Crop Physiology Research Articles

Influence of organic fertilizers and silicon on the physiology, yield, and nutraceutical quality of the strawberry crop

A suitable combination of organic sources of nutrients can allow an adequate growth, yield of the strawberry crop, and decrease the use of chemical fertilizers to the benefit of the environment and consumers. Likewise, silicon can help plants to withstand adverse environmental, biological, and edaphic conditions, increasing and improving production quality. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of three sources of organic fertilization: one of animal origin (fish); one of vegetable origin (corn), and one of animal and vegetable origin (fish - corn) plus a chemical treatment such as control (Steiner), with three silicon concentrations of 0, 15 and 20 ppm. Growth parameters, physiological parameters, as well as nutraceutical performance and quality were evaluated in strawberry fruits of the Camino Real cultivar, under a completely randomized design with factorial arrangement (4 x 3). The results of vegetative growth and physiological parameters of the treatments with organic fertilization showed statistically equal values ​​to the control treatment, likewise for the yield and nutraceutical quality. The addition of silicon to the doses studied did not cause effects on any of the variables studied. The results suggest that it is totally feasible to replace chemical fertilization with organic, obtaining identical results.

Developing legume‐supported cropping systems in Europe: Have we overlooked something?

Why are legume crops rare in Europe even though they grow well there? This opinion paper brings together concepts from crop physiology, classical economics and sociotechnical theory to address this question. It argues for increased focus on research and innovation on crop performance. The starting point is that trade policy no longer explains the marginalisation of legumes. A more recent premise that mutually supporting social, technical and agricultural factors have combined over time to establish and maintain the current cropping systems is also incomplete. However, these propositions have led to significant investment in research on niche value chains in the hope that these will combine within transition pathways to break through system incumbency that “locks out” legumes. It is argued here that this approach is incomplete for crops because the scaling up and agglomeration of niche processing and marketing activities does not improve the fundamental crop resource capture and conversion processes in the field upon which farm productivity depends. Reconsideration of some economic and crop physiological basics is required. Farmers aim to make rational decisions and to focus on what they do best. The principles behind international trade described in the 19th century and the fundamental biophysical crop-level processes that were elucidated in the 1960s together explain the cropping choices many European farmers make. We need more focus on raising the on-farm performance and competitiveness of the legume crops themselves and the farming systems in which they are grown. Efficient, productive legume crops are important also if we are to avoid a trade-off between environmental gains in Europe and disbenefits elsewhere because of effects on global trade.

Calibration and evaluation of JULES‐crop for maize in Brazil

AbstractMaize (Zea mays L.) is a prominent Brazilian commodity, being the second largest crop produced and fifth exported product by the country. Due to its importance for the agricultural sector, there is a concern about the effect of climate change on the crop. Process‐based models are valuable tools to evaluate the effects of climate on crop yields. The Joint UK Land Environment Simulator (JULES) is a land‐surface model that can be run with an integrated crop model parameterization. The resulting model (JULES‐crop) thus integrates crop physiology principles with the complexity of atmosphere–biosphere coupling. It has been shown to be a valuable tool for large‐scale simulations of crop yields as a function of environmental and management variables. In this study, we calibrated JULES‐crop using a robust experimental dataset collected for summer and off‐season maize fields across Brazil. A targeted local sensitivity analysis was performed to detect parameters of major importance during the calibration process. After calibration, the model was able to satisfactorily simulate both season and off‐season cultivars. Modeling efficiency (EF) was high for leaf area index (EF = .73 and .71, respectively, for summer season and off‐season datasets), crop height (EF = .89), and grain dry mass (EF = .61 and .89, respectively, for summer season and off‐season datasets). The model showed a lower accuracy for simulating leaf dry mass in summer season cultivars (EF = .39) and soil moisture (EF = .44), demonstrating the necessity of further improvements including additional parametrizations of the rainfed conditions.

