustard (Sinapis alba L.). The barley was unfertilised, fertilised at moderate rates or at high rates. Straw was managed by either removing it from the field or chopping and spreading it. The quantity of organic matter and N incorporated into the soil depended on the fertilisation level of the barley crop. Soil mineral N stocks in the spring were reduced when straw was used together with red clover. When white mustard mass was incorporated alone in the autumn during ploughing, soil mineral N was reduced in the spring; however, when it was incorporated with straw, the effect was the opposite. Soil mineral N content is controllable when organic matter components are combined according to their decomposition rates, masses, and incorporation times.

Photosynthetic activity of spring and winter barley crops depending on the elements of cultivation technology in the conditions of the Southern steppe of Ukraine

Photosynthetic activity of spring and winter barley crops depending on the elements of cultivation technology in the conditions of the Southern steppe of Ukraine

ЗАБУР’ЯНЕНІСТЬ ПОCІВІВ ЯЧМЕНЮ ЯРОГО ТА ЇХ ПРОДУКТИВНІСТЬ ЗАЛЕЖНО ВІД ЗАХОДІВ ОСНОВНОГО ОБРОБІТКУ ҐРУНТУ

ЗАБУР’ЯНЕНІСТЬ ПОCІВІВ ЯЧМЕНЮ ЯРОГО ТА ЇХ ПРОДУКТИВНІСТЬ ЗАЛЕЖНО ВІД ЗАХОДІВ ОСНОВНОГО ОБРОБІТКУ ҐРУНТУ

Regional variations in potential groundwater recharge from spring barley crop fields in the UK under projected climate change

This study assessed the variations in the impacts of climate change on potential groundwater recharge from barley crop fields in fourteen UK administrative regions. Future climate data, based on the high, medium and low emissions scenarios (or HES, MES, and LES, respectively), were obtained from the UK Climate Projections 2009 (UKCP09) using the weather generator embedded therein. These were used, together with soil, field and calibrated data of the barley genotype Westminster, to simulate potential groundwater recharge in barley crop fields for the 2030s, 2040s, and 2050s. The results show significant variations in potential groundwater recharge for the regions and the emissions scenarios but not the time slices. There was no interaction effect between time and emissions scenarios. For all emissions scenarios, time slices and regions, the largest reduction and increase in potential groundwater recharge over baseline values were 38% and 41%, respectively. East Midlands had the largest reductions for all time slices and emissions scenarios while Southwest Scotland, Northwest Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales had the largest increase in potential recharge over baseline values. Generally, reductions were prevalent in the south and the eastern regions of England. Reductions were also highest under HES and lowest under the LES. In the 2030 , the largest reductions were 37 mm (HES), 29 mm (MES), and 16 mm (LES). In the 2050 the largest reductions were 31 mm (HES), 27 mm (MES), and 19 mm (LES). It is concluded that the regional variations in potential recharge in arable crop fields during the spring-summer season can be a useful input in adaptation planning that integrates agriculture and water resources management in response to flood and drought risks, and water-food security needs.

Порівняльна оцінка ефективності гербіцидів у посівах ячменю ярого

Порівняльна оцінка ефективності гербіцидів у посівах ячменю ярого