Crop Protection Systems Research Articles

An Integrated Agricultural Crop Protection System in the Krasnodar Territory

The results of the use of biological products in the cultivation of agricultural crops in the conditions of the central zone of the Krasnodar Territory are presented. The best options for the integrated protection of winter wheat, sunflower and grain corn are given with an assessment of the yield and quality of the grain obtained.

Optimal spraying task assignment problem in crop protection with multi-UAV systems and its order irrelevant enumeration solution

Creating a team of crop protection unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for a scheduled spraying task over fields is a method that seeks to overcome the various limitations of using individual UAVs. However, given some of the issues with pesticide spraying operations involving multiple UAVs (multi-UAVs), such as differences in hardware, irregular field borders, spray drift, and operator proficiency, assigning spraying sub-tasks to multi-UAVs during crop protection is more important and more complex than for other homogeneous multi-agent systems in common use. In this study, a mathematical model of a heterogeneous multi-UAV crop protection system is established. Based on this model, an optimal spraying task assignment problem (OSTAP) for multi-UAVs used in crop protection is proposed. To solve this problem, it is converted to an equivalent combinatorial problem. The order irrelevant enumeration solution (OIES) algorithm is proposed where time and space complexities are more efficiently implemented on a horizontal comparison among OIES, equal task assignment (ETA), sequential task assignment (STA), discrete particle swarm optimisation (DPSO), and a full permutation algorithm. Numerical simulation with a six-UAV system showed that OIES could solve OSTAP in a finite time using C++ in the Visual Studio environment and performed efficiently and accurately. Finally, with the proposed OIES, an OSTAP application software was developed as a visualisation of an OSTAP solution. With this application, a spraying test with the five-UAV system was carried out to determine the effectiveness of OIES in an actual pesticide spraying operation. Test results showed that OIES performs best with these algorithms, which takes only 51.3% of the operating time taken by ETA and it requires fewer flights.

ENTOMOLOGICAL SENSORS FOR CONSERVATION TECHNOLOGIES OF CROP CULTIVATION IN FIELD CROP ROTATIONS OF THE FOREST-STEPPE OF UKRAINE

In 2010-2022, in the field crop rotations of the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine, using the latest chemicals, the peculiarities of biology, ecology and distribution of soil and other harmful arthropod species were clarified. In particular, the technologies for the production of high-quality grain through the use of tank mixtures of plant protection products and relatively high rates of fertilizers influenced the formation of the structure of the entomocomplex with the prevalence of certain species of grasshoppers, blackflies, scoopers and plateworms. According to the phenophases of cultivated plants, this feature was accompanied by both the state of bioresources and crop production technologies in general with the optimisation of phytosanitary, environmental and economically sound resource-saving methods of phytophage number control. It has been established that in cultural ecosystems with intensive technologies as part of modern biological resources, the number of organisms, both flora and fauna, in particular, harmful insect phytophages, changes significantly in the early stages of formation and development of grain crops. During the years of observation, it was noted that the biodiversity of agrocenoses is quite numerous in terms of species and quantity, mainly against the background of organic-mineral systems and under conditions of relatively low rates of fertiliser application. This makes it possible to model such processes using entomological and zoological objects as sensors, in particular from the standpoint of systematic monitoring and forecasting, as well as sustainable management on a resource-saving basis. At the same time, the long-term dynamics of the factors of entomocomplexes formation was taken into account, with the influence of basic and fractional feeding systems, soil cultivation and measures to protect cereals and other crops being clarified, and the dominant species were identified from the theological point of view. Based on the results of the research, some biocenotic relationships of cultivated plants and their pests under different nutrition systems of wheat, corn, soybeans, chickpeas, sunflower in periods of drought and relatively optimal weather conditions were clarified, with the levels of trophic chains of primary and secondary cenoses determined. The structure of arthropods under the latest systems of liquid fertiliser application was clarified, as well as the impact of tank mixtures of agrochemicals on the migration and survival of phytophagous insects in short rotation crop rotations was assessed. The new parameters of grain crop protection systems with biologically oriented complexes based on entomological and zoological test objects of the factors of crop production intensification are substantiated.