Waning advantages of CO2 enrichment on photosynthesis and productivity due to accelerated phase transition and source-sink imbalance in sweet pepper

CO2 concentration, which can be raised by CO2 enrichment, has been considered to affect photosynthetic physiology, morphology, and yield of crops in greenhouses. However, inconsistent influence of CO2 enrichment on crop productivity has been demonstrated owing to the complicated and dynamic interaction between physiological and morphological responses of crops. Therefore, integrative analysis on the systemic responses of crops to CO2 enrichment is required for clarifying the reasons for the inconsistency. The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of CO2 enrichment on the photosynthesis and yield of sweet pepper plants according to growth phase and to investigate how photosynthetic physiology and plant morphology contribute to the CO2 enrichment effect via functional structural plant model (FSPM), an integrative plant modeling tool. CO2 was enriched to sweet pepper plants with a daily average concentration of about 900 μmol mol−1. Growth, yield, and photosynthesis were periodically measured during the cultivation. The structural and photosynthetic properties obtained through 3D-phenotyping and gas-exchange measurement were applied to the 3D-framework for FSPM. The change in the CO2 enrichment efficiency for photosynthesis and the contribution of photosynthetic and morphological acclimation to CO2 enrichment effect were calculated. The overall influence of CO2 enrichment on the plants changed by growth stage mostly mediated by photosynthate source-sink balance. In early stages, CO2 enrichment accelerated the growth phase transition and increased the fruit yield through the increase in photosynthate partitioning to fruits. In later stages, however, the efficiency of CO2 enrichment on fruit yield gradually decreased due to the restricted leaf area expansion caused by excessive photosynthate partition to fruits. The systemic influence of CO2 enrichment on the plants including photosynthetic acclimation, structural acclimation, and fruit yield could be reasonably elucidated through the method used in this study. Thus, balancing the photosynthate source-sink balance in the early stages with appropriate cultivation practices could improve the long-term productivity of sweet pepper under CO2 enrichment.

Surface liming triggers improvements in subsoil fertility and root distribution to boost maize crop physiology, yield and revenue

Surface liming triggers improvements in subsoil fertility and root distribution to boost maize crop physiology, yield and revenue

Characterization of Rice Blast Disease Using Greenness Index, Canopy Temperature and Vegetation Indices

Blast diseases cause economically important damage to rice. Protective treatments help producers to secure good quality crops. In contrast, curative treatments based on visually detectable symptoms are often riskier and less effective because diseased crop plants may develop disease symptoms too late for curative treatments. On the other hand, the effect of blast severity levels on crop physiology (greenness index and canopy temperature) and vegetation indices may help in early detection of rice blast. Keeping this view, a field experiment was conducted at ICAR-VPKAS, Almora to study the effect of different rice blast severity levels on canopy temperature, greenness index and hyperspectral vegetation indices with 10 rice genotype each for upland and irrigated condition

Impact of Oil Field Effluent on Soil Health and Physiological Growth in Small Tea Farms of Shalmari OCS-1, Dibrugarh, Assam

Aims: The investigation was undertaken to study the impact of spillage in the tea plantations in nearby oil fields with probable effect on the soil health and the growth of the tea crop with the following objectives to study the released from the oil fields on the physiology of tea crop and to study the impact of effluent on soil physicochemical in tea plants.
 Study Design: Analysis of variance (ANOVA) for two factorial RBD was carried out using OPSTAT.
 Place and Duration of Study: The field study was carried out in Shalmari No. 1 near the Tingkhong tea estate of Dibrugarh. The laboratory works were carried out in the Department of Tea Husbandry & Technology and Department of Soil Science, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Assam, between March’19 to February’20.
 Methodology: Two tea-growing seasons viz. Rainflush and autumn flush were considered. Samples were collected in four distances at an interval of 0-21 m, 21-42 m, and 42-63 m and beyond 63m (control site). A total of 24 plant samples was collected for both the season with respect to 4 distance and 3 replication. In the case of soil samples, a total of 24 soil samples were collected for both the season.
 Results: Plant parameters like water saturation deficit increased in crude oil affected site while decreased the relative turgidity, stomatal count, in the tea plants grown in the contaminated site. Bulk density, pH, organic carbon, and available nutrients in the contaminated site of the soils was increased. However, porosity, hydraulic conductivity and electrical conductivity were low in the contaminated area.
 Conclusion: The study reveals oil effluent spillage as a major factor for plant growth and soil quality deterioration and the impact was more pronounced in the vicinity of the drilling point adversely affecting plant physiological, soil physico-chemical parameters.

Integrated application of plant bioregulator and micronutrients improves crop physiology, productivity and grain biofortification of delayed sown wheat.

Delay sowing of wheat is a common problem in Punjab that exacerbates serious yield loss. To reduce yield loss and improve yield, different combinations of foliar-applied bioregulator and micronutrients, control (CK), zinc (Zn), boron (B), thiourea (TU), Zn + B (ZnB), Zn + TU (ZnTU), B + TU (BTU), Zn + B + TU (ZnBTU) were applied at booting and grain filling stages in delayed sown wheat in 2017-18 and 2018-19. The results showed that ZnBTU treatment significantly increased leaf area index by 25.06% and 23.21%, spike length by 15.11% and 19.65% in 2017 and 2018, respectively, compared to CK. The ZnBTU treatment also increased 1000-grain weight by 21.96% and 22.01% in 2017 and 2018, respectively, compared to CK. Similarly, higher Zn, B and N contents in straw and grain were recoded for ZnBTU treatment which was statistically similar to ZnB and ZnTU treatments. Overall, ZnBTU treatment also increased the photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance by 46.67%, 26.03%, 76.25% and decreased internal CO2 by 28.18%, compared to CK, respectively. Moreover, ZnBTU also recorded the highest grain yield in 2017-18 (25.05%) and 2018-19 (28.49%) than CK. In conclusion, foliar application of ZnBTU at the booting and grain filling stages of delayed sown wheat could be a promising strategy to increase grain yield.

Boron-mediated aluminium stress tolerance under aluminium toxicity at germination and early seedling stages of wheat

Aluminium stress is one of the major problems of wheat production that significantly reduces the growth and development. Al toxicity can be recovered by exogenous application of different growth inducing nutrient elements. Thus, this study was conducted to evaluate the ameliaration effect of B under Al toxicity. Therefore, a petri dish and hydroponic culture experiment of wheat was conducted at Crop Physiology Laboratory, Department of Crop Botany, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh during the period from January 2016 to February 2017 to investigate the effect of boron on amelioration of aluminium toxicity in germination and seedling stage. Both the experiments were designed in completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. The experiments were comprised of four levels of boron and aluminium concentrations viz., 0 µM B + 0 µM Al (control), 0 µM Al + 40 µM B, 200 µM Al + 40 µM B and 0 µM B + 200 µM Al and five wheat varieties viz; BARI Gom-23, BARI Gom-24, BARI Gom-28, BARI Gom-27 and BARI Gom-30. Results indicated that germination percentage, radicle and plumule length, root and shoot length, leaf length, fresh and dry mass plant-1 were greater in 0 µM Al + 40 µM B treated plants than 0 µM B + 200 µM Al induced conditions. It indicates that wheat seedlings are susceptible to aluminium and boron can ameliorate aluminium toxicity. However, among the studied varieties, the reduction of dry mass under aluminium stress was minimum in BARI Gom-28 followed by BARI Gom-23 indicating BARI Gom-28 was more tolerant to aluminium stress than the other varieties. On the contrary, the varieties, BARI Gom-27 and BARI Gom-24 were more susceptible to aluminium stress. So it indicates that aluminium stress severely affects the growth and developments especially in the sensitive varieties and tolerant varieties have the self-ability to grow and develop even under aluminium stress condition.
 Progressive Agriculture 32 (2): 127-139, 2021

Are Foliar Fertilizers Beneficial to Growth and Yield of Wild Lowbush Blueberries?

Wild lowbush blueberry is an economically and culturally important crop in North America. Different fertilizer companies have been advertising their foliar fertilizer products to the wild blueberry growers, claiming better growth and production of this crop with no scientific proof. Although foliar fertilization has shown to be efficient for delivering micronutrients in deficit for different crops by reducing soil activation and environmental contamination, limited research has been done in wild blueberries. It is still unknown how foliar fertilizers affect the physiology, growth, and yield of this crop. Therefore, we tested the impacts of seven foliar treatments containing macro- and micro-nutrients and plant hormones (Seacrop16, Salvador, Agro-Phos applied in 2019 and Kali-T, Nano-Gro, Poma, Poma + Nanocellulose applied in 2020) on this crop for one crop cycle from vegetative year (2019) to crop year (2020). We tested these products against the standard soil-applied granular fertilizer called Diammonium phosphate (DAP) and control (no fertilizer) in a randomized complete block design with eight replicates in a conventional wild blueberry field in Maine, USA. In 2019, no significant differences across the applied treatments were observed in crop physiology and growth except in leaf chlorophyll concentration. In 2020, there was significantly higher leaf chlorophyll concentration in SeaCrop16 and Poma+Nanocellulose plots, but significantly lower photosynthetic rates in DAP and SeaCrop16 treated plots compared to the control. Meanwhile, no significant differences in plant height, leaf characteristics, or blueberry yield were found among the treatments. Overall, mobile nutrients (N, P, K) from soil applied fertilizers and foliar fertilizers containing other immobile nutrients (Ca) and/or plant hormones might benefit crop growth, but the impact on yield is limited. We also reveal that the wild blueberry physiological and morphological traits and leaf nutrients in the vegetative year are more related to the crop yield than those traits in the crop year. This implies that a combination of wild blueberry physiology, morphology, and leaf nutrients in the vegetative year largely impact their yield in the following crop year.