Internet of things‐based deeply proficient monitoring and protection system for crop field

AbstractThe production rate of crops is significantly declining due to natural disasters, animal interventions and plant diseases. Internet of things (IoT) and wireless sensor networks are widely applied in crop field monitoring systems to observe the quality of each plant and the field. This work proposes IoT based crop field protection system (ICFPS) that monitors and protects the crop fields from animal intrusions. This proposed system uses ultrasonic sensors, hyperspectral cameras, voice recorded buzzers and other agriculture sensors to protect the entire crop field. This system uses numerous sensor nodes and cameras for gathering field objects (images and environmental objects). The proposed ICFPS creates deep learning techniques such as recurrent convolutional neural networks (RCNN) and recurrent generative adversarial neural networks (RGAN) for feature extraction, disease detection and field data monitoring practices. This proposed work develops a smart city‐based agriculture system using cognitive learning approaches. This proposed system analyses crop field data and provide automatic alerts regarding animal interferences and crop diseases. Moreover, the cognitive smart crop field system observes various field conditions which support for good production rate. In this system, sensors and camera‐enabled agriculture drones are coordinated with each other to collect the field data regularly. At the same time, the proposed work trains the RCNN and RGAN units using effective crop field datasets to attain realistic decisions within minimal time intervals. The experiment details and results show the proposed ICFPS works with 8%–10% of more classification accuracy than existing systems.

Comparison of UAV and fixed-wing aerial application for alfalfa insect pest control: evaluating efficacy, residues, and spray quality.

Integrating unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) as a new method of pesticide application into existing commercial crop protection systems requires extensive research and comparison to conventional, proven application technology. Pest control expressed as efficacy against target pests, and spray quality expressed as coverage and chemical residue are three key criteria. We investigated and compared these quantitative parameters between a multi-rotor UAV and conventional piloted airplanes in two commercial alfalfa production systems. Effective and equivalent control of leaf-feeding insect pests was achieved by both methods of aerial application when delivering chlorantraniliprole at the same labeled use rate in different spray volumes (46.8 and 93.5L ha-1 ) on commercially grown alfalfa in California. Residue levels and spray coverage were also comparable and consistent between the UAV and airplane applications across three sampling techniques, specifically residue levels on alfalfa, insecticide recovery from filter paper, and spray coverage on water sensitive cards. Differences in droplet size and deposit characteristics were more variable for the UAV than airplanes based on analysis of deposition images. The results of this study provide confidence supporting the use of small-scale multi-rotor UAVs for pesticide application on agricultural crops. According to the parameters tested, UAV application quality and crop protection performance were comparable to that of the conventional fixed wing airplane application. However, the droplet spectrum and the short-term fate of droplets from unmanned aerial spray system require further optimization for effective and efficient crop protection with minimal risk to the environment.

Implementation of IIoT based smart crop protection and irrigation system

A centralizing method in the area of IIoT (Industrial Internet of Things) contrived for understanding agriculture which is preceding the arrangements low-power devices [5]. This paper yields a monitoring procedure for farm safety against animal attacks and climate change conditions. IIoT advances are frequently used in smart farming to emphasize the standard of agriculture[6]. It contains types of sensors, controllers. On behalf of WSN, the ARM Cortex-A board which consumes 3W is the foremost essence of the procedure [9]. Different sensors like DHT 11 Humidity & Temperature Sensor, PIR Sensor, LDR sensor, HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor, and camera are mounted on the ARM Cortex-A board. The PIR goes high on noticing the movement within the scope, the camera starts to record, and the data will be reserved on-board and in the IoT cloud, instantaneously information will be generated automatically towards the recorded quantity using a SIM900A unit to notify about the interference with the information of the weather conditions attained by DHt11[14]. If a variance happens, the announcement of the threshold rate will be sent to the cell number or to the website. The result will be generated on a catalog of the mobile of the person to take the necessary action [7].

Fungicide sensitivity and resistance in the blackleg fungus,

Fungicide use has become a fundamental part of many crop protection systems around the world, including to control blackleg disease on canola (Brassica napus L.). In Australia, most canola growers routinely apply at least one fungicide, and potentially multiple fungicides with different modes of action, in a single growing season. There is evidence for the emergence of fungicide resistance in Leptosphaeria maculans, the causal agent of blackleg disease, to the demethylation inhibitor (DMI) class of fungicides in Australia. However, it is not known whether resistance exists towards other chemical classes such as the succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHI). In this work, 397 samples were screened for resistance towards seven fungicide treatments in stubble-borne L. maculans populations collected from eight canola-growing agro-ecological regions of Australia from 2018 to 2020, a time frame that bridges the introduction of new chemicals for blackleg control. We confirmed that DMI resistance in L. maculans is pervasive across all of the sampled canola-growing regions, with 15% of fungal populations displaying high levels (resistance scores >0.5) of resistance towards the DMI fungicides. Although resistance to newly introduced SDHI fungicides was low, we found evidence of positive cross-resistance between established DMI-only fungicides and a newly introduced combined DMI and quinone outside inhibitor fungicide, suggesting that the efficacy of the latter may be limited by widespread DMI resistance. Proactive surveillance, as performed here, may provide a means to avoid the rapid loss of fungicide efficacy in the field.

Economic and environmental benefits of protection winter wheat with the use of biological preparations

In the work we presented, based on field production experiments conducted in the Belgorod region, an economic assessment of various winter wheat protection systems is given. In particular, crop protection systems with treatment only with chemical preparations (chemical) and with the integrated use of biological and chemical preparations (integrated) were studied. The most important economic indicators have been calculated, allowing to determine the most profitable, from the point of view of financial costs, systems. As a result, we found that the highest profit was obtained with using the integrated winter wheat protection system - 4446.7 rubles / ha, the profitability of these treatments was 95%. It was also found that the introduction of an integrated system is the most preferable from the point of view of protecting the environment from pollution. When applied on crops, the pesticide load on the soil is reduced, since the amount of applied chemicals is more than halved in comparison with the chemical protection system.

THE TRANSITION FROM THE TRADITIONAL TO AN ECO-FRIENDLY ORGANIC SYSTEM OF AGRICULTURE IN THE CONDITIONS OF CLIMATE CHANGE — CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS

The state policy on legal regulation in the field of organic production in Ukraine is analyzed. The influence of climate change on the cultivation of crops in the transition period from traditional to organic farming is considered. The main tasks of the transition period from the traditional to the organic system of agriculture are stated and scientifically substantiated. Possible ecological risks and factors influencing the adaptability of agroecosystems to agroclimatic conditions are shown. It is substantiated that the strategy of adaptation of agroecosystem in organic conditions should take into account ecological risks and adaptability of agroecosystems to agroclimatic conditions of each region. The groups of factors influencing the level of ecological risk during the transition to organic production are determined: the location of the farm, the level of organization of production, the peculiarities of the application of agricultural machinery. It is emphasized that the assessment of the location of the farm under organic production should be based on environmental risks caused by potentially dangerous economic activities: polluting industrial enterprises, high-traffic roads, existing and inactive storage of agrochemicals, contaminated soils with toxic residues. It is substantiated that the high adaptive potential of the agroecosystem plays a role in mitigating the negative effects of climate change. Such high adaptive potential of the agroecosystem depends on optimal indicators of soil agrochemical status, productive soil moisture reserves, optimal ratio of agricultural and ecological stabilizing lands. It is noted that to reduce the environmental risk of organic farming it is important to increase the level of organization of production processes and skills and responsibilities of employees, use of modern equipment and compliance with the optimal regime of technological processes. It is shown that the stabilization of the organic agroecosystem depends on a group of factors related to the peculiarities of the application of agricultural machinery: crop rotation, tillage, varietal selection, protection and fertilization systems. It is proved that the developed strategy of transition to organic production will contribute to the adaptation and stability of the agroecosystem in the transition period from traditional to organic farming.