Review on Plant Physiology and Crop Modeling for the Response of Rice Crop to Climate Change

Climate change impacts the sustainability of agriculture. Physiological processes are very essential for improving crop modeling. The objective of this paper was to assess the integrated effects of crop modeling and crop physiology on the response of rice crop to climate change. Some models have weakness and this weakness rectified by better understanding of physiological features which is correlated to the growth and development of the plant. Process-based dynamic crop models are able to estimate a range of crop response to the environment and to assess the biophysical effects of future climate scenarios on growth and yield. Crop modelling has the potential to enable society to assess the efficacy of G × E technologies to mitigate and adapt crop production systems to climate change. An advanced integration of crop modeling and crop physiology will enable a gene-to-farm design of resilient and sustainable crop production systems under a changing climate at regional-to-global scales. High night temperature increases carbon loss from night respiration and reduces the activity of source–sink enzymes resulting in lower biomass, poor grain filling, and reduced grain weight of rice. ORYZA and CERES-Rice models are the most familiar physiological based rice models currently used for rice crop modeling studies. Interaction between plant physiology and modeling is essential to improving the existing models, for creating new models, and for improving predictions on crop responses to climate changes and variability. Keywords: Crop modeling, Physiology, climate change, crop response, Rice DOI: 10.7176/JNSR/13-4-01 Publication date: February 28 th 2022

Over-Optimistic Projected Future Wheat Yield Potential in the North China Plain: The Role of Future Climate Extremes

Global warming and altered precipitation patterns pose a serious threat to crop production in the North China Plain (NCP). Quantifying the frequency of adverse climate events (e.g., frost, heat and drought) under future climates and assessing how those climatic extreme events would affect yield are important to effectively inform and make science-based adaptation options for agriculture in a changing climate. In this study, we evaluated the effects of heat and frost stress during sensitive phenological stages at four representative sites in the NCP using the APSIM-wheat model. climate data included historical and future climates, the latter being informed by projections from 22 Global Climate Models (GCMs) in the Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project phase 6 (CMIP6) for the period 2031–2060 (2050s). Our results show that current projections of future wheat yield potential in the North China Plain may be overestimated; after more accurately accounting for the effects of frost and heat stress in the model, yield projections for 2031-60 decreased from 31% to 9%. Clustering of common drought-stress seasonal patterns into key groups revealed that moderate drought stress environments are likely to be alleviated in the future, although the frequency of severe drought-stress environments would remain similar (25%) to that occurring under the current climate. We highlight the importance of mechanistically accounting for temperature stress on crop physiology, enabling more robust projections of crop yields under future the burgeoning climate crisis.

Physiology of Crops under Biotic Stress

Physiology of Crops under Biotic Stress

Investigations into the emergent properties of gene-to-phenotype networks across cycles of selection: a case study of shoot branching in plants

Abstract Predictive breeding is now widely practised in crop improvement programmes and has accelerated selection response (i.e. the amount of genetic gain between breeding cycles) for complex traits. However, world food production needs to increase further to meet the demands of the growing human population. The prediction of complex traits with current methods can be inconsistent across different genetic, environmental and agronomic management contexts because the complex relationships between genomic and phenotypic variation are not well accounted for. Therefore, developing gene-to-phenotype network models for traits that integrate the knowledge of networks from systems biology, plant and crop physiology with population genomics has been proposed to close this gap in predictive modelling. Here, we develop a gene-to-phenotype network for shoot branching, a critical developmental pathway underpinning harvestable yield for many crop species, as a case study to explore the value of developing gene-to-phenotype networks to enhance understanding of selection responses. We observed that genetic canalization is an emergent property of the complex interactions among shoot branching gene-to-phenotype network components, leading to the accumulation of cryptic genetic variation, reduced selection responses and large variation in selection trajectories across populations. As genetic canalization is expected to be pervasive in traits, such as grain yield, that result from interactions among multiple genes, traits, environments and agronomic management practices, the need to model traits in crop improvement programmes as outcomes of gene-to-phenotype networks is highlighted as an emerging opportunity to advance our understanding of selection response and the efficiency of developing resilient crops for future climates.

Effect of vapour pressure deficit on gas exchange of field-grown cotton

BackgroundPlants respond to changes in vapour pressure deficit (VPD) between the leaf and the atmosphere through changes in stomatal response, which can consequently affect transpiration, photosynthesis, and leaf-level water use efficiencies. With projected warmer air temperatures, changes in rainfall distribution and altered VPD in future climates, it is important to understand the potential effect of VPD on leaf-level physiology of field-grown crops. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of altered VPD on leaf-level physiology of field-grown cotton to improve the current understanding of the plant-by-environment interaction, thereby contributing to validation and improvement of physiological and yield response models. Different VPD environments in the field were generated by planting cotton on three dates within the sowing window (early-season (S1) = 5th October 2011; mid-season (S2) = 9th November 2011; and late-season (S3) = 30th November 2011). VPD was also modified by altering crop irrigations.ResultsVPDL accounted for the largest proportion of the explained variation in both stomatal conductance (32%∼39%) and photosynthetic (16%∼29%) responses of cotton. Generally, smaller percentages of variation were attributed to other main factors such as the individual plant (Plant), and accumulated temperature stress hours (ASH; a measure of plant water status over time) and interactive factors, including leaf vapour pressure deficit (VPDL) × Plant and Plant × ASH; however, a proportion of variation was unexplained. In addition, the Asat/E (instantaneous transpiration efficiency, ITE) model developed based on cotton grown in the glasshouse was applied to cotton grown in the field. We found that the modelled Asat/E and field-measured Asat/E were very similar, suggesting that the mechanistic basis for ITE was similar in both environments.ConclusionsThis study highlights the importance of accounting for VPD in climate change research, given that stomata are highly responsive to changes in VPD. This experiment provides a basis for physiology and production models, particularly in terms of cotton response to projected climatic environments.

Soybean Yield Formation Physiology - A Foundation for Precision Breeding Based Improvement.

The continued improvement of crop yield is a fundamental driver in agriculture and is the goal of both plant breeders and researchers. Plant breeders have been remarkably successful in improving crop yield, as demonstrated by the continued release of varieties with improved yield potential. This has largely been accomplished through performance-based selection, without specific knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underpinning these improvements. Insight into molecular mechanisms has been provided by plant molecular, genetic, and biochemical research through elucidation of the function of genes and pathways that underlie many of the physiological processes that contribute to yield potential. Despite this knowledge, the impact of most genes and pathways on yield components have not been tested in key crops or in a field environment for yield assessment. This gap is difficult to bridge, but field-based physiological knowledge offers a starting point for leveraging molecular targets to successfully apply precision breeding technologies such as genome editing. A better understanding of both the molecular mechanisms underlying crop yield physiology and yield limiting processes under field conditions is essential for elucidating which combinations of favorable alleles are required for yield improvement. Consequently, one goal in plant biology should be to more fully integrate crop physiology, breeding, genetics, and molecular knowledge to identify impactful precision breeding targets for relevant yield traits. The foundation for this is an understanding of yield formation physiology. Here, using soybean as an example, we provide a top-down review of yield physiology, starting with the fact that yield is derived from a population of plants growing together in a community. We review yield and yield-related components to provide a basic overview of yield physiology, synthesizing these concepts to highlight how such knowledge can be leveraged for soybean improvement. Using genome editing as an example, we discuss why multiple disciplines must be brought together to fully realize the promise of precision breeding-based crop improvement.

Physiological Activity, Nutritional Composition, and Gene Expression in Apple (Malus domestica Borkh) Influenced by Different ETc Levels of Irrigation at Distinct Development Stages

Managing irrigation efficiently is paramount given the uncertainty in the future availability of water and rising demand for this resource. Scheduled irrigation significantly influences vegetative growth through improving crop physiology and nutrient uptake and use efficiency. Influence of different irrigation treatments (100%, 75%, and 50% volume of Class A pan evapotranspiration) applied at four different phenological stages (flowering and fruit set (C1), fruit growth stage (C2), pre-harvest stage (C3), and throughout the growing season (C4)) through drip along with a control (rainfed) on leaf physiology, nutrient content, and uptake through gene expression was studied on Super Chief Sandidge variety raised on M9T337 (5 and 6 years old) grown at a spacing of 1.5 × 3 m (2222 plants/ha) under high density condition of Kashmir Himalayan range of India. A comparison of data reveals that drip irrigation at 100% Crop evapotranspiration (ETc) increased leaf area by 60% compared to rainfed conditions. Leaf area significantly increased in plants irrigated throughout the growing season (C4) and during flowering and fruit set stage (C1). Irrigation amount likely does not have any influence on leaf development after the fruit growth stage. Stomatal opening and their size greatly vary from no irrigation to optimum irrigation in these plants. High density apple trees exposed to optimum irrigation levels (100% and 75% ET) had significantly higher concentrations of nutrients (N, P, and K) in their leaf tissues. The concentration of Ca and Mg content in leaf tissues are greatly influenced by the optimum supply of water during the early growth stages of apple growth. The availability of water significantly influences nutrient transporter gene expression and thus nutrient uptake by regulating such transporter genes. It is therefore observed that proper irrigation during C1 and stage C2 stage are the critical growth stages of apple for optimum leaf physiological activity and proper nutrient uptake.

Maize yield projections under different climate change scenarios in different districts of Punjab

The study aimed to find out possible changes in climatic data (temperature and rainfall) from the regional climate model viz. PRECIS(Providing Regional Climates for Impact Studies)under different SRES scenarios (A1B, A2 and B2 scenario) by the mid (2021-2050) and end (2071-2100) century at six locations of Punjab representing different agroclimatic zones and to study their impact on maize yield using the crop growth simulation model.The results revealed that the different zones of the state are expected to bewarmer during the mid century and this trend has been projected to continue by the end of century because of increase in maximum and minimum temperature at all the locations.The CERES-Maize simulated significant decrease in duration and grain yield of maize crop under projected climate scenarios. The reduction in the crop duration and grain yield was found to be more under the A1B and A2 scenario (high emission scenario) followed by B2 scenario (low emission scenario)due to adverse effects on crop physiology.

Assessing antioxidant system and yield of maize (Zea mays L.) inbreds under elevated temperature condition

Maize (Zea mays L.) is the most important food and feed crop grown under diverse soil and climatic conditions. Among the cereals, demand for maize is increasing year after year, but fluctuation in climatic conditions especially the temperature extremes is the current and future threat in maize cultivation. Each degree Celsius increase in global mean temperature causes yield reduction up to 7.4 per cent in maize. The high temperature stress impact at the reproductive stage affects grain filling rate and duration. Adaptation of maize crop to future warmer climatic conditions requires a better understanding of physiological responses to elevated temperatures. With this view, a pot culture experiment was conducted at the Department of Crop Physiology, TNAU, Coimbatore during the summer season of 2020. Two maize inbreds viz., UMI 1230 and CBM-DL- 322 were taken for the study and exposed to high temperature stress treatments viz., T1 - ambient, T2 - ambient+4°C and T3 - ambient+6°C (44°C) for 10 days during the reproductive stage to assess the changes in biochemical and yield traits. The ambient+4ºC treatment revealed that the maize inbred line CBM-DL-322 recorded lower malondialdehyde content with over production of antioxidant enzyme activity (superoxide dismutase, catalase and ascorbate peroxidase). Cob weight and seed set parentage showed a negative correlation with both elevated temperatures. It is concluded that the maize inbreds line CBM-DL- 322 performed better at an elevated temperature at ambient+4°C and recorded more cob weight (57.09g) compared to UMI 1230 inbred (43.56g).

A Review on Future of Information Technology in Agriculture

Agriculture and the industrial sector in industrialized nations continue to confront issues such as the need to increase food production and output, as well as the creation of employment possibilities for poor and rural people. Economic patterns as well as fast changes have an impact on the agricultural industry. The results revealed that there is a significant need for information technology to be utilized to solve issues, enhance production, and promote agriculture. However, information technology (IT's interest in agriculture was not fully utilized. The adoption of modern information technology in the rural and agricultural sectors has been slower than in other economic sectors where it has been adopted at a faster pace. The purpose of this study is to look at the function, capability, and involvement of information technology in this industry, as well as to show how information technology may be used in various sectors of agriculture. Their findings were based on existing literature and economic theory, and they found that information technology has enormous potential in assisting farmers and stakeholders in improving agricultural performance, effectiveness, and profitability. Players, on the other hand, have additional disadvantages and challenges when it comes to the use and use of information technology. There are a variety of ways that information technology could be used to share data, including digital kiosks that not only provide essential resources such as telephone, schooling, health care, agriculture and irrigation, electronic banking, municipal services, and so on, as well as specialist networks that help define marketing options and optimum approaches. The use of information technology allows for accurate crop physiology forecasting in agriculture. The study of leaf protein is an intriguing subject that aids in the treatment of protein deficit and malnutrition. The present research focused on the role of information technology on agricultural productivity.