Evaluation of the Weed Infestation, Grain Health, and Productivity Parameters of Two Spelt Wheat Cultivars Depending on Crop Protection Intensification and Seeding Densities

Spelt wheat is one of the oldest wheat with very high nutritional value. It does not have particular climatic requirements and tolerates adverse environmental conditions well. The versatile advantages of spelt wheat make it attractive to farmers, plant breeders, food technologists, and consumers. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of different crop protection systems and seeding densities on yield, weed infestation, and grain health of the spelt wheat cultivars “Rokosz” and “Schwabenspelz”. The research showed that the spelt wheat cultivars studied responded differently to production intensification. The use of crop protection chemicals in the crop of the cultivar “Rokosz” resulted in lower weed infestation and in obtaining higher yields. In the case of the cultivar “Schwabenspelz”, production intensification did not have a significant effect on its productivity and quantitative weed infestation parameters. Therefore, this cultivar can be recommended for cultivation in farms with extensive farming methods, for example, in organic farms. In both cultivars studied, an increase in seeding density and chemical plant protection with fungicide caused lower grain contamination with mycotoxins, and the content of individual mycotoxins did not exceed the maximum levels set for grain intended for food and animal feed purposes.

Use of tank mixtures for potato plants protection from Phytophthora infestans and Alternaria solani disease agents

Comprehensive crop protection systems, including disease potatoes, were developed and applied during the 1960s and 1980s. The basic principle underlying them is the need to combine all known methods of protecting plants from different groups of phytopathogens (insects, pathogens, weeds) into a single system of measures. During this period, the chemical method of plant protection against pathogens was intensively developing and in complex systems, it was supposed to combine it with others, mainly agrotechnical and biological. Complex systems were built based on the zonal approach, that is, taking into account the species composition of pathogens and other pathogens affecting potatoes in a given agroclimatic zone.One of the major problems of stable high potato yield is a timely implementation of preventive measures against diseases and pests. Insignificant size of land and low quality planting material, failure to observe rotation of crops leads to accumulation and spread of such disease agents as Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary and Alternaria solani that can significantly decrease yield by 60% and more unless protection means are applied. It was determined that tank mixture of chemical, biological preparations and growth regulators with chemical Antrakol and growth regulator Humisol was most effective against plants damaged by phytophthora. It was ascertained that combination of chemical Antrakol and growth regulator Humisol was most effective for treatment against Phytophthora infestans and Alternaria solani when damage of different by resistance varieties of potato at blooming stage (maximum development of pathogenic agents) by Phytophthora infestans was 1.4–24.6% and by Alternaria solani 6.8–22.2%.

Effectiveness of Crop Assurance Methods of Various Smart Crop Protection Systems

Crop damage due to the animal attack is one among the the principle dangers in diminishing the crop yield. The farm areas near the forest edges are unmistakably suffering from the wild animal attacks.. This surveys various methods used in many application for crop Security to redirect animal interruptions in the crop field. Most of these models in the crop field are outfitted with PIR sensors, sound creating gadgets, light flashers and some equipment module. For early discovery of the animal at the edge of the ranch interruption location framework should be introduced. Animal section at the homestead limit can be distinguished by certain hubs fixed at the limit and can be imparted to the focal base station. The progression of the center point commencement is zone based, time based and closeness based. On accepting this data the hubs inside the region of the animal actuates the hindering devices and diverts the animal far away from the area.

STATUS AND ASPECTS OF STUDYING THE PESTICIDES INFLUENCE ON PRODUCTIVE PROCESSES AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY

Relevance of research. Ukraine's agriculture is one of the world leaders in production and export. The assortment of chemical plant protection products by status on 2019 which used in agriculture has more than two thousand preparations based on hundreds of active substances. In today's difficult climatic conditions, crop growing requires the use of a scientific approach, innovative technology and the introduction of new technologies. One of these is pestigation (irrigation pesticide application), which allows a uniform distribution and precise placement of chemicals independently of weather or field conditions. The selection of a modern assortment of chemicals that can be effectively used in pest control against certain harmful organisms is one of the actual directions of irrigation and requires research in different soil and climatic zones of Ukraine.
 The purpose of the study is to investigate the peculiarities of the pesticides application in integrated protection systems and the environmental safety of their use on the example of non-target objects.
 Materials and methods of research. Methods of scientific analysis and synthesis, generalization of the results of field and laboratory analyzes were used in the study, which included:
 - phyto-expertise of seed and plant material;
 - rapid analyzes during the growing season of crops;
 - agrochemical analysis of soils;
 - detailed soil analysis;
 - study of environmental hazards of chemicals for aquatic, soil and terrestrial ecosystems:
 - detailed analysis of water.
 The application of plant protection products makes it possible to improve the ecological condition of agrocenosis, the conditions of the working area, while increasing crop productivity. Application methods of plant protection reagents with irrigation water and combined protection schemes for row crops, which are used in integrated crop protection systems, are presented. It has been established that one of the significant disadvantage of application plant protection reagents with irrigation water is the limitation of the pesticide treatment time. The developed combined scheme for the row crops protection provides for the prophylactic treatment of pesticide in a short time by the traditional way, depending on the phytosanitary condition of the crops, which provides a significant increase of yield compared to other methods of application. It has also been proven that effectiveness of plant protection reagents is not the same against certain targets upon application different methods of pesticides treatment . Therefore, it is noted that for developing technological schemes for protecting crops against harmful organisms, it is necessary to thoroughly study the phytosanitary situation in the area where crops are located and to determine the targets for which pesticides are applied.
 The directions of research on the influence of pesticides on ecosystems are given, namely, the environmental safety of pesticides for the soil ecosystem (toxic effects on groundworms and microorganisms), the aquatic ecosystem (toxic effects on fish, daphnia, and algae) and the terrestrial ecosystem (toxic effects on birds and bees). It is noted that one of the methods to prevent the harmful effects of toxic substances on non-target objects of ecosystems is hygienic regulation of their use. Ecological and toxicological assessment of pesticides was carried out by determining their toxicity after a single injection in a sharp experiment, which allows determining the species susceptibility of a living organism to a chemical reagent. Probit’ analysis method was used to calculate the toxicity in the analysis of the various drugs effects which is the most exact at the present time. The influence of agrochemicals on the structural and functional changes in the microbial cenosis of the soil was determined by a quantitative analysis of agronomical valuable ecological and trophic and taxonomic groups of microorganisms, by assessing the rate of respiration of the soil by the amount of carbon dioxide released.
 The tendencies of search and fundamental research in the water management field and land reclamation were analyzed in order to improve modern approaches to plant growing.

Evaluation of the effects of an eco-friendly crop protection system on management of whitefly-vectored chilli leaf curl virus disease in Sri Lanka

The present study was conducted to evaluate an eco-friendly crop protection system having less reliance on pesticides with an existing crop protection system adopted by farmers depending on frequent use of pesticides for management of whitefly-transmitted virus diseases of chilli. Further, quantification of defense-related enzymes in chilli leaf tissues and calculation of field use environmental impact quotient of pesticide use were done for the crop grown under the two systems. Field experiments were conducted at five locations, namely Kilinochchi, Mahailluppallama, Kundasale, Peradeniya and Rahangala using chilli cv. MI Green for two consecutive growth seasons to evaluate the two crop protection systems. Percentage incidence of chilli plants showing virus-like symptoms varied significantly by location, growth stage and the interaction effect between location x crop protection system in both seasons. Chilli leaf curl complex infestation and leaf deformation were the most prominent in the chilli plants showing virus-like symptoms. In general, there was no significant variation (P = 0.05) between the two crop protection systems on the activity of four defense enzymes tested (i.e. peroxidase, β-1,3-glucanase, chitinase and phenylalanine ammonia lyase) in chilli tissues. The eco-friendly system had lower environmental impact of pesticides compared to the existing crop protection system practiced by farmers in chilli fields. Multi-location trials for two growing seasons confirmed that the eco-friendly package tested is equally-capable as the existing crop protection system for the management of virus diseases in chilli in Sri Lanka with a lower environmental impact.

CONTROL OF THE NUMBER OF THE MAJOR PESTS OF THE PEA SEEDS

One of the leading places among leguminous crops in Ukraine belongs to peas. This is due to its ability to produce fairly high and stable crops in a short growing season. Grain contains from 16 to 36% protein, up to 54% carbohydrates, about 1.6% fat, more than 3% ash. Pea protein is a complete amino acid composition and is 1.6 times better absorbed than wheat protein. To a large extent, the limiting factor for increasing the yield of pea seeds are numerous pests. Thus, in the pea field agrobiocenosis, up to 80 species of insects are trophically associated with this crop. However, the greatest damage is caused by specialized species that have evolved to feed on legumes during evolution: nodule weevils belonging to the genus Sitona Gern., Etiella zinckenella Tr., Laspeyresia nigricana F., Bruchus pisorum L. and Contarinia pisi Winn. Modern technologies for growing peas are based on the optimal use of the potential of varieties, a rational plant nutrition system and crop protection systems. An important aspect of integrated crop protection is the use of pesticides, which, if appropriate and effective, guarantee the reduction of harmful organisms. However, when growing certain types of products, their use is limited by sanitary and hygienic standards. These include raw materials for baby food, products used in food in green form, including green peas. This article confirms the feasibility and effectiveness of using modern insecticides based on bioagents and chemicals compared to variants where insecticide treatment has not been carried out. The best results were obtained with the use of chemical-based insecticides, in particular Enzhio 247 SC (0.18 l / ha) provided the highest yield of seeds, 2.92 t / ha, the value of the stored crop was 0.51 t / ha, and the level of profitability was 106.4%, which is 27.7% higher than the control variant . The use of the drug Connect, SC (0.4 l / ha) provided a crop yield of 0.06 t / ha lower, and the value of the stored crop was 0.45 t / ha, with a profitability level of 104.4%. When using insecticides based on microorganisms, the effect was observed, but much weaker.

Особливості впливу сучасних біологічних ритмів на розвиток, розмноження і контроль чисельності шкідливих видів комах

Особливості впливу сучасних біологічних ритмів на розвиток, розмноження і контроль чисельності шкідливих видів комах

The Impact of Plant Protection Systems on the Productivity of Soybean Varieties under Irrigated Conditions

The application of preparations of biological origin in the protection system of soybean grown under conditions of intensive irrigated crop rotations conforms to the modern tendencies of science and production development. The use of them contributes to solving ecological, production and social-economic problems. The study presents the three-year research on the efficiency of systems protecting soybean from pests and diseases based on biological and chemical preparations. The research was conducted in typical soil and climate conditions of the South of Ukraine. Zonal agricultural methods and generally accepted research methodology were used. The purpose of the research was to create a soybean protection system based on preparations of biological origin, ensuring high productivity of high-quality products reducing a negative impact of the crop production on the environment. The study emphasizes that, under irrigated conditions of the South of Ukraine, the application of biological preparations has a positive impact on the indexes of growth, development and formation of the elements of soybean yield structure. There was an increase in the crop biological weight by 13.8 % and 22.1 % and the number of seeds per plant rose by 11.6 and 14.6 % as a consequence of eliminating harmful organisms with the plant protection systems. The larger ground mass was formed by medium-ripe varieties Danai and Svyatogor, on which the increase from protection measures was higher. Weight 1000 pcs. the seeds did not undergo significant changes. It is established that the larger seeds were formed by Danaya and Svyatogor varieties, in which the average weight is 1000 pcs. seeds were 142 and 136 g, respectively, while in the variety Diona this figure was 133 g. There was an increase in the height of the lowest pod when the total plant height rose. For medium-ripe varieties was characterized by a higher attachment of beans, where the highest values of this indicator acquired in the variety Svyatogor. The medium maturing soybean variety Danaia formed the maximum yield of 3.23 and 3.35 t/ha respectively, when biological and chemical protection systems were applied. The research establishes that the application of the bio-fungicide Psevdobakterin 2 (2.0 l/ha) in the crop protection system at the beginning of soybean flowering and the bio-fungicide Baktofit (2.5 l/ha) with the bio-insecticide Lepidotsid-BTU (10.0 l/ha) at the beginning of pod formation does not reduce the productivity of the soybean varieties under study considerably, when compared to the application of chemical preparations. The research determines that the soybean protection system under study ensures a decrease in the coefficient of soybean water uptake by 7.2-13.0 %, increasing the total water intake to an inconsiderable degree. Biologization of the soybean crop protection system leads to a reduction in production costs compared to the chemical protection system. Taking into account the needs for the collection of additional products, costs increase by an average of 1 thousand UAH/ha, while for chemical protection systems by 1.8 thousand UAH/ha. At the same time, the cost is reduced by 220-360 UAH/t and the profitability of growing crops is increased by 3.8-7.8 %. There has been a reduction in the burden of pesticides on the environment and the production of cleaner products. This indicates the prospect of using the biofungicides Pseudobacterin 2 and Bactophyte and the bioinsecticide Lepidocid-BTU on soybeans to protect plants from pests.

RICE PLANT DISEASE CLASSIFICATION USING TRANSFER LEARNING OF DEEP CONVOLUTION NEURAL NETWORK

Abstract. Early and accurate diagnosis of plant diseases is a vital step in the crop protection system. In traditional practices, identification is performed either by visual observation or by testing in laboratory. The visual observation requires expertise and it may vary subject to an individual which may lead to an error while the laboratory test is time consuming and may not be able to provide the results in time. To overcome these issues, image based machine learning approach to detect and classify plant diseases has been presented in literature. We have focused specifically on rice plant (Oryza sativa) disease in this paper. The images of the diseased symptoms in leaves and stems have been captured from the rice field. We have collected a total of 619 rice plant diseased images from the real field condition belong to four classes:(a) Rice Blast (RB), (b) Bacterial Leaf Blight (BLB), (c) Sheat Blight (SB) and (d) Healthy Leave (HL). We have used a pre-trained deep convolutional neural network(CNN) as a feature extractor and Support Vector Machine (SVM) as a classifier. We have obtained encouraging results. The early identification of rice diseases by this approach could be used as a preventive measure well as an early warning system. Further, it could be extended to develop a rice plant disease identification system on real agriculture field.

Improving the technology of protection of winter rape from pests in West Polesie

Changes in the contamination of winter rapeseed crops have been induced depending on the main tillage system in Western Polesye. The effectiveness of the Lontrell 300 herbicide against annual weed species and its influence on the qualitative and quantitative structure of weed infestation were studied. The possibility of reliable plant protection against rapeseed flower beetle and seed stowage is brought by spraying with Mospilan at the beginning of flowering. Reliable protection of rape from Alternaria is achieved by using the fungicide Colosal Pro. It has been reported that the crop protection system, which includes tillage and chemical protection, contributes to the improvement of plant productivity indicators and overall increase in yield.

Novel Native Insectoacaricides Based on Avermectins

Data on assessment of biological efficiency of insectoacaricides based on Abamectin and Emamectin benzoate, metabolites of soil actinomyces, for farm crop protection systems against pests are presented. Efficiency of new products not yet included in the Federal Catalogue of Pesticides was studied. These were Mekar (ME, 18 g/L of abamectin) against the apple sucker (Psylla mali Schmid.) in Orel and Tambov oblasts and Krasnodar krai, against mites in apple trees in Rostov, Tambov, and Orel oblasts, and Yunona (ME, 50 g/L of emamectin benzoate) against codling moth in Rostov oblast and Krasnodar krai. The trials conducted on assessment of effects of new local products created on the basis of actinomyces metabolites confirmed a high biological efficiency in the regulation of the pest of apple trees. Mekar (ME, 18 g/L) and Yunona (ME, 50 g/L) may be recommended for the control of pest apple trees in biologized and adaptively integrated plant protection systems after their registration in Russia